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+{"metadata":{"id":"06c1ec1720c77d5879e73054b43a353a","source":"gardian_index","url":"https://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H_11910.pdf"},"pageCount":99,"title":"ANNEX -4 MODIFIED PANEL : OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS . 32","keywords":[],"chapters":[{"head":"PREFACE","index":1,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":63,"text":"This report aims to describe the management training activities conducted by the joint efforts of Sri Lanka Field Operations (SLFO) Division and the Training Unit of the International Irrigation Management Institute @MI) to fulfill the needs of the Irrigation Management Division of the Lands, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development (IMDNLIMD) for improving its performance and sustainability of the Irrigation Management Systems Project (ISMP) in"}]},{"head":"INTRODUCTION","index":2,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":89,"text":"Expanding food production, increasing employment opportunities and raising the standard of living for farmers with small land holdings in Sri Lanka, through improved water management by farmer mobilization, participation and organization are the goals of the Irrigation Systems Management Project (ISMP) under USAID. Considerable investments have been made on improving the physical systems in the irrigation systems under ISMP to boost such a process. A series of in-service training courses was provided to officers attached to the ISM Project during the project l i e to achieve its goals."},{"index":2,"size":73,"text":"Sufficient training and motivation need to be provided where those are found to be lacking, to improve the attitudes and knowledge of those officers in order to improve the performance and sustainability of the irrigation systems.  In Sri Lanka, for example, IIMI was invited to design a training program for technical assistants (TAs) aiming to facilitate their awareness of the needs to improve their performance to sustain the irrigation systems under ISM Project."},{"index":3,"size":67,"text":"Even though there was no expectation for IIMI to implement all activities of the training cycle, which would generate the involvement of irrigation managers at all levels of the organization and consequently their support to the continuing development of TAs, the first steps to ensure the relevance of the training program to the participants were taken. Accordingly a rapid training needs assessment for the TAs was conducted."}]},{"head":"TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONSTRAINTS.","index":3,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":73,"text":"In general, the major objective of the training needs assessment is to provide the potential participants of a training.program with the opportunity of (a) analyzing their own jobs to get awareness of the skills necessary to perform their jobs well; (b) assessing their own skills and identifying their strengths and weaknesses to reinforce or ovexome them; and (c) defining priorities for the training content to meet their primary needs. The participants also get "}]},{"head":"Assessment of Constraints Suggestion to overcome Constraints","index":4,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":73,"text":"At the beginning of this workshop, the participants were involved in an inter-active exercise to make them feel at ease and communicate more openly, freely and frankly. After a brief introduction on the purpose of the workshop, the TAs were asked to identify the major tasks they perform in their daily duties. The \"Modified Nominal Group Technique\" was used in this instance. Each individual was asked to write five major tasks they perform."},{"index":2,"size":67,"text":"The participants were then invited to list their tasks on a group flipchart, leaving out any tasks already listed by the other participants and repeating the exercise until all the tasks from all the lists have been transferred to the flip chart. Afterwards the group as a whole was invited 1. Politeness 2. Diplomatic 3.  The constraints which are affecting the TAs' performance were identified as follows:"},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":5,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"3."}]},{"head":"4.","index":6,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"5."}]},{"head":"6.","index":7,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":12,"text":"7. 8. 9. Some of the solutions suggested by the T.A's were:"},{"index":2,"size":7,"text":"1. Provide proper training for modelling work."}]},{"head":"2.","index":8,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":9,"text":"Finding solutions for the constraints will bring better performance."}]},{"head":"3.","index":9,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":3,"text":"Duty Free Vehicles."}]},{"head":"4.","index":10,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"Provision of rent free quarters."}]},{"head":"5.","index":11,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Improve service conditions. 6."},{"index":2,"size":144,"text":"Assignment of stations properly In summary, the major results of the TNA exercise was the necessity to improve TAs: During the discussion on the organizational constraints, the TAs showed their resentment to the present salary structure, transport allowances and other living conditions. They even went to compare the wide disparity between their salary structure with those working under contract for the Consultants. Also they expressed their unhappiness about the way the foreign scholarships were distributed among the staff working for the ISM Project. Their appeals to the Heads of the Department with regard to all the above problems too had not brought any favorable results. Some of them hinted that the only way of getting attention to their problems was to go slow when performing their duties under ISMP which may have a direct impact on the performance and the sustahability of the Project."},{"index":3,"size":86,"text":"It was observed that these officers were frustrated due to poor working conditions, poor salary structure and insufficient recognition paid to them by their own superiors in the service, despite the large responsibilities they undertake. These officers have neither been provided with proper incentives nor being motivated properly to achieve job satisfaction while performing their duties. Add to this, inter-agency envies too seemed to exist among some of these officers. They were critical of certain approaches used by some line agency officials when organizing the farmers."},{"index":4,"size":30,"text":"The discussion on the organizational constraints was closed with the TAs' statement on the immediate needs to overcome the major constraints to ensure better performance and sustainability of the systems."}]},{"head":"3.2","index":12,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":61,"text":"Meeting The meetings with these farmers from head and tail end (about 40) of the systems were very helpful to clarify and/or confirm the information given by the TAs during the TNA exercise. The farmers showed appreciation for the TAs' assistance to their problems. However, they requested their presence in the field more frequently to increase the effectiveness of their advice."},{"index":2,"size":148,"text":"Fifty percent out of ten farmers interviewed using a questionnaire (Annex -1) individually agreed that the TAs' visit to the field are insufficient because of too many responsibilities entrusted to them, while forty percent stated that these visits are insufficient due to lack of official transport. Fifty percent of the interviewed farmers also agreed that the TAs' failure to provide proper solutions to their problems was due to the lack of financial allocations. Sixty percent of the farmers also mentioned that the best way to promote TAs' enthusiasm and interest would be the provision of allowances. Sixty percent of the farmers also agreed that there should be a change in the field inspection routine and that it should be according to a time table. This seems to suggest that the farmers want to rely on the TAs' assistance and they should know when they are visiting the field."},{"index":3,"size":124,"text":"In summary, as a-result of the interview it was found that the TAs should be provided with the opportunity to improve their attitudes towards farmers by visiting them more frequently, caring and solving their problems, attending to farmers meetings to be more effective in their work. Introduction One of the major ISM Project objectives was to enhance the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) capabilities of the Irrigation Department (ID) staff. A series of in-service training was provided to technical assistants, irrigation overseers and other staff to achieve this project objective during the project life. However, it was recommended that a final workshop should be conducted to provide the Technical Assistants with the opportunity of reflecting on the improvement of performance and sustainability of irrigation systems."}]},{"head":"General Obiectives","index":13,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":38,"text":"The general objectives of this workshop were to review and discuss systems operations and maintenance in order to develop awareness of the needs to constantly upgrade its performance and improve commitment among Technical Assistants to sustain the systems."}]},{"head":"Participants","index":14,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":25,"text":"Three workshops were attended by forty technical assistants divided into groups of approximately 15 participants for each workshop. They came from all seven lSMP schemes."},{"index":2,"size":3,"text":"See Annex -2."}]},{"head":"Time-frame and Venue","index":15,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":32,"text":"The workshops were held from 2-8 September, 1992 at the Training Facilities of the Airport Garden Hotel. Three workshops of two days duration were conducted from 08:OO to 17:OO hrs., as follows:"},{"index":2,"size":19,"text":"Workshop 1 : 2 -3 September Workshop 2 : 4 -5 September Workshop 3 : 7 -8 September 4.5"}]},{"head":"Strategy. Methods and Techniques","index":16,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":19,"text":"The strategy of this program was designed to facilitate the development of awareness among the participants through group interaction."},{"index":2,"size":14,"text":"This strategy incorporates a series of techniques ranging from individual to group focussed ones."},{"index":3,"size":8,"text":"Among others, the participants will be involved in:"},{"index":4,"size":1,"text":"1."},{"index":5,"size":2,"text":"Case-study 2."},{"index":6,"size":2,"text":"Role-playing 3."},{"index":7,"size":4,"text":"Trip around the tables"}]},{"head":"4.","index":17,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Brain storming"}]},{"head":"5.","index":18,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Group discussion","index":19,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"6.","index":20,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":3,"text":"Integrated panels, etc."}]},{"head":"Instructional Materials","index":21,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":29,"text":"A series of instructional materials were utilized, aiming to  During the workshops some of the exercises were improved and/or adjusted in order to meet the needs of the participants."},{"index":2,"size":11,"text":"The activities of the workshop were conducted in the following way."}]},{"head":"5.1","index":22,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":6,"text":"Objectives for the Day I werea)"},{"index":2,"size":14,"text":"To discuss the role of the technical assistants in the management of irrigation systems."},{"index":3,"size":14,"text":"To design and present an action plan for managing irrigation systems as technical assistants."}]},{"head":"b) c)","index":23,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":16,"text":"To discuss the operation activities in irrigation systems and exercise the design of an operational plan."},{"index":2,"size":14,"text":"To present and discuss an operational plan for implementation at the work site. d)"},{"index":3,"size":40,"text":"After explaining the objectives of the workshop, the participants were involved in an interactive exercise which helped them to feel free, move and communicate easily during the two days. They also were expected to state their expectations of the workshop."}]},{"head":"The role of Technical Assistants in the Management of Irrigation Systems","index":24,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":236,"text":"Under the ISM Project, the Technical Assistants are identified as the key persons for maintaining innovative approaches introduced by the Project Accordingly it was imperative that these officers be made aware of the qualities of a good leader cum manager. These were explained to the participants briefly at the beginning. A Case Study of the performance of Mr A M S Gunadasa at Kimbulwana Oya, Kurunegala was used to focus on the qualities a TA should possess. It was pointed out that one should possess the qualities of a successful manager and also those of a good leader for him to be a successful Technical Assistant After a discussion on the qualities of a Leader cum Manager, an exercise was conducted for the participants \"to reflect on the TAs' role.