Paragraph 1: Shamshi-Adad I inherited the throne in Ekallatum from Ila-kabkabu (fl. c. 1836 BC – c. 1833 BC). Ila-kabkabu is mentioned as the father of Shamshi-Adad I in the "Assyrian King List" (AKL); a similar name (not necessarily the same figure) is listed in the preceding section of the AKL among the “kings whose fathers are known”. However, Shamshi-Adad I did not inherit the Assyrian throne from his father but was instead a conqueror. Ila-kabkabu had been an Amorite king not of Assur (Aššur) (in Assyria) but of Ekallatum. According to the Mari Eponyms Chronicle, Ila-kabkabu seized Shuprum (c. 1790 BC), then Shamshi-Adad I “entered his father's house” (Shamshi-Adad I succeeded Ila-kabkabu as the king of Ekallatum, in the following year.):163 Šamši-Adad I had been forced to flee to Babylon (c. 1823 BC) while Narām-Sîn of Eshnunna (fl. c. 1850 BC – c. 1816 BC) had attacked Ekallatum. Shamshi-Adad I had remained in exile until the death of Naram-Sin of Eshnunna (c. 1816 BC.) The AKL records that Shamshi-Adad I "went away to Babylonia in the time of Naram-Sin". Shamshi-Adad I did not return until retaking Ekallatum, pausing for some time, and then overthrowing King Erishum II of Assur (fl. c. 1818 BC – c. 1809 BC)

Paragraph 2: Ab Barg | Ab Barik | Ab Barik-e Bala | Ab Barik-e Olya | Ab Barik-e Sofla | Ab Gorg | Ab Jahan | Ab Kameh | Ab Mal | Ab Mal | Ab Neyeh | Ab Niyeh-ye Sofla | Ab Qaleh | Ab Shuri | Abadi Zavarzmand Shomareh Mowtowr 52 | Abadi Zavarzmand Shomareh Mowtowr 55 | Abardeh-ye Olya | Abardeh-ye Sofla | Abaresh | Abbas Qaleh | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad-e Arab | Abbasabad-e Faramishan | Abbasabad-e Jadid | Abbasabad-e Kheyrabad | Abbasabad-e Malek | Abbasabad-e Qandi | Abd ol Majid | Abd ol Maleki | Abdabad | Abdalabad | Abdaru | Abderaz | Abdolabad | Abdolabad | Abdolabad | Abdolabad | Abdolabad | Abdollah Givi | Abdollahabad | Abdollahabad | Abdollahabad | Abeshki | Abgahi | Abgarm | Abgineh | Abirabad | Abjeqan | Abkhizeh | Abkuh | Abkuh Aliabad | Abnow | Abqad | Abqad | Abqah | Abquy | Abrash | Abravan | Abrud | Abrud | Absabad | Abu Chenari | Abu ol Khazen | Abu Sadi | Abu Torab | Abuyesan | Adelabad | Adg | Afchang | Afkan | Aghel Kamar | Aghuyeh | Aghzaghaneh | Ahang | Ahangar | Ahangaran | Ahangaran | Ahianu | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad-e Banakdar | Ahmadabad-e Khazai | Ahmadabad-e Malek | Ahmadabad-e Moqbel | Ahmadabad-e Sheykh | Ahmadabad-e Sowlat | Ahmadiyeh | Ahovan | Ahubam | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad-e Now Deh | Akhangan | Akhlamad-e Sofla | Akhlamad-e-Olya | Akhtar Shah | Al | Alamdar | Alang-e Olya | Alang-e Sofla | Alaqeh | Alaqeh Janban | Albolagh | Aleyak | Alghur | Ali Abadak | Ali Beyk | Ali Mansuri | Ali Palang | Ali | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad-e Alanchag | Aliabad-e Bahman Jan | Aliabad-e Bala | Aliabad-e Daman | Aliabad-e Jadid | Aliabad-e Kalkhuni | Aliabad-e Olya | Aliabad-e Seyyed Rahim | Aliabad-e Shahid | Aliabad-e Shur | Aliabad-e Shur | Aliabad-e Sofla | Aliabad-e Takeh | Aliabad-e Tarkan | Aliabad-e Vasat | Alinaqi-ye Olya | Alinaqi-ye Sofla | Aliyak | Allahabad | Allahabad | Allahabad | Allahi | Allahian | Allahjegerd | Allatman | Alm Juq | Almajeq | Almejuq-e Sofla | Altatu | Aman Magan | Amanabad | Amarghan-e Sofla | Amerghan-e Tus | Amghan | Amidi-ye Kohneh | Aminabad | Aminabad | Aminabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amrudak | Anabad | Anavi | Anbar Sara | Anbarestan | Anbarkeh | Andad | Andadeh | Andanjerd | Andar Ab | Andarzi | Anday | Andorokh | Anjeshesh | Anjidan | Annabestan | Aq Cheshmeh | Aq Dash | Aq Kamar-e Olya | Aq Kamar-e Sofla | Aq Kariz | Aq Mahdi | Aq Qayah | Aqa Bil-e Olya | Aqa Bil-e Sofla | Aqanj | Aqar-e Olya | Aqar-e Sofla | Aqdarband Coal Mine | Aqdash | Arababad | Arbab | Archang | Archangan | Ardak | Ardalan | Ardameh | Ardameh | Ardanj | Ardesman | Ardiz | Ardugah Shahid Matehri | Arefabad | Arezumandeh | Arg-e Now Juy | Arg-e Qalandar | Argha | Arghesh | Argi | Arkhud | Arreh | Arreh Kamar | Artian | Aruk | Arvand | Aryan | Aryeh | Arzancheh-ye Sofla | Arzaneh | Arzaneh | Asadabad | Asadabad | Asadabad | Asadabad-e Darband | Asadiyeh | Asadkhan | Asefabad | Asfiukh | Asgarabad | Asgarabad | Asgariyeh | Asgerd | Asheqan | Ashk-e Zari | Asi Bolagh | Askariyeh | Astayesh | Asu Jadid | Asyab Qashqa | Atarchi | Attaiyeh | Avandar | Avareshk | Avaz Mohammad Beyk | Avaz | Avazi | Avian | Azad Deh | Azad Manjir | Azadvar | Azghad | Azghand | Azimabad | Azizabad | Azizabad | Azizabad | Aziziyeh