\" The technique used was \"Trip around the tables\" because rapporteurs were on a trip visiting other tables to get the views of other participants on their problems. The objective of having this exercise for this lesson was that a person should consult, appreciate and respect the views of other groups before a decision is taken on a certain issue. This was meant for the TAs to get an awareness of the qualities of a good manager cum leader and their responsibilities in promoting participatory approach in their working environments. It also gave them an opportunity to assess what qualities they already possess and what they lack."},{"index":2,"size":11,"text":"The results of this exercise are presented in the Annex -3."}]},{"head":"Design and Present an Action Plan for Managing Irrigation Systems as TAs","index":25,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":45,"text":"The Senior Irrigation Specialist made a presentation followed by a discussion on Operation and Performance. He dealt on performance in operations, achieving good water distribution, information needed for good water distribution new ISMP operation system and indicators of water distribution performance during the short presentation."},{"index":2,"size":24,"text":"The \"Modified Panel\" technique provided an opportunity for each group of participants to discuss and present iheir views through a rapporteur in a panel."},{"index":3,"size":128,"text":"The contents of the exercise included, first, identifying five major activities in operating an inigation system and explaining how these activities are implemented. Secondly, identifying one major constraint in implementing each of these five activities and also providing suggestions how to overcome these constraints and how would they evaluate the effectiveness of these operational activities. Finally they were requested to list three practical and feasible actions on \"How to help the Irrigation Systems under ISM Project to be well operated to improve the performance. (See Annex -4). The participants were then asked to reflect on the group suggestions obtained from the previous exercise, select one clear objective and design a practical and feasible action plan for operation to enable them to implement it after returning to the field."},{"index":4,"size":59,"text":"A guideline (see Annex -4A) showing the steps to follow when designing the action plan was supplied to the participants. The action plans so generated were copied and handed over to the participants for their use once they return to the field. The action plans developed by the groups during the three workshops are presented in the Annex -4B."}]},{"head":"5.2","index":26,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"Objectives for the Day I I 1."},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"To discuss maintenance activities in irrigation systems. 2."},{"index":3,"size":7,"text":"To decide on a maintenance plan. 3."},{"index":4,"size":11,"text":"To discuss and get the maintenance plan ratified by the DCO."}]},{"head":"4.","index":27,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":17,"text":"Analyze and discuss an approach used by a T.A in the field to solve maintenance problems. 5."},{"index":2,"size":9,"text":"To discuss sustainability and performance of irrigation systems.. 6."},{"index":3,"size":15,"text":"To analyze problems and design an action plan for O&M to solve one of them."},{"index":4,"size":70,"text":"The participants were invited to discuss issues related to the maintenance of irrigation systems. The importance of Walk through survey in deciding maintenance requirements, attending to preventive maintenance and making an annual maintenance plan was discussed during the presentation. The resource person stressed that the need for a person to achieve job satisfaction and to get recognition from others for the good work done is as important as direct compensation."}]},{"head":"Solving Maintenance Problem","index":28,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":208,"text":"The technique \"Play the opposite role\" was used to analyze the approach used by a TA in the field to solve the maintenance problems he encountered. The objective of using Role Play for this exercise was to put the participants into real life situations and get them to think and develop feelings towards the problem and analyze how they would approach it. The contents of .the role play, consisted of the case study of a TA (Annex -5 ) who had to violate the accepted departmental rules and regulations to solve maintenance problems in his area. This role play created an awareness among the participants about the pros and cons of using certain approaches to solve maintenance problems. Participants very actively took part in the deliberations prosecuting and defending the approach used by this Technical Assistant. The jury gave its decision based on the presentations made. However the jury gave its opinion on the correct procedure that should have been followed by the TA. The experts and the peers also took part in the subsequent discussion. Final outcome was the awareness created withim the participants to always seek the cooperation of the farmers in solving maintenance problems. The directions of this exercise are presented in Annex -6 ."},{"index":2,"size":49,"text":"The second \"role play\" conducted during the workshop, weaved around a Technical Assistant who was given an allocation less than that was required to maintain a distributory channel by his Irrigation Engineer. Here too the participants were put to real life situations of farmers, DCO Officers and a TA."},{"index":3,"size":175,"text":"The contents of the exercise composed of an approach used by a TA in negotiating with his farmers and managing to arrive at a decision through the consensus of the interested parties. This role play brought into focus the qualities a TA should possess in dealing with the farmers and the D-Channel Organization Representatives when deciding priorities for the work done in a D-Channel especially when allocations are restricted. The approach used by the TA in the role play was discussed further by the peers and the experts to bring out the good points and criticize the bad points. The TAs while role playing in the farmers position developed an awareness of the problems confronted by the farmers, their conflicts, their aspirations and how these could be solved by a TA through meaningful negotiations with farmers. The IEs who were placed on the TAs' role too got an awareness of the problems confronted by the TAs when discharging their duties. The two work sheets used during this exercise are presented in Annexes 7 and 8."}]},{"head":"Performance and Sustainability of Irrigation Systems","index":29,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":38,"text":"Adequacy, Timeliness and Equity are three main counts on which efficiency of an imgation system could be measured. The concepts of performance and sustainability were discussed briefly by the resource person under Performance Indicator for Water Delivery Systems."},{"index":2,"size":57,"text":"A Small Group exercise involving a Case Study was conducted to analyze the constraints confronting a typical irrigation system whose maintenance was ignored for over 40 years. The objective of using a case study for this exercise was to present and study the solution of a problem similar to one confronting the TAs under the ISM Project."},{"index":3,"size":108,"text":"The contents of the Case Study included an Irrigation Scheme Kuda Oya (See Annex -9) which was almost 50 years old and functioned well without any problem for several years. However, with time, due to land fragmentation as a result of growing families and also due to lack of funds, the system could not be maintained efficiently for the last 40 years, which resulted in creating problems for .the generations to follow. During the first phase of the Small Group Exercise (Annex -9A), the participants were asked to list three. constraints which had the most detrimental impact on the system performance on Kuda Oya and to prioritize them."},{"index":4,"size":114,"text":"During the second phase, the participants were asked to develop problem analysis for each constraint. The participants then had to identify one problem that can be tackled by them and to develop an action plan to solve it. A guideline was provided to facilitate this task, The results of the group exercises are presented in the Annex -10. Subsequently the participants were asked to reflect on the group suggestions to help the irrigation systems under ISMP to be operated well, and design a practical and feasible action plan to implement after returning to the field. A guide line to assist the participants to prepare this action plan was also provided (See Annex -11 )."},{"index":5,"size":10,"text":"The results of this exercise is given in Annex -11A."},{"index":6,"size":100,"text":"This particular exercise facilitated an awareness how one could contribute towards solving problems of an irrigation scheme even when the department failed to provide sufficient funds for maintenance. Since the general trend in the public service seems to be to wait for funds and delay, without trying to solve the immediate problems for which solutions are available, this exercise created a good impact on the participants to get them to identify constraints, prioritize them and develop problem analysis to explore the problems where one could provide a solution with a view to improve the performance and sustain their irrigation systems."}]},{"head":"EVALUATION","index":30,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":21,"text":"Two kinds of evaluation were developed and applied during the workshops. They were: (a) participants' self evaluation, and (b) program evaluation."}]},{"head":"Participants' self-evaluation","index":31,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":57,"text":"At the end of the workshop the TAs were invited to evaluate their own process of development during the workshop. A self-evaluation form, comprising of thirteen statements to be assessed on a rating scale from 1 (very low) to 10 (very high) was used to record the participants' views and feelings about their own level of development."},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"The average results of the participants' self evaluation are given below: Average 1."},{"index":3,"size":19,"text":"My knowledge about my own was 5.42 qualities which help me to be. today 7.9 a leader as TA."}]},{"head":"2.","index":32,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":14,"text":"My feelings of being was 7.17 more active and a today 8.5 good leader."}]},{"head":"3.","index":33,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":18,"text":"My willingness to overcome was 6.05 the difficulties in my job to today 8.32 feel better inside myself."}]},{"head":"4.","index":34,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":20,"text":"My feelings of being attentive was 7.0 to farmers, my staff, my today 8.87 peers, superiors, and to my responsibilities."}]},{"head":"5.","index":35,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":15,"text":"My interest in motivating was myself and motivating today farmers, my staff and peers 6."},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"My patience to listen to was farmers, my staff, my peers, today etc."}]},{"head":"7.","index":36,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":15,"text":"My wish to understand and WaS deal with conflict among today farmers and my subordinates.  "}]},{"head":"11.","index":37,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"12."}]},{"head":"13.","index":38,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":51,"text":"My self-confidence in my s k i l l s ( k n o w l e d g e , understanding, attitudes and feelings) to convince farmers, my staff and peers that they can be happier if they improve communication with others, with farmers and create ways to solve problems."},{"index":2,"size":20,"text":"My belief that myself, my peers, my staff, and my superiors are responsible for the improvement of the irrigation systems."},{"index":3,"size":48,"text":"My belief that I am capable enough to improve my services to farmers by being a committed leader, effective coordinator, motivator, believer, hard-worker, etc. My feelings about this workshop and its usefulness to my work to improve my attitudes and behavior with my staff, farmers, etc. Pronam Evaluation"},{"index":4,"size":53,"text":"The objective of the program evaluation was to conduct a systematic appraisal to assess whether the objectives of the program had been achieved to get an idea of the strengths and weakness of the program. This evaluation w i l l assist the organizers to incorporate improvements to any future programs wherever necessary."},{"index":5,"size":84,"text":"The participants were given a questionnaire for them to evaluate the success of the workshop with respect to achieving it's objectives. A scale of 1 to 5 was given for them to check where 1 was low (objective not achieved) and 5 very high (objective achieved very well). The average of the results obtained from the 40 participants for each item i s given below. The average scores received for each objective was above 4 indicating that the objectives had been achieved remarkably well."},{"index":6,"size":14,"text":"Total number of participants was 40. Averages reached for objectives are given below. 1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":39,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"3."}]},{"head":"4.","index":40,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"5.","index":41,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":".","index":42,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"7."}]},{"head":"8.","index":43,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"9.","index":44,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":44,"text":"10. The participants were also asked how they would rate the workshop, varying from not good to excellent. (Not good, Mediocre, All right, Good, Excellent). The average received for the responses from all the participants was 4.1., indicating a good evaluation from the participants."}]},{"head":"To discuss the role of the technical assistants in the management of irrigation systems","index":45,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":98,"text":"As stated by the uarticipants the strong uoints of the workshop were:  . The objectives of the workshop were evaluated by the participants as \"a achieved\" showing a group average ranging from 4.0 to 4.38 within a scale from 1 (objective not achieved) to 5 (objective achieved The participants' self-evaluation results also presented very positive feedback in terms of their improvement of attitudes and understanding. Among others, there was improvement on their belief, self-confidence, understanding, interest in diverse aspects of their jobs, including willingness to overcome difficulties in their jobs to be more active and good leaders, etc."},{"index":2,"size":40,"text":"It was observed that the \"non-training\" factors are in great dimension. They are mainly related to TAs' poor salaries, poor allowance for travel and subsistence which promote demotivation, lack of job satisfaction and interest, high level of frustration, etc. well)."}]},{"head":"7.2","index":46,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Exuectations","index":47,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":32,"text":"As a result of the interactive exercise with TAs during different s&ges of this program which provided opportunity to discuss their jobs along with the respective constraints, the following expectations were raised:"},{"index":2,"size":28,"text":"The \"non-trainine\" factors need to be taken into consideration, in order to minimize andor overcome major problems which are preventing the TAs of carrying out their jobs properly."},{"index":3,"size":47,"text":"The immediate intervention of the Department of Irrigation in this respect would be very appropriate since the TAs have got awareness of their own potential to provide better contribution to the irrigation system, besides the improved expectation and motivation generated by their participation in the workshop program."},{"index":4,"size":59,"text":"A Human Resource Development (HRD) Plan should be designed to provide the TAs and all staff who are/will be involved in the management of the schemes under ISMP with a systematic training program and other HRD activities to assist them in developing appropriate skills to improve job performance and to ensure expected results besides developing motivation and job satisfaction."},{"index":5,"size":39,"text":"A follow-up program should be designed and implemented to assist the \"trained\" TAs in the application of new developed skills in the field, including assisting them in the implementation of the action plans designed by them during the workshop."},{"index":6,"size":40,"text":"The indicators for evaluating performance of TAs should be defined with them as part of the follow-up program to facilitate communication between supervisors and TAs in terms of providing advice and training when necessary for improvement of the job performance."}]},{"head":"ANNEXURES","index":48,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"' 1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":49,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"3.","index":50,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"4.","index":51,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":".","index":52,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"7."}]},{"head":"8.","index":53,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"9.","index":54,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"10."}]},{"head":"11.","index":55,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"12."}]},{"head":"13.","index":56,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"ANNEX -1 OUESTIONNAIRE USED DURING THE INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW WITH THE FARMERS","index":57,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":41,"text":"When did the TA in-charge of your area meet you last for any of your problem? Did he visit your residence or the field when he met you? Was it on your Q u e s t or on his own?"},{"index":2,"size":18,"text":"What was the problem posed to him?  Is there any way his superiors could promote his enthusiasm more?"},{"index":3,"size":6,"text":"Increased Salaries/Allowances/Government quarters/Foreign scholarships/ TrainingJPromotions 18."},{"index":4,"size":9,"text":"Is there any way you could promote his enthusiasm?  "},{"index":5,"size":1,"text":"Technique:"},{"index":6,"size":1,"text":"Directions:"},{"index":7,"size":1,"text":"1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":58,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"3."}]},{"head":"4.","index":59,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"5."}]},{"head":"6.","index":60,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"I ."}]},{"head":"8.","index":61,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"9.","index":62,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"10. Each group will elect a rapporteur"}]},{"head":"Each group will work on","index":63,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":14,"text":"The groups will have 20 minutes to discuss and respond only ~n e question"},{"index":2,"size":20,"text":"The rapporteur will compile the group responses in a sheet of paper (should be a list of about 10 items)"},{"index":3,"size":21,"text":"In the next step, the rauporteur will begin the 'trip-around the table'. He/She will have 7 minutes to visit each table."},{"index":4,"size":23,"text":"He/She will present hisher group question and response to the new table and will collect contributions from the participants to improve hisher list."},{"index":5,"size":32,"text":"After visiting the three other tables, he/she goes back to hisher own group, share the contributions collected during the \"trip\" and make group decision on the five major priorities in 10 minutes."},{"index":6,"size":62,"text":"The rapporteur will write these priorities on the flip chart to present it to the audience (5 minutes) Each group will have 10 minutes to present the results of item no. 3 question assigned below At the end, the participants will be invited to give feedback on the process of the exercise, mciuuing advantage and QlStdVantage tor the learning process and technique."}]},{"head":"REFLECTLNG ON TAs' ROLE","index":64,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"Ouestions for daving %D around the table\""},{"index":2,"size":16,"text":"Please write down: Qualities or attributes of TAs as managers-leaders (two contributions from each member) 1."},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"2."}]},{"head":"3.","index":65,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"4.","index":66,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"5.","index":67,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":".","index":68,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"I .","index":69,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"8."}]},{"head":"Sound technical knowledge.","index":70,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"Proper planning and organizing capacity."},{"index":2,"size":3,"text":"Reliability and punctuality."},{"index":3,"size":4,"text":"Availability of the organization."},{"index":4,"size":5,"text":"Support from superiors and subordinates."},{"index":5,"size":5,"text":"Identify problems and relevant solutions."},{"index":6,"size":7,"text":"Ability to speak in a simple manner."}]},{"head":"Good public relationship","index":71,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Group B","index":72,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":17,"text":"Problems which prevent TAs to be good leaders in their irrigation systems (two contributions from each member)"},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"1."},{"index":3,"size":12,"text":"In adequate time for full time participation due to existing work load."},{"index":4,"size":1,"text":"2."}]},{"head":"3.","index":73,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"Lack of support from higher authority towards TA."},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"Lack of training facilities to TA s/supporting staff."}]},{"head":"4.","index":74,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"5.","index":75,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Intimidation of political personnel."},{"index":2,"size":7,"text":"Difficulty in changing traditional practices of farmers."},{"index":3,"size":2,"text":"Group C"},{"index":4,"size":21,"text":"Conditions which are favorable to the TA s to demonstrate leadership skills in the irrigation environment (two contributions from each member)"},{"index":5,"size":4,"text":"1. Irrigation ordinance. 2."}]},{"head":"3.","index":76,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"4.","index":77,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"5.","index":78,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":24,"text":"Group D What are the major responsibilities of TA s as managers-leaders in the irrigation systems under ISMP? (two contributions from each member) 1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":79,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"3.","index":80,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"Responsibility of a TA for operation and maintenance."},{"index":2,"size":7,"text":"Technically skilled supporting staff superiors and subordinates."},{"index":3,"size":9,"text":"Availability of TA when and where he is wanted."},{"index":4,"size":20,"text":"Proper awareness about the interests and attitudes of farmers. Should be aware of all human aspects and feelings of farmers."},{"index":5,"size":7,"text":"To have a good rapport with farmers."},{"index":6,"size":13,"text":"To have farmers participation in planning and implementation of the annual maintenance plan."}]},{"head":"4.","index":81,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"To educate farmers for their O&M works."}]},{"head":"5.","index":82,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"To get quality jobs done in rehabilitation works."}]},{"head":"WORKSHOP I1","index":83,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Group A"},{"index":2,"size":7,"text":"Qualities or attributes of Tas as managers-leaders."},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":84,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"The TA should have a sound technical background."},{"index":2,"size":18,"text":"He should posses a willingness to explain the objectives and goals and to and to initiate any task."}]},{"head":"3.","index":85,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":23,"text":"The TA should be patient to give a good hearing to suggestions, criticisms and be able to distinguish the problems in the area."}]},{"head":"4.","index":86,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":17,"text":"To get the confidence of the fanners and line agencies he must work to a decided schedule."},{"index":2,"size":10,"text":"He must be able to plan monitor and evaluate. 5."}]},{"head":"Grouu B","index":87,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":13,"text":"Problems which prevent TAs to be good leaders in their irrigation systems 1."},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":"Lack of authority 2."}]},{"head":"3.","index":88,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":11,"text":"Lack of support from superiors and if they do not appreciate."},{"index":2,"size":10,"text":"If we have more personal problems eg. bad living standards."}]},{"head":"4.","index":89,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Political influences."}]},{"head":"5.","index":90,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"When people don't l i e to change their traditions."}]},{"head":"Group C","index":91,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":15,"text":"Conditions which are favorable to the TAs to demonstrate leadership ski1ls.h the irrigation environment 1."},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":"Technical education and knowledge."}]},{"head":"2.","index":92,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"Support from the government and non-government agencies."}]},{"head":"3.","index":93,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Legal authority."}]},{"head":"4.","index":94,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"Facilities."}]},{"head":"5.","index":95,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"Recognition (From supervisor and farmers, training further)."}]},{"head":"Group D","index":96,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":16,"text":"What are the major responsibilities of TAs as managers-leaders in the irrigation systems under ISMP? 1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":97,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"3.","index":98,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"4.","index":99,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"5.","index":100,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":14,"text":"Preparation of rehabilitation estimates for effective water delivery with the assistance of Farmer Organizations."