Paragraph 3: Shamshi-Adad I inherited the throne in Ekallatum from Ila-kabkabu (fl. c. 1836 BC – c. 1833 BC). Ila-kabkabu is mentioned as the father of Shamshi-Adad I in the "Assyrian King List" (AKL); a similar name (not necessarily the same figure) is listed in the preceding section of the AKL among the “kings whose fathers are known”. However, Shamshi-Adad I did not inherit the Assyrian throne from his father but was instead a conqueror. Ila-kabkabu had been an Amorite king not of Assur (Aššur) (in Assyria) but of Ekallatum. According to the Mari Eponyms Chronicle, Ila-kabkabu seized Shuprum (c. 1790 BC), then Shamshi-Adad I “entered his father's house” (Shamshi-Adad I succeeded Ila-kabkabu as the king of Ekallatum, in the following year.):163 Šamši-Adad I had been forced to flee to Babylon (c. 1823 BC) while Narām-Sîn of Eshnunna (fl. c. 1850 BC – c. 1816 BC) had attacked Ekallatum. Shamshi-Adad I had remained in exile until the death of Naram-Sin of Eshnunna (c. 1816 BC.) The AKL records that Shamshi-Adad I "went away to Babylonia in the time of Naram-Sin". Shamshi-Adad I did not return until retaking Ekallatum, pausing for some time, and then overthrowing King Erishum II of Assur (fl. c. 1818 BC – c. 1809 BC)

Paragraph 4: 	In the late 1950s, another man important to the Arboretum began visiting.  His name was Levan Loveland, but preferred to be called Van.  He was a bank manager from NYC and an avid flower gardener.  He moved to the farm after his retirement, and he planted beautiful flower gardens near the farmhouse.   Under his guidance, the Arboretum became a corporation in 1966 and achieved IRS non-profit status in 1967.  As the men aged, it became harder to maintain the gardens and grounds.  Van died in 1977.  While some projects such as the library (1982) were completed, the general condition of the Arboretum declined. Fred died in 1985 while wintering in Mexico.  After Fred's death, improvements began under the direction of President Elizabeth Corning.  In 1987, Pamela Rowling was hired as horticulturist and director, continuing the Arboretum's goals of expansion, protection, and education. In the years 2000 to 2005, new lands were donated and purchased, increasing the acreage to 548.  With the assistance of our current director, Fred Breglia, and hundreds of dedicated volunteers, the Arboretum is realizing its full potential as a "tree museum," scenic park, and education center.