},{"index":2,"size":11,"text":"Explain of importance of sustainability of the system after the rehabilitation."},{"index":3,"size":4,"text":"Train farmers for O&M."},{"index":4,"size":12,"text":"Create awareness among farmers that government officers are prepared to help them."},{"index":5,"size":17,"text":"Preparation, implementation and monitoring Annual Maintenance Plan and water issuing schedule with the assistance of Farmers Organizations."}]},{"head":"WORKSHOP III","index":101,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Group A","index":102,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"Qualities or attributes of TAs as managers-leaders 1."},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"Ability to forecast, plan & implement monitoring fanners by listening to their views."}]},{"head":"2.","index":103,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"3.","index":104,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":9,"text":"Ability of organizing to see the plan is implemented."},{"index":2,"size":7,"text":"Motivating farmers by listening to their views."}]},{"head":"4.","index":105,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Availability to communicate effectively."}]},{"head":"5.","index":106,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Monitoring, feedback and evaluation."}]},{"head":"Group B","index":107,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":15,"text":"Problems which prevent TAs to be good leaders in their irrigation systems 1. Traditional methods."}]},{"head":"2.","index":108,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"Administration."}]},{"head":"3.","index":109,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Political interference."}]},{"head":"4.","index":110,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Inter-agency conflicts."}]},{"head":"5.","index":111,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":3,"text":"Prominence and dependability."}]},{"head":"Group C","index":112,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":16,"text":"Conditions which are favorable to the TAs to demonstrate leadership skills in the irrigation environment 1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":113,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Less interference by politicians."},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"3."}]},{"head":"4.","index":114,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"Inter-agencyco-ordination."}]},{"head":"5.","index":115,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Communication system."}]},{"head":"Group D","index":116,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":16,"text":"What are the major responsibilities of TAs as managers-leaders in the irrigation systems under ISMP? 1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":117,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"3.","index":118,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"4.","index":119,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"5.","index":120,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"Supports from superiors and sub-ordinates."},{"index":2,"size":6,"text":"Understanding and acceptability by the society."},{"index":3,"size":6,"text":"Organize the farmers to an organization."},{"index":4,"size":6,"text":"Transferring technical knowledge to the farmers."},{"index":5,"size":6,"text":"Give sufficient knowledge of water management."},{"index":6,"size":11,"text":"Assist the farmers to develop the skills in Operation & Maintenance."},{"index":7,"size":6,"text":"Guide them to increase their income."}]},{"head":"MODIFIED PANEL","index":121,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":122,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"3."}]},{"head":"4.","index":123,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"1."}]},{"head":"ANNEX -4 OPERATION ACTIVITIES IN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS","index":124,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"List five major activities involved in operating an irrigation system."},{"index":2,"size":11,"text":"List one major constraint in implementing each of these five activities."},{"index":3,"size":15,"text":"Have you implemented these activities? How do you evaluate the effectiveness of this operation activities?"},{"index":4,"size":29,"text":"What are your suggestions to help the irrigation systems under ISMP to be well operated to improve the performance? (Please list three practical and feasible actions on a flipchart.)"}]},{"head":"WORKSHOP I1 PREPARATION FOR DESIGNING AN OPERATIONAL PLAN","index":125,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"List five major activities involved in operating an irrigation system."},{"index":2,"size":3,"text":"Grow A 1."},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"ii."},{"index":4,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":5,"size":1,"text":"iv."},{"index":6,"size":2,"text":"V ."}]},{"head":"Grouo B","index":126,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"1."},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"ii."},{"index":3,"size":2,"text":"iii. iv."}]},{"head":"V.","index":127,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":13,"text":"Prepn. of a schedule after getting in formation from farmers and higher authority."},{"index":2,"size":10,"text":"Make sure that the canal system is in proper condition."},{"index":3,"size":4,"text":"Arrange good operational staff."}]},{"head":"Daily checking of gauges in canals and head works","index":128,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":9,"text":"Getting daily information of equal water distribution among farmers."},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"Discussion."},{"index":3,"size":3,"text":"Forecasting and planning."},{"index":4,"size":3,"text":"Delegation of duties."},{"index":5,"size":1,"text":"Implementation."},{"index":6,"size":8,"text":"Monitoring, evaluation and feedback. (while implementing) GrouD c"},{"index":7,"size":1,"text":"i."},{"index":8,"size":12,"text":"Calculating of water available for season considering tank storage, diversion and rainfall."},{"index":9,"size":1,"text":".."}]},{"head":"11.","index":129,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"Decide acreage and crop type to be cultivated."}]},{"head":"Ki.","index":130,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":9,"text":"Preparation of water schedule with help of the farmers."},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"iv. Check whether essential maintenance have been done."},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"v."},{"index":4,"size":3,"text":"Implementahon and monitoring."},{"index":5,"size":8,"text":"Having an idea of the actual command area."},{"index":6,"size":1,"text":".."}]},{"head":"11.","index":131,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":2,"size":6,"text":"Availability of water for the season."},{"index":3,"size":10,"text":"Advise from line agencies about crop types and water rotation."}]},{"head":"iv.","index":132,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"A well programmed O&M plan."}]},{"head":"v.","index":133,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":28,"text":"Assurance of funds from the central government and farmer participation in shramadana activities if funds are not sufficient. List five major activities involved in operating an irrigation system."}]},{"head":"Prioritize the Three Major Ones","index":134,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"i. Check in communication. ii. iii. iv. v."},{"index":2,"size":3,"text":"Monitoring and evaluation."},{"index":3,"size":15,"text":"List one major constraint in implementing each of these five activities i. Farmers disagreed. ii."},{"index":4,"size":5,"text":"Unexpected repairs (locks) iii. iv."},{"index":5,"size":4,"text":"Failure in communication. v."},{"index":6,"size":3,"text":"Negligence of staff."},{"index":7,"size":22,"text":"Have you implemented these activities? How do you evaluate the effectiveness of this operation activities? Yes i. Meet farmers and discuss. ii."},{"index":8,"size":31,"text":"What a r e your suggestions to help the irrigation systems under ISMP to be well operated to improve the performance? (Please list three practical and feasible actions on a flipchart.)"},{"index":9,"size":1,"text":"ii."},{"index":10,"size":5,"text":"Motivate staff concerned. iii. iv."},{"index":11,"size":16,"text":"All Turn Outs to be closed. Issue water in main channel up to the tail end."},{"index":12,"size":12,"text":"Open Turn Outs and commence issue from tail end of other channels."}]},{"head":"2.","index":135,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":9,"text":"Farmers could steal water due to absence of locks."}]},{"head":"3.","index":136,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":6,"text":"Collect daily information of farm details."}]},{"head":"4.","index":137,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"Farmer training and funding support."},{"index":2,"size":29,"text":"Introducing complaint book (log book) and responding to complaints efficiently. Allocate sufficient funds for effective maintenance. List five major ac-. i e s involved in operating an irrigation system."},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"i."},{"index":4,"size":8,"text":"Check conditions and update water control systems. ii."},{"index":5,"size":4,"text":"Deciding cultivation calendar. iii."},{"index":6,"size":6,"text":"Deciding area to be cultivated. iv."},{"index":7,"size":7,"text":"Preparation of imgation schedules and issue. v."},{"index":8,"size":8,"text":"Ensure the effectiveness of two way communication system."}]},{"head":"List one major constraint in implementing each of these five activities","index":138,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"1."},{"index":2,"size":2,"text":"Inadequate funds."}]},{"head":"11.","index":139,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"iii. iv."},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":"Inadequate field data v."},{"index":3,"size":3,"text":"Inadequate communication facilities."}]},{"head":"Have you implemented these activities? How do you evaluate the effectiveness of this operation activities?","index":140,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"Yes Yield compared to water issue. Farmers satisfaction."}]},{"head":"2.","index":141,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":".."},{"index":2,"size":5,"text":"Non availability of seasonal rains."},{"index":3,"size":6,"text":"Inadequate water due to encroachments 3."}]},{"head":"4.","index":142,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":29,"text":"What are your suggestions to help the irrigation systems under ISMP to be well operated to improve the performance? (Please list three practical and feasible actions on a flipchart.)"},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":"i. Provide enough funds."}]},{"head":"11.","index":143,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Improve communication facilities. iii."},{"index":2,"size":12,"text":".. List five major activities involved in operating an irrigation system 1."},{"index":3,"size":4,"text":"Planning for allocation ii."},{"index":4,"size":5,"text":"Water scheduling iii. Implementation iv."},{"index":5,"size":3,"text":"Flow measurement v."},{"index":6,"size":14,"text":"Monitoring & evaluation List one major constraint in implementing each of these five activities."},{"index":7,"size":1,"text":"i."},{"index":8,"size":2,"text":"ii. iii."}]},{"head":"2.","index":144,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":20,"text":"Forecasting of rainfall and others (incorrect acreage, encroachment, reservation problem, unreliable data) Incorrect acreage and other as referred in i."},{"index":2,"size":3,"text":"Operating staff - "}]},{"head":"3.","index":145,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"4.","index":146,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":29,"text":"What are your suggestions to help the irrigation systems under ISMP to be well operated to improve the performance? (Please List three practical and feasible actions on a flipchart.)"},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"1."}]},{"head":"11.","index":147,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"Irrigation system should be maintained well for allocation when necessary Inigation staffproperly motivated."},{"index":3,"size":5,"text":"Farmers to be properly motivated."},{"index":4,"size":11,"text":".. List five major activities involved in operating an irrigation system."},{"index":5,"size":6,"text":"i. Collection of data. ii. iii."},{"index":6,"size":2,"text":"Maintenance. iv."},{"index":7,"size":3,"text":"Repairs and improvements."},{"index":8,"size":1,"text":"V."},{"index":9,"size":1,"text":"Rehabilitation."},{"index":10,"size":6,"text":"Preparing and implementing a water schedule."}]},{"head":"2.","index":148,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":11,"text":"List one major constraint in implementing each of these five activities."}]},{"head":"1.","index":149,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"ii."},{"index":2,"size":5,"text":"iii. Not enough allocation. iv."},{"index":3,"size":4,"text":"Lack of awareness V."}]},{"head":"Lack of funds","index":150,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":18,"text":"Unreliable data due to lack of facilities or due to lack of interest. Non availability of proper structures."}]},{"head":"3.","index":151,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":17,"text":"Have you implemented these activities? How do you evaluate the effectiveness of this operation activities? Yes i."},{"index":2,"size":6,"text":"ii. Same as i. iii. iv."}]},{"head":"Compare planning with actual operation","index":152,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":20,"text":"By inspection of the physical condition. Degree of damages to the system, adherence to cultivation calendar, less complaints regarding disputes."}]},{"head":"4.","index":153,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":30,"text":"What are your suggestions to help the irrigation systems under ISMP to be well operated to improve the performance? (Please list three practical and feasible actions on a flipchart.) i."}]},{"head":"ii.","index":154,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"Continue with the officer-fanner relationship established under ISMP. "}]},{"head":"2.","index":155,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"Please form thee s m d groups."},{"index":2,"size":34,"text":"Reflect on the group suggestions to help the irrigation systems under ISMP to be operated well, and design a practical and feasible action plan for you to implement it after returning to the field. "}]},{"head":"3.","index":156,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"Define one clear objective for conducting operation activities."},{"index":2,"size":9,"text":"Identify the target area for related to this objective."},{"index":3,"size":10,"text":"Choose two operation activities to conduct to reach defined objective."},{"index":4,"size":11,"text":"List three constraints under which you will conduct these two activities."},{"index":5,"size":25,"text":"List actions that you will take to minimize or overcome these constraints to accomplish this plan successfully. (Do forget that it should be feasible solutions)."},{"index":6,"size":15,"text":"List five personal qualities that you need to have to be successful in this task."},{"index":7,"size":15,"text":"How will you communicate this plan to your supervisor and/or people affected by this plan?"},{"index":8,"size":28,"text":"Where do you plan to implement it ? (Cite the name of the area) How many people will be involved in this plan? (Do with a feasible number)."},{"index":9,"size":34,"text":"forget that it should be j) When will you begin to implement this plan, and please define duration. (How many months do you intend to take to implement this plan seriously and with commitment?)."}]},{"head":"k)","index":157,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"1)"}]},{"head":"m)","index":158,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":11,"text":"Schedule follow-up and evaluation to assess the progress of this plan."}]},{"head":"How do you plan to collect information on the progress of this plan?","index":159,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":13,"text":"List three results which can you anticipate as consequence of this action plan."},{"index":2,"size":15,"text":"The rapporteur will be invited to present the results of this exercise to the participants."}]},{"head":"ANNEX -4B","index":160,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"OPERATIONAL ii."},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"Calculating the quantity of water using available parameters."},{"index":3,"size":15,"text":"Measuring the flow to the farm lot to check whether the designed discharge is delivered."}]},{"head":"D. Three Constraints","index":161,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"1."},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":"Reliability of parameters 11."}]},{"head":"Inadequate resources iii.","index":162,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Inadequate communication and cooperation."},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":".."}]},{"head":"E. Actions i.","index":163,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"By taking updated parameters."}]},{"head":"11.","index":164,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":2,"size":2,"text":".. ii."},{"index":3,"size":11,"text":"Preparation of program to be implemented according to a time schedule."},{"index":4,"size":19,"text":"Taking measurements of water delivery in the canal system at various places to ascertain the amount of water flowing."}]},{"head":"D. Three Constraints","index":165,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"1."}]},{"head":"11.","index":166,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":2,"size":11,"text":"Farmers have to be informed about the prepared water issue program."},{"index":3,"size":19,"text":"Prefer training of subordinate officers as well as farmers. Arrange farmers to be punctual at there fields during operation."},{"index":4,"size":1,"text":".."}]},{"head":"E. Actions","index":167,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":12,"text":"Giving a proper explanation and understanding about the importance of their presence"},{"index":2,"size":2,"text":"Proper understanding"}]},{"head":"11.","index":168,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"Listening to the farmers iii."},{"index":2,"size":5,"text":"Being patient iv. Tolerance V."}]},{"head":"Commitment","index":169,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":".. Poor maintenance of channels and structures."},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":3,"size":4,"text":"Farmers irregular cultivation patterns."},{"index":4,"size":3,"text":"E. Actions i."},{"index":5,"size":1,"text":"ii."},{"index":6,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":7,"size":7,"text":"To get correct information from farmer representatives."},{"index":8,"size":30,"text":"To introduce a workable plan to do the maintenance of channels and structures by Farmer Organization. Make the farmers work within the acceptable time table. Increase crop output ii. iii."},{"index":9,"size":18,"text":"Creating awareness among the farmers about the DCO. To create better understanding between farmers and the departmental officers. "}]},{"head":"C. Two Operation Activities","index":170,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"1.","index":171,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"ii."},{"index":2,"size":26,"text":"Preparation of water issue schedule after discussion with the ID and DCO officials. Execution of water issue schedule by ID and DCO officials. Poor maintenance. ii."}]},{"head":"D. Three Constraints","index":172,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":3,"text":"Unauthorized tapping. iii."},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":"Changing of operation schedule."},{"index":3,"size":2,"text":"M. ThreeResults"}]},{"head":"1.","index":173,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Reducing the political interference."},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"ii."},{"index":3,"size":2,"text":"iii. iv."},{"index":4,"size":6,"text":"Satisfaction among the farmers and officials."},{"index":5,"size":8,"text":"Reducing the damages to the physical system. ii."},{"index":6,"size":20,"text":"Timely checking of water issues to see the anticipated targets have been achieved. Checking the tank inflow according to schedule."}]},{"head":"D. Three Constraints","index":174,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"i. Insufficient field staff. ii."},{"index":2,"size":5,"text":"Lack of measuring devices. iii."},{"index":3,"size":3,"text":"In-adequate transport facilities."}]},{"head":"E. Actions","index":175,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Farmers should be trained."},{"index":2,"size":28,"text":"G. Plan to Communicate to Supetvisor/and or People Affected by this Plan Arrange a meeting with farmers and officers to discuss and make adjustments to the operation plan."}]},{"head":"H. Where to implement","index":176,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"In the D channel area"}]},{"head":"I. How Many Participants","index":177,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":11,"text":"Respective FC group leader and the work supervisor and patrol labour."}]},{"head":"J. When to Implement (Duration)","index":178,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":11,"text":"At the start of the cultivation period and during the duration."}]},{"head":"K. FOIIOW-UP","index":179,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":18,"text":"Have fortnightly discussions with farm leaders and connected ID staff and attend to necessary adjustment in rotation issues."},{"index":2,"size":7,"text":"L. Plan to collect information As above"}]},{"head":"M. Three Results","index":180,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"1."},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":"To ensure successfully crops."}]},{"head":"11.","index":181,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Improve joint management. ii."},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"Issuing water according to the needs of the farmers after consulting higher officers."},{"index":3,"size":11,"text":"Find the quantity of water to be sent in particular canal."},{"index":4,"size":4,"text":"D. Three Constraints i."},{"index":5,"size":6,"text":"Disagreement between farmers and officers. ii."},{"index":6,"size":6,"text":"Insufficient water in main canal. iii."},{"index":7,"size":5,"text":"Improper maintenance of canals. ii."},{"index":8,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":9,"size":5,"text":"Ability to convince. iv. v."},{"index":10,"size":1,"text":"Honesty."},{"index":11,"size":11,"text":"To be energetic (Active person). Good listener (You listen to farmers)."},{"index":12,"size":14,"text":"Ability of working together with farmers and other officials. ii. By field canal level."},{"index":13,"size":20,"text":"After preparing the program submit to IE. After the commencement of the rotations and depending on the variety of crop."},{"index":14,"size":1,"text":"ii."},{"index":15,"size":11,"text":"Water scheduling a) Correct acreage data not given by farmers. b)"},{"index":16,"size":6,"text":"Correct rainfall data's are not recorded."},{"index":17,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":18,"size":37,"text":"Variations of the soil type in different areas not taken in to account correctly. Farmers organization should look into this matter and take action. Educate farmers about the canal maintenance. Agricultural inputs adequate tractors should be fund."},{"index":19,"size":1,"text":".."}]},{"head":"11.","index":182,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":3,"text":"Water scheduling a."},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"b."},{"index":3,"size":4,"text":"More rain gauges fixed."},{"index":4,"size":14,"text":"Variations of the soil type in different areas not taken in to account correctly."},{"index":5,"size":14,"text":"Deeply investigate in the field using available maps and find the correct Operation gates."}]},{"head":"11.","index":183,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Monitoring discharges."},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":".. In effective gauges."},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"..."}]},{"head":"A. One Clear Objective","index":184,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":9,"text":"To ensure proper water issues. Continuous water issues ii."},{"index":2,"size":2,"text":"Funds iii."},{"index":3,"size":9,"text":"Government rates are lower than prevailing rates. ii. iii."},{"index":4,"size":4,"text":"Seek assistance from farmers."},{"index":5,"size":11,"text":"Inform the farmers and discuss with them to find a solution."},{"index":6,"size":5,"text":"Seek the cooperation of farmers."},{"index":7,"size":5,"text":"F. Five Personal Qualities 1."},{"index":8,"size":2,"text":"ii. Dedication"},{"index":9,"size":5,"text":"ii. Devotion iv. Flexibility v."},{"index":10,"size":3,"text":"Empathy to work"},{"index":11,"size":5,"text":"Cordiality (Working cordially with farmers)."}]},{"head":"G. Plan to Communicate to Supervisorland or People Affected by this Plan","index":185,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"Meeting them in the sub project committee."}]},{"head":"ANNEX -5 CASE STUDY -GUNAPALA MEETS THE CHALLENGE","index":186,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":140,"text":"Gunapala is a technical assistant attached to the Polgasowita Irrigation Scheme. He has approximately 15 years service in the department and draws a salary of Rs. 2300 per month. He was a honest but a frustrated man who tried hi best to work for the fanners and get a good name. He had a maintenance plan to do as laid down by the Irrigation Engineer. He was given an allocation less than that would be necessary to do all stated in the maintenance program. To decide on the priority items, he conducted a walk-through survey with the farmers and identified certain maintenance items as essential ones and proposed doing these with the available money to the Irrigation Engineer. Most of these items would help the tail-enders rather than those at the head of the channel. Irrigation Engineer accepted his proposals."