Paragraph 5: Shamshi-Adad I inherited the throne in Ekallatum from Ila-kabkabu (fl. c. 1836 BC – c. 1833 BC). Ila-kabkabu is mentioned as the father of Shamshi-Adad I in the "Assyrian King List" (AKL); a similar name (not necessarily the same figure) is listed in the preceding section of the AKL among the “kings whose fathers are known”. However, Shamshi-Adad I did not inherit the Assyrian throne from his father but was instead a conqueror. Ila-kabkabu had been an Amorite king not of Assur (Aššur) (in Assyria) but of Ekallatum. According to the Mari Eponyms Chronicle, Ila-kabkabu seized Shuprum (c. 1790 BC), then Shamshi-Adad I “entered his father's house” (Shamshi-Adad I succeeded Ila-kabkabu as the king of Ekallatum, in the following year.):163 Šamši-Adad I had been forced to flee to Babylon (c. 1823 BC) while Narām-Sîn of Eshnunna (fl. c. 1850 BC – c. 1816 BC) had attacked Ekallatum. Shamshi-Adad I had remained in exile until the death of Naram-Sin of Eshnunna (c. 1816 BC.) The AKL records that Shamshi-Adad I "went away to Babylonia in the time of Naram-Sin". Shamshi-Adad I did not return until retaking Ekallatum, pausing for some time, and then overthrowing King Erishum II of Assur (fl. c. 1818 BC – c. 1809 BC)

Paragraph 6: Volscian is attested in an inscription found in Velitrae (Velletri),  dating probably from early in the 3rd century BC; it is cut upon a small bronze plate (now in the Naples Museum), which must have once been fixed to some votive object, dedicated to the god Declunus (or the goddess Decluna). The language of this inscription is clear enough to show the very marked peculiarities that rank it close to the language of the Iguvine Tables. It shows on the one hand the labialization of the original velar q (Volscian pis = Latin quis), and on the other hand it palatalizes the guttural c before a following i (Volscian facia Latin faciat). Like Umbrian also, but unlike Latin and Oscan, it has changed all the diphthongs into simple vowels (Volscian se parallel to Oscan svai; Volscian deue, Old Latin and Oscan deiuai or deiuoi). This phenomenon of what might have been taken for a piece of Umbrian text appearing in a district remote from Umbria and hemmed in by Latins on the north and Oscan-speaking Samnites on the south is a most curious feature in the geographical distribution of the Italic dialects, and is clearly the result of some complex historical movements.

Paragraph 7: 	In the late 1950s, another man important to the Arboretum began visiting.  His name was Levan Loveland, but preferred to be called Van.  He was a bank manager from NYC and an avid flower gardener.  He moved to the farm after his retirement, and he planted beautiful flower gardens near the farmhouse.   Under his guidance, the Arboretum became a corporation in 1966 and achieved IRS non-profit status in 1967.  As the men aged, it became harder to maintain the gardens and grounds.  Van died in 1977.  While some projects such as the library (1982) were completed, the general condition of the Arboretum declined. Fred died in 1985 while wintering in Mexico.  After Fred's death, improvements began under the direction of President Elizabeth Corning.  In 1987, Pamela Rowling was hired as horticulturist and director, continuing the Arboretum's goals of expansion, protection, and education. In the years 2000 to 2005, new lands were donated and purchased, increasing the acreage to 548.  With the assistance of our current director, Fred Breglia, and hundreds of dedicated volunteers, the Arboretum is realizing its full potential as a "tree museum," scenic park, and education center.

Paragraph 8: Volscian is attested in an inscription found in Velitrae (Velletri),  dating probably from early in the 3rd century BC; it is cut upon a small bronze plate (now in the Naples Museum), which must have once been fixed to some votive object, dedicated to the god Declunus (or the goddess Decluna). The language of this inscription is clear enough to show the very marked peculiarities that rank it close to the language of the Iguvine Tables. It shows on the one hand the labialization of the original velar q (Volscian pis = Latin quis), and on the other hand it palatalizes the guttural c before a following i (Volscian facia Latin faciat). Like Umbrian also, but unlike Latin and Oscan, it has changed all the diphthongs into simple vowels (Volscian se parallel to Oscan svai; Volscian deue, Old Latin and Oscan deiuai or deiuoi). This phenomenon of what might have been taken for a piece of Umbrian text appearing in a district remote from Umbria and hemmed in by Latins on the north and Oscan-speaking Samnites on the south is a most curious feature in the geographical distribution of the Italic dialects, and is clearly the result of some complex historical movements.

Paragraph 9: Among his contributions to our knowledge of the higher plants, his exhaustive monograph on the curious genus of water-ferns, Salvinia, deserves special mention. His career as a morphologist culminated in 1876 with the publication of a memoir on the alternation of generations in thallophytes and mosses. From 1874 to the close of his life Pringsheim's activity was chiefly directed to physiological questions: he published, in a long series of memoirs, a theory of the carbon-assimilation of green plants, the central point of which is the conception of the chlorophyll-pigment as a screen, with the main function of protecting the protoplasm from light-rays which would neutralize its assimilative activity by stimulating too active respiration. This view has not been accepted as offering an adequate explanation of the phenomena. Pringsheim founded in 1858, and edited until his death, the classical Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik, which still bears his name. He was also founder, in 1882, and first president, of the German Botanical Society.

Paragraph 10: Carlo Caremoli (Trintignant) arrives in Riccione, and enjoys life together with his friends at his father's villa. Riccione is still peaceful, and only a few things remind about the war fought in the south. On seaside holiday, the youth witness a German fighter flying low over the beach and causing panic among the crowd. Carlo tries to protect a frightened little girl who runs toward him, and meets her mother, Roberta (Rossi Drago), a naval officer's widow. Carlo is attracted to Roberta, often meets her and even makes a trip with her to San Marino, although Roberta's mother (Lilla Brignone) disapproves of this new acquaintance, and urges her to stay away from Carlo, partly because of his father, Ettore Caremoli (Enrico Maria Salerno), a brutal Fascist. Meanwhile, Maddalena (Federica Ranchi), the young sister of Roberta's deceased husband, arrives from Catanzaro, fleeing the impending war. Maddalena spends time with Carlo's friends, and  together with Roberta, is invited to a circus. However, the show is interrupted by an air raid blackout, and the friends proceed to a nighttime party at Carlo's villa. After watching flares in the night sky, the men and women form couples and start dancing to a record of Temptation, Carlo with his girlfriend Rosanna (Jacqueline Sassard), and Roberta with a much younger boy. The camera cuts between Carlo and Roberta, staring at each other passionately. Carlo asks Roberta for the next dance, and the couple end up kissing in the garden, which deeply hurts Rosanna. The next day, Roberta initially refuses to admit her true feelings to Carlo, but ultimately accedes. Meanwhile, on 25 July, the news of Mussolini's ouster is announced. Carlo and Roberta continue to go on dates. However, Carlo's father is forced to flee, and his villa is confiscated by the military authorities. Carlo meets Roberta once again and spends a night with her, provoking  discontent from her mother, and Maddalena decides to leave. During a curfew, a patrol discovers the couple on the beach and finds out that Carlo's military exemption has expired. As his father has fled, he has no chance to renew it anymore. Roberta proposes that he hide at her villa in Rovigo, and the next morning they take a train. However, during the trip the tracks are bombed during an Allied air raid, and the couple barely escape death. After the air raid, Roberta gets back on the train, but Carlo refuses to join her until the war is over, and they part as the train leaves.

Paragraph 11: Among his contributions to our knowledge of the higher plants, his exhaustive monograph on the curious genus of water-ferns, Salvinia, deserves special mention. His career as a morphologist culminated in 1876 with the publication of a memoir on the alternation of generations in thallophytes and mosses. From 1874 to the close of his life Pringsheim's activity was chiefly directed to physiological questions: he published, in a long series of memoirs, a theory of the carbon-assimilation of green plants, the central point of which is the conception of the chlorophyll-pigment as a screen, with the main function of protecting the protoplasm from light-rays which would neutralize its assimilative activity by stimulating too active respiration. This view has not been accepted as offering an adequate explanation of the phenomena. Pringsheim founded in 1858, and edited until his death, the classical Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik, which still bears his name. He was also founder, in 1882, and first president, of the German Botanical Society.

Paragraph 12: The most important of the middle Platonists was Plutarch (45–120), who also won fame as an historian. Although he was a Platonist, he was open to the influence of the Peripatetics, and even, in some details, to the Stoics, despite his polemics against their principles; he absolutely rejected only Epicureanism. In opposition to Stoic materialism and Epicurean "atheism," he cherished a pure idea of God that was more in accordance with Plato. Nevertheless, he adopted a second principle in order to explain the constitution of the physical world. This principle he sought not in any indeterminate matter, but in the evil world-soul which had from the beginning been bound up with matter, but in the creation was filled with reason and arranged by it. Thus it was transformed into the divine soul of the world, but continued to operate as the source of all evil. He elevated God above the finite world, but he believed that God comes to our aid by direct revelations; this enabled Plutarch to justify popular belief in prophecy. The gods of popular religion are merely different names for one and the same divine Being and the powers that serve them. Daemons were for him agents of God's influence on the world. Plutarch defended freedom of the will and the immortality of the soul. Platonic-Peripatetic ethics were upheld by Plutarch against the opposing theories of the Stoics and Epicureans.

Paragraph 13: Ab Barg | Ab Barik | Ab Barik-e Bala | Ab Barik-e Olya | Ab Barik-e Sofla | Ab Gorg | Ab Jahan | Ab Kameh | Ab Mal | Ab Mal | Ab Neyeh | Ab Niyeh-ye Sofla | Ab Qaleh | Ab Shuri | Abadi Zavarzmand Shomareh Mowtowr 52 | Abadi Zavarzmand Shomareh Mowtowr 55 | Abardeh-ye Olya | Abardeh-ye Sofla | Abaresh | Abbas Qaleh | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad | Abbasabad-e Arab | Abbasabad-e Faramishan | Abbasabad-e Jadid | Abbasabad-e Kheyrabad | Abbasabad-e Malek | Abbasabad-e Qandi | Abd ol Majid | Abd ol Maleki | Abdabad | Abdalabad | Abdaru | Abderaz | Abdolabad | Abdolabad | Abdolabad | Abdolabad | Abdolabad | Abdollah Givi | Abdollahabad | Abdollahabad | Abdollahabad | Abeshki | Abgahi | Abgarm | Abgineh | Abirabad | Abjeqan | Abkhizeh | Abkuh | Abkuh Aliabad | Abnow | Abqad | Abqad | Abqah | Abquy | Abrash | Abravan | Abrud | Abrud | Absabad | Abu Chenari | Abu ol Khazen | Abu Sadi | Abu Torab | Abuyesan | Adelabad | Adg | Afchang | Afkan | Aghel Kamar | Aghuyeh | Aghzaghaneh | Ahang | Ahangar | Ahangaran | Ahangaran | Ahianu | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad | Ahmadabad-e Banakdar | Ahmadabad-e Khazai | Ahmadabad-e Malek | Ahmadabad-e Moqbel | Ahmadabad-e Sheykh | Ahmadabad-e Sowlat | Ahmadiyeh | Ahovan | Ahubam | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad | Akbarabad-e Now Deh | Akhangan | Akhlamad-e Sofla | Akhlamad-e-Olya | Akhtar Shah | Al | Alamdar | Alang-e Olya | Alang-e Sofla | Alaqeh | Alaqeh Janban | Albolagh | Aleyak | Alghur | Ali Abadak | Ali Beyk | Ali Mansuri | Ali Palang | Ali | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad | Aliabad-e Alanchag | Aliabad-e Bahman Jan | Aliabad-e Bala | Aliabad-e Daman | Aliabad-e Jadid | Aliabad-e Kalkhuni | Aliabad-e Olya | Aliabad-e Seyyed Rahim | Aliabad-e Shahid | Aliabad-e Shur | Aliabad-e Shur | Aliabad-e Sofla | Aliabad-e Takeh | Aliabad-e Tarkan | Aliabad-e Vasat | Alinaqi-ye Olya | Alinaqi-ye Sofla | Aliyak | Allahabad | Allahabad | Allahabad | Allahi | Allahian | Allahjegerd | Allatman | Alm Juq | Almajeq | Almejuq-e Sofla | Altatu | Aman Magan | Amanabad | Amarghan-e Sofla | Amerghan-e Tus | Amghan | Amidi-ye Kohneh | Aminabad | Aminabad | Aminabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amirabad | Amrudak | Anabad | Anavi | Anbar Sara | Anbarestan | Anbarkeh | Andad | Andadeh | Andanjerd | Andar Ab | Andarzi | Anday | Andorokh | Anjeshesh | Anjidan | Annabestan | Aq Cheshmeh | Aq Dash | Aq Kamar-e Olya | Aq Kamar-e Sofla | Aq Kariz | Aq Mahdi | Aq Qayah | Aqa Bil-e Olya | Aqa Bil-e Sofla | Aqanj | Aqar-e Olya | Aqar-e Sofla | Aqdarband Coal Mine | Aqdash | Arababad | Arbab | Archang | Archangan | Ardak | Ardalan | Ardameh | Ardameh | Ardanj | Ardesman | Ardiz | Ardugah Shahid Matehri | Arefabad | Arezumandeh | Arg-e Now Juy | Arg-e Qalandar | Argha | Arghesh | Argi | Arkhud | Arreh | Arreh Kamar | Artian | Aruk | Arvand | Aryan | Aryeh | Arzancheh-ye Sofla | Arzaneh | Arzaneh | Asadabad | Asadabad | Asadabad | Asadabad-e Darband | Asadiyeh | Asadkhan | Asefabad | Asfiukh | Asgarabad | Asgarabad | Asgariyeh | Asgerd | Asheqan | Ashk-e Zari | Asi Bolagh | Askariyeh | Astayesh | Asu Jadid | Asyab