},{"index":2,"size":130,"text":"He employed approximately 50 laborers registered in the scheme to do the maintenance work on the main channel. Most of these laborers are supporters of the politician of the area and did not care to do a proper job and did not come to work in time. This necessitated his frequent inspections but his inability to inspect the field frequently resulted in poor quality and insufficient output in the maintenance work. He had difficulties with regard to getting transport frequently to go to the field as there was only one jeep available for 10 Tas to travel about. He also was not paid sufficient subsistence allowance for travelling to the field frequently. He was getting blamed by his engineer for not maintaining the main canal according to the maintenance program."},{"index":3,"size":98,"text":"The farmers getting benefitted from these maintenance work were unable to help the TA in providing labor input as they were staying too far away from their homesteads and had their own work to do in their farms. He met these laborers and demanded more output from them. They protested that they are already doing work for what they are paid and they could not do any more work for that salary. After failing to get better farmers to do this job he decided to recruit some casual laborers from his home town to do the maintenance work."},{"index":4,"size":199,"text":"He got his brother-in-law appointed as a casual work-supervisor to this work-site since the present work-supervisor was not capable in getting the work done from the farmers within his area. His brother-in-law somehow managed to get the required work output from the laborers and kept to the maintenance target to schedule without any complaints. When there was no maintenance work to be done from all the laborers brought from outside, he got a friend to do rehabilitation contracts in another TA's area and employ the surplus labor from his work-site to work for these contracts. He gave part of the capital and necessary advise during his visits to the friend to do the contracts and in return got a share of the profit. This helped him to get a job satisfaction by doing a good job and also to overcome his financial difficulties to some extent as he had to send lot of money to his family who stayed at his hometown far away from the work-site. By doing this he not only managed to get a good name and recognition from the engineer and the farmers for doing a proper maintenance job and but also got financially benefitted."},{"index":5,"size":70,"text":"However, the laborers who were discontinued from the labor gang sent a petition to the politician of the area and the Irrigation Engineer alleging that the TA has employed his own people in his work-site without following the correct recruitment procedure and is getting benefitted financially by doing contracts. It is very likely that the politician will take up the matter with the Director of Imgation to punish this TA. "}]},{"head":"ANNEX","index":187,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"3.","index":188,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":29,"text":"Divide the participants into three small groups The group will have 30 minutes to discuss the text and prepare their presentations Group no. 1 will play the positive role."}]},{"head":"(a)","index":189,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":38,"text":"The group will prove that Gunapala has acted correctly when he decided to follow this course of action which helped him to do the maintenance work within his work site despite the difficulties in finding labor and transport."},{"index":2,"size":40,"text":"The group will prepare a presentation (using flip chart) to convince the audience that Gunapala has used the best approach to have his job done successfully. The group can use all kinds of arguments, including own experiences, concepts, assumptions, etc."},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"(b)"}]},{"head":"4.","index":190,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"Group no. 2 will play the negative role."}]},{"head":"(a)","index":191,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":26,"text":"The group will prove that Gunapala has acted wrongly when he decided to follow this course of action which helped him to do the maintenance work."},{"index":2,"size":39,"text":"The group will prepare a presentation (using flip chart) to convince the audience that Gunapala has used the worst approach to do his job and therefore he should be punished. Group no. 3 will play the role of Jurv."}]},{"head":"(a)","index":192,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":17,"text":"The group will study the case study thoroughly to judge Gunapala's approach to solve the maintenance problems."},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"The group will list some alternatives which should be used by Gunapala. 1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":193,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"3.","index":194,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"4.","index":195,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"5.","index":196,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"6.","index":197,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"Divide the participants into four small groups:"},{"index":2,"size":15,"text":"Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Grouu 4 will play the role of the TA."},{"index":3,"size":10,"text":"will play the role of the tail end Farmer Representatives."},{"index":4,"size":10,"text":"will play the role of the head end Farmer Representatives."},{"index":5,"size":27,"text":"will play the role of DCO Officers who will have the important task of facilitating negotiation between TA and farmers and present recommendations for the ultimate decision."},{"index":6,"size":14,"text":"The groups will have 30 minutes to discuss the task and prepare their presentation."},{"index":7,"size":23,"text":"Conduct a meeting involving all groups. DCO officers will be responsible for this session. A chairman should be elected to lead the meeting."},{"index":8,"size":22,"text":"The Group 1 (TA) will present their plan to the audience and will invite the farmers to discuss on it. -15 minutes."},{"index":9,"size":18,"text":"The Group 2 and Group 3 will have 10 minutes each to convince the TAs about their interests."},{"index":10,"size":20,"text":"The Group 4 @CO Officers) will be moderators during the previous discussion and will present recommendations for the ultimate decision."},{"index":11,"size":2,"text":"-15 minutes."},{"index":12,"size":5,"text":"Please undertake the following tasks:"},{"index":13,"size":1,"text":"1."},{"index":14,"size":10,"text":"How do you determine which of these items to undertake?"}]},{"head":"2.","index":198,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":168,"text":"After deciding how you want to proceed, you decide that you must have this ratified by the farmers. Therefore, at the next D Channel Committee meeting, you present you maintenance plan for the year. Although the DCO President, whose land is right at the head of the channel, approves, an objection is raised from the F6 Farmer Representative. He argues that there is a great need for a culvert at the point where the tree trunk is located. He argues that tree trunk is the only crossing for almost a kilometer each way and is essential. Off hand, you guess that the requested culvert would cost Rs 10,000. Indeed he points out that the damage to the channel bund at the point is due to cattle and machinery crossing nearly every day. Another farmer from the tail area objects saying that first priority must go to any repairs that help to ensure water reaches the tail. What do you do to help the DCO arrive at a decision?"},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"Items of maintenance work as identified while on a walk thro-survey Estimate 1."},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":"2."}]},{"head":"3.","index":199,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"4.","index":200,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"5."}]},{"head":"6.","index":201,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"7.","index":202,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"8. 9."},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"10."}]},{"head":"11.","index":203,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"12."},{"index":2,"size":1,"text":"13."},{"index":3,"size":8,"text":"Gauge post placed near the weir is damaged."},{"index":4,"size":13,"text":"Growth of water weeds between the 2nd and 5th chain along D channel."},{"index":5,"size":13,"text":"D channel road near 6.5 ch. damaged and needs earth filling 4 cu."},{"index":6,"size":13,"text":"Off take of F/C 3 cannot be closed properly due to damaged gate."},{"index":7,"size":13,"text":"Heavy silting on one side of the D channel between 11th -12.5 chains."},{"index":8,"size":8,"text":"Big ant-hill on the bund near 13 chains."},{"index":9,"size":6,"text":"Water weeds between 13 -15 chs."},{"index":10,"size":10,"text":"A tree trunk used as channel crossing obstructing channel flow."},{"index":11,"size":7,"text":"Heavy silting near FC 6 off take."},{"index":12,"size":12,"text":"Weir in the drop structure at 15 ch has to be re-done."},{"index":13,"size":13,"text":"Down stream wing walls of the drop structure near 15 ch badly damaged."},{"index":14,"size":13,"text":"Shrub jungle on side slopes near 16 ch -18.5 chs to be cleared."},{"index":15,"size":14,"text":"Cast iron gates of FC channels of FC 73.9 and 10 to be replaced."}]},{"head":"19.","index":204,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"20."}]},{"head":"21.","index":205,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"Repairs to T.O. structure to FC 6 at 33 ch."},{"index":2,"size":7,"text":"Removal of water weeds from 34-36 ch."},{"index":3,"size":8,"text":"Earthwork repairs to channel bund from 37-38 chains"},{"index":4,"size":18,"text":"You are now going to meet with the TA at a regular DCO meeting to discuss maintenance plans."},{"index":5,"size":7,"text":"The following special interests and knowledge exist:"},{"index":6,"size":1,"text":"1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":206,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"3.","index":207,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":31,"text":"DCO Officers (President Treasurer): Your treasury includes only Rs.5000. You hope to increase this amount through sale of fertilizer but are not sure how much you will be able to earn."},{"index":2,"size":57,"text":"Tail Farmers: Because of design deficiencies, your farmers have trouble getting water every time the discharge into D4 falls even a little below design. You are aware that this situation has been aggravated by inadequate maintenance. Therefore, YOU are very concerned to see that those maintenance items which most affect flow to the tail get highest uriority."},{"index":3,"size":126,"text":"Head End Farmers: You also have occasional problems getting water to the tails of the FCs when discharge into D4 is lower than it should be. However, you have a different interest over the past two years, your farmers have taken to crossing the channel at the 15 chain point. Individuals cross over the tree trunk but cattle and some tractors have to go down the banks thus causing the damage at that point. Since this is the only crossing for some distance each way, you want to have a culvert built there to replace the tree trunk. A neighborhood contractor estimates the cost of the culvert at Rs. 10,000. yoU therefore are very interested in seeing that the culvert is included in the maintenance program."}]},{"head":"ANNEX -9 CASE STUDY -KUDA OYA IRRIGATION SCHEME","index":208,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":40,"text":"Kuda Oya is a reservoir based irrigation cum settlement scheme constructed about 40 years ago in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The command area of this scheme is 5000 acres. About 1000 families were settled in the scheme originally."},{"index":2,"size":33,"text":"Each farmer f d l y was given 5 acres of paddy land and 2 acres of homestead land where farmers used to construct their house and raise orchards and other field crops."},{"index":3,"size":102,"text":"The hydrology of the scheme was good, because the catchment area of this scheme was predominantly uninhibited area with shrub forest. The reservoir used to get copious supply of water to raise two paddy crops both during maha and yala seasons. The farmers used to raise long duration (5 months) varieties of conventional paddy during maha season and a medium duration variety (4 months) during yala season. The land preparation was carried out by bullock ploughing and paddy cultivation was by transplantation. Since the farmers were having cattle, farm-yard manure was applied and use of chemical fertilizer was not very much prevalent."},{"index":4,"size":86,"text":"There was no farmer organization in the initial years; since they had copious water supplies and the agency operated the system and provided sufficient funds for maintenance, the farmers with the help of village elders were able to cultivate their lands and get their conflicts resolved. This was more or less an agency managed scheme with very little contribution from farmers either for managing the system or for operating and maintaining the system. The scheme was working fairly satisfactory. This was the scene 40 years ago."},{"index":5,"size":89,"text":"Today the scene is different. In that scheme, we have now three generation of settlers. The total number of farm families have increased to 1850 with the population of that settlement increased by 2.5 times. Land fragmentation has taken place; because of population pressure, encroachment of reserved land and peripheral land has increased the command area to 6000 acres. During 1970's high yielding medium and short duration varieties of rice were introduced which were requiring large quantity of water and the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides started increasing."},{"index":6,"size":143,"text":"Due to population pressure, Government development plans and NGOs, a number of smaller irrigation scheme was constructed in the upstream catchment reducing the reservoir water supply, increasing the sediment inflow to the reservoir and reshicting the grazing land in the catchment area. This coupled with changing farmers' practice gave raise to increased use of tractors and machinery for land preparation, direct sowing instead of transplanting, use of increased amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticides instead of farmyard manures, raising of high-yielding varieties instead of conventional varieties and increased, unauthorized cultivation of land. All these factors lead to insufficient reservoir water supply, less reservoir storage, insufficient carrying capacity of the conveyance channels, siltation and weed growth in the distribution system due to in-sufficient funds provided by the government for maintenance activities and no organization at the farm level to operate and maintain the system."},{"index":7,"size":29,"text":"Because of the market intrusion into the village community and less emphasis in value system, the village elders acting as collective managers of imgation system could not work satisfactorily."},{"index":8,"size":135,"text":"Because of poor maintenance and insufficient management, the system got deteriorated to such an extent that a large portion of the tail was not receiving its due water supplies. Most of the reservoir water was used in the upstream reaches resulting in waterlogging and salinity problems. While the productivity of tail-end area got reduced due to insufficient water supplies, the head-end areas productivity got stagnated and even started reducing due to waterlogging and salinity problems. On the whole, irrigated farming in that system has become not a profitable avocation for farmers and they started losing interest in paddy-farming, Also, due to increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, weeds such as waterhyacinth and ipomea started growing luxuriantly in the water ways requiring increased attention from the agency and the farmers in maintaining the system integrity."},{"index":9,"size":100,"text":"All the above factors have led the Government to include it in one of donor-funded rehabilitation projects and physical rehabilitation was carried out recently at a very high cost. The Government has helped the farmers to form water user groups at the FC levels and FOs at the distributory level. The project is also brought under the INMAS program with a project manager already appointed and constituting a project management committee. For improving the productivity and profitability to the farming community, the Government is encouraging the farmers to switch over to high value field crops especially during the yala season."},{"index":10,"size":48,"text":"The sustainability of the various measures adopted by the government to improve the performance of the system is questioned by the policy-makers. What do we as Technical Assistants who are responsible for operation and maintenance of the system have to offer to keep this system under sustained renewal? "}]},{"head":"2.","index":209,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":3,"text":"Prioritize these constraints."},{"index":2,"size":18,"text":"List the three constraints which have had the most detrimental impact on system performance in Kuda Oya Scheme."},{"index":3,"size":3,"text":"2nd Phase 3."}]},{"head":"4.","index":210,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"5.","index":211,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"3rd Phase"}]},{"head":".","index":212,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":11,"text":"Note: A guide line will be provided to facilitate the task."},{"index":2,"size":28,"text":"For each constraint develop problem analysis. Identify those problems that can be tackled by you. Select one of the problems for defining an objective to solve i t"},{"index":3,"size":8,"text":"Develop action plan to implement the objective. .."}]},{"head":"11.","index":213,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"iii."},{"index":2,"size":155,"text":"Disturbance to the catchment due to the construction of small irrigation schemes. According to the water issue schedule 2 day rotation is applied for this particular field canal. TA decide to request the fanners to share the water receiving for 2 days among the 5 farm lots. This is discussed with the farmers in the canal. Technical advise will be given by the TA to cut a canal in this 5 acre land to deliver the water to 5 nos land lots equally. The 5 land owners sharing the said land will get together and cut the proposed canal. Sharing of water to these lots will be done by the farmers in this 5 acre lots in consultation with the TA. Some time the responsibility of the water delivery will be taken by the Handing over of the system to the farmer organization. If they have taken over the FCC, try to hand over more."},{"index":3,"size":11,"text":"Most important items in the system can be kept with ID."},{"index":4,"size":8,"text":"ID should be there to provide necessary consultation."}]},{"head":"Prioritize the constraints","index":214,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"No consideration of the future generation while planning the scheme."}]},{"head":"WorkshoD 1x1","index":215,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"Group A 1st Phase 1. List the three constraints i."},{"index":2,"size":3,"text":"Exploitation of catchment."}]},{"head":"11.","index":216,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Non-availability of farmer organization."}]},{"head":"111.","index":217,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Insufficient funds for maintenance."},{"index":2,"size":2,"text":".. ..."}]},{"head":"Prioritize the constraints","index":218,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":3,"text":"Exploitation of catchment."}]},{"head":"Grow B","index":219,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":8,"text":"1st Phase 1. List the three constraints 1."}]},{"head":"2.","index":220,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":4,"text":"Unauthorized cultivation in reservations."}]},{"head":"3.","index":221,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"Number of imgation schemes coming up in the catchment area."},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"Insufficient funds provided by the government for maintenance."}]},{"head":"Prioratize the constraints","index":222,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"Unauthorized cultivation in reservations. .."}]},{"head":"11.","index":223,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":10,"text":"Preparation of water issue and schedule for a rotational issue."}]},{"head":"C. Three Constraints","index":224,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":1,"text":"1."}]},{"head":"Illicit tapping ii.","index":225,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":3,"text":"Political influence iii."},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"Farmers don't adhere to rotational issues ii. iii."},{"index":3,"size":12,"text":"To have a regular patrolling staff for land preparation by illicit tapping."},{"index":4,"size":9,"text":"Conducting discussions with politicians to warn the illicit tappers."},{"index":5,"size":11,"text":"To have awareness programs to educate them. Good public relations. iii."}]},{"head":"E. Five Personal Qualities","index":226,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":5,"text":"Ability to convince others. iv."},{"index":2,"size":4,"text":"Leadership and initiative. v."},{"index":3,"size":1,"text":".."},{"index":4,"size":5,"text":"Creativity in developing new techniques."}]}],"figures":[{"text":" Since the Technical Assistants in the Irrigation Department have been identified as the key persons in maintaining the innovations introduced under ISM Project, THE SHELADIA ASSOCIATES, the consultants of ISM Project has in their final report recommended providing training to the Technical Assistants focussing on the performance and sustainability of the ISM Project. Accordingly IIMI was invited by the Irrigation Management Division of the Ministry of Lands, higation and Mahaweli Development (IMDMLIMD) to develop a suitable short term management training program to address the training needs of approximately 40 Technical Assistants attached to the Irrigation Systems Management Project (ISMP) in Kurunegala, Polonnmwa and Ampara Ranges. "},{"text":" TRAINING AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IIMI's Management Training and Institutional Development activities are usually designed to contribute especially to IIMI's goals of strengthening national capacity, to effectively manage irrigation systems. The programs are therefore specifically designed to facilitate development of appropriate managerial skills among the irrigation personnel aiming to improve their performance for better management of irrigation organizations and schemes. To reach this objective, IIMl's training efforts are directed towards conducting the activities of the training cycle which are: (a) training needs assessment; (b) curriculum development, (c) training of trainers (d) production of training materials, (e) monitoring the implementation of the training activities and (f) evaluation of all the stages of the training cycle. "},{"text":" awareness of the constraints of the organization which have to be overcome through different management interventions rather than training. The rapid training needs assessment of TAs under ISM Project was conducted in two stages -Outcome of the Meeting with TAs and the Training Needs Assessment CrNA) Despite the short notice given to the Training Unit, EM1 Training Specialist, her Assistant and the Senior Irrigation Specialist attached to Sri Lanka Field Operations (SLFO) of IIMI visited Polonnaruwa where most of the ISM activities were concentrated, with a view to meet some of the TAs who would form the main target group. A workshop was arranged at the Giritale Hotel, Hingurakgoda on 31 July 1992, with a sample of thirteen TAs to obtain ideas on their training needs with respect to the management of the irrigation systems with special emphasis on the objectives of the ISM Project. The Training Needs Assessment had the following stages: Special meeting with TAs and Meeting with irrigation engineers and farmers 3.1 Job and Task Analysis Identification of Knowledge and Attitudes Prioritization of Knowledge and Attitudes. "},{"text":"Patience  "},{"text":" for planning, implementing and evaluating activities. (development of action plans) Skills for communicating with farmers, and "},{"text":" with Irrigation Engineers and Farmers to get their Views on the possible Training Needs for the TAs The training team from IIMI including the Social Scientist from SLFO made a subsequent visit on 20 and 21 August 1992 to Polonnmwa to meet and get the views of the Imgation Engineers and those of the farmers about the actual performance of TAs in the field and some suggestions to improve their performance through a training program. The Irrigation Engineers endorsed all what the TAs have recognized as training needs and constraints. Farmers groups represented Distributory Channel Organization officials, field channel farmer representatives and ordinary farmers. At the group discussion the farmers were made aware of the services that are made available to the farming community by the TAs and the constraints they encounter when discharging their duties. "},{"text":" materials were used during this program: Slide and Video Shows; texts (hand-outs) and IIMI publications; exercise sheets; flipcharts; etc. Extra texts on the content of the Training Program were provided to the participants to encourage them to read afterwards. support the workshop curricula; and facilitate learning process among the participants. "},{"text":" Jeffrey Brewer and Dr R Sakthivadivel, IIMI's Social Scientist and Senior Irrigation Specialist respectively. Facilitators: Dr Zenete Peixota Franca and Mr P Mutukumarana, IIMI's Training Specialist and Assistant to the Training Specialist. Evaluation Strategies (a) Process Evaluation: The participants were invited to self evaluate on the process of learning and interaction which took place during the program. (b) Program Evaluation: The participants were invited to assess the organization, planning, implementation (including methods, techniques, experts' and facilitators' performance, instructional materials and training facilities) The group was also invited to give oral feedback to evaluate the activities. Major Contents for the Sessions of the Workshou 1st Session : The role of the Technical Assistants 2nd Session : Operation Activities in irrigation systems 3rd Session : Maintenance Activities in irrigation systems 4th Session : Specific issues for systems sustainability and performance 5. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORKSHOP Three workshops, each lasting for two full days, were conducted at the Airport Garden Hotel at Seeduwa from 2 -8 September 1992. Project Director for ISM Project and Deputy Director for Monitoring, Feedback and Evaluation for ISM Project of the IMDMLIMD attended the inauguration ceremony. The Director Field Operations, IIMI and Senior Deputy Director, Irrigation Rehabilitation and Training of the Irrigation Department attended as guests for the subsequent workshops. A set of training modules was produced to support the learning process. These training modules were composed of a general plan, including objectives for each day, direction for training methods and techniques, exercise sheets, hand-outs, overhead transparencies, video tape, slide tape presentations, charts and evaluation forms for the participants' self-assessment and assessment of the training program. "},{"text":" confidence and belief was that I am capable enough to help farmers to understand and accept my advice to i m p r o v e t h e s y s t e m performance. today 9.My belief that I am able to was change my own behavior to be happier in my job, among farmers and my staff. "},{"text":" To design and present an action plan for managing irrigation systems as technical assistantsTo discuss the role of TA as leader and managerTo discuss the operation activities in irrigation systemsTo present and discuss an o p e r a t i o n a l plan f o r implementation at the work site To discuss maintenance activities in irrigation systemsTo discuss the maintenance plan in a meeting with DCO (role playing)To discuss sustainability, performance of irrigation systems and identify indicators to measure the performance.To analyze Kuda Oya scheme and list problemsTo design an action plan for O&M Opinion and Feedback also was obtained from the participants. The following averages were obtained from the overall results. A scale of 1 to S was given where 1 was very low and 5 very high. All, except for Orientation, the scores received were above 4 indicating high opinion of the workshop. "},{"text":"** New proposals and experiences to improve the knowledge Trip around the table session Group work; improve speaking ability Learnt more important things to improve the knowledge about farmers Distributed notes and materials Action plan on good management Introducing how to develop an Action Plan Group participation and exchange of views Orientation in modem ways to understand and overcome existing and oncoming problems TAs The sessions were excellently carried out within the specified time allocation Operation of maintenance plan, DCO meetings, action plans Discussion on working with farmers Interest, motivation, productiveness and keeping to schedule Knowledge on Working with DCOs Preparation, implementation and monitoring of the action plan Role playing using field experience Leadership; farmer relationship Discussion on the role of TAs as leaders Discussion on the role of the TAs in the management of irrigation systems Presentations Well planned, systematic, useful handouts and well organized group partkipation Well organized handouts containing excellent and valuable data Making participants' stay very comfortable; more discussions and presentations by participants' lectures Giving an understanding to plan, organize and work as a leader and manager to keep the suggestions in good shape Physical arrangements and comfort; training methods; presentations Personal attention to all the participants The weak uoints: * * No time for proper translation Communication gap due to the language difference @ifficult to comprehend the accent of the trainers) Too much work for learners Time is too short Long session for a day Not in a position to collaborate in some problems arose during the period Lack of time: Conducting in an improper time as we are very busy with our construction works Insufficient time for discussions on Gunapala's case studies and DCO meetings Duration of the workshop is inadequate to cover all the aspects None Could not find. Everything appears to be good and strong Work all the time without a break Suggestions for Imurovements More time should be given and proper translation into Sinhalese would be more useful Workshop to be organized with a field trip for a week Notice has to be given well in advance To conduct meetings with farmers and officers at the same time At least three days duration should be given To have periodic programs and extend the duration All items to be corrected using role playing This type of workshops should be held in quiet places Should be held in places like Nuwara Eliya with some entertainments Feedback. Whether this training will be made use of in Inigation Presentation of these views to higher authorities in the Irrigation Departments Extend the days to incorporate some more management activities To introduce more. exercises to involve participants in presentations Inquire from TAs how long the duration should be for the management of farmers' organizations Departments 7. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND EXPECTATIONS 7.1 Conclusions The scope of the training activities for the technical assistants under ISMP ranged from the training needs and organizational constraints assessment to planning, implementation and evaluation of the worksbop program. After conducting all the training activities, the following major conclusions were reached: The factors affecting individual performance of the TAs under the ISMP are related to interventions both training and non-training.The factors leading to solutions by trainine. are mainly the gaps in managerial knowledge such as planning, monitoring, evaluating irrigation activities and in attitudes such as patience, appreciation, diplomatic, commitment, etc. including those related to leadership qualities, dealing with farmers, etc. "},{"text":". The trainingiworkshop program was specially designed to meet the participants' training needs which included exercises to (a) facilitate awareness of the TAs as leaders focussing on the leadership qualities of TAs and their relationship with farmers and imgation staff; (b) improve the operation and maintenance activities for better performance and sustainability of irrigation systems; and (c) develop skills for designing action plans to direct activities such as planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. "},{"text":"16 . Did you get a solution to your problem ? Were you satisfied with the solution to your problem? If he did not come to specifically meet you, when did you see him last at the field? How often does he visit the field? . -' Daily .... Bi-weekly ,... Weekly .... Monthly .... If his visits to the field are insufficient what do you think is the reason for it? Lack of transport Stationed far away Private problems Unwillingness to meet farmers Insufficient attention or monitoring by his superiors. Due to too many responsibilities given to the TA How long does he spend in attending to your problems? Does he give a hearing to farmers problems when he visits the field for routine departmental inspections? If he failed to provide proper solutions to your or any others problems was it due to: Lack of financial allocations Red tape Not getting support from his superiors His lethargy Himself not motivated by his superiors His frustration about his job Any other reasons 14. How often does he attend D/Channel Meetings and Project Meetings? 15. Does he cooperate with other agency officials during his normal duties? How is his enthusiasm regarding work? Not interes ted... A little ... Average ... Go od... Very Enthusiastic ... "},{"text":" of TAs as managers-leaders (two contributions from each member) Grouu B Problems which prevent Tas to be good leaders in their irrigation systems (two contributions from each member) Grouu C Conditions which are favorable to the Tas to demonstrate leadership skills in the irrigation environment (two contributions from each member) Group D What are the major responsibilities of TAs as managers-leaders in the irrigation systems under ISMP? (two contributions from each member) "},{"text":"- 1st-Decide acreage and crop to be cultivated.2nd -O&M plan. (concentrate on operational plan).3rdCalculation of water available for season. (tank storage, rainfall etc). "},{"text":" Group B Mr. M.K. Wijesooriya Mr. V.C. Amarasekera Mr. A.D.V. Alosious Mr. K.A.U.S. Imbulana DIRECTION 1. "},{"text":" Collect field data more frequently and computerize the system. "},{"text":" inadequate number not well trained not well motivated -Not having good farmer organization -Not properly trained -No proper motivation Farmers Irrigation -No properly maintained adequate number of structures system iv. Not enough structures Not enough Instruments No Competent staff v. No Good communication system. Have you implemented these activities? How do you evaluate the effectiveness of this operation activities? Yes Whether we sent the water in c o m t amounts. Inspecting and feed back Through daily information. Studying the duty after the season Check the yield with water issues. "},{"text":" Conduct training and awareness regularly to educate farmer and tie up relationship.Involve farmer in decision making process as they are going to operate and maintain the system in the future. "},{"text":" .V.D. Chandrasekera MI. L.H.M.T. Bandara Mr. W.G. Gnanadasa A. One Clear Objective Objective of operation activities is to have equitable water distribution to each paddy lot during a specified time. B. The Target Area Middle lot of a field canal C. Two Operation Activities i. "},{"text":" Make the maximum use of available resources. Training farmers by various means to improve communication and cooperation. Group B MI. H.D. Gunasiri Mr. K.T. Nanayakkara Mr. B.M.S.K. Balasuriya A. One Clear Objective To deliver sufficient water to a field system. B. The Target Area FC Area (10-15 Ha) C. Two Operation Activities i. "},{"text":"G. Plan to Communicate to Supervisor/and or People Affected by this Plan Submitting at proper time duration of discussing the unforeseen facts of finalizing the program with relevant authority with the farmers. C. Two Operation Activities i. ii. Supply the crop water requirement Keeping to time schedule (Time factor) D. Three Constraints i.Not knowing the extent of cultivation. ii. "},{"text":"F to Communicate to Supervisorhnd or People Affected by this Plan Presenting the operation plan to IE. Discussing the same with farmer organization. "},{"text":" Group D Mr. D. Wijenayake Mr. G . Wickramanayake Mr. K.A.N. Perera Mr. L. De Alwis A. One Clear Objective Maintaining the water level at control points B. The Target Area D/2 main channel and P.S.S. "},{"text":" Facilitating the dqkvpry of water to the tail end. WORKSHOP II GROUP A Mr. J.V.K. Seneviratne Mr. K.T. Bandusiri Mr. Y.B.M.G. Jayasinghe Mr. W.L. BandulaA. One Clear ObjectiveTo issue watertimely, equally, sufficiently. "},{"text":" Understand to work for a program. Grour, C MI. K.G.B.S. Wijebandara Mr. B.A.L. de Silva Mr. G.B. Dissanayake Mr. B.D.M. Sirisena A. One Clear Objective Water issues in a particular channel according to a schedule. D.C.O. area B. The Target Area 1. "},{"text":" IE in-charge and provide a solution to send water to Main channel. Explain the farmers the importance of doing the proper maintenance and obtain Departmental support too. F. Five Personal Qualities 1. "},{"text":"G . Plan to Communicate to Supervisorhnd or People Affected by this Plan 1. "},{"text":"H  "},{"text":"H to Communicate to Supervisor/and or People Affected by this Plan Conducting frequent meetings, training the officers "},{"text":" that one 5 acre farm lot has been broken into 1 acre lots. "},{"text":" Field canal representative. Prepare a maintenance program by the TA with the assistance from IE. Include incentives such as traveling allowance and allowance for fuel and other in this estimate. Try to find money from DI or other. Explain the facts to politician including. If there is no solution call a farmers meeting and present them the situation and form a Farmers Organization by ID. Discuss the problems and take a decision on what to do. "},{"text":" . P.A.K.R. Theodore 2. Mr. B.A.L. de Silva 3. Mr. R.A.J.P. Perera 4. Mr. W.M. Wanninayake 5. Mr. B.D.M. Sirisena A. "},{"text":"D. List Actions to Overcome the Constraints 1. "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "}],"sieverID":"0b7f09eb-031b-433e-9777-8dbc85ae6b92","abstract":"Correct delivery of water to the farmers. Operation and maintenance of irrigation systems. Investigating and solving farmers problems. Attend FOs' meetings and solve their problems. To evaluate the performance of work done to farmers. Planning, estimating and executing water related and civil works. Construction supervision. Attending to official correspondence. Collection of data. Preparation of progress report. Surveying and levelling. Drawing plans. Financial management. Managing subordinate staff. Preparing annual work plan. Materials management. Receiving and resolving conflicts. Attending IEs', DDs' and AGAs' meetings. The related Knowledge as identified by the T.A's were: Area cultivated and water requirement. Measurement of water flow. How to interact with fanners: convince, negotiate, communicate. Technical aspect of conveyance and dismbution systems.To know farmers requirements.Measuring water flow in each outlet. How to develop an operational plan.How to motivate farmers and staff.How to give instructions and how to guide them. How to communicate. Planning for the maintenance management and knowledge about prioritization. How to plan and monitor the farmers' problems and solve them. How to solve problems of farmers. To know staff job descriptions. How to get feedback and response from farmers. Importance of the data need for accuracy for making decision.This information was taken in to consideration and was included in the training exercises which were designed to sensitize the TAs towards farmers' needs and relationship."}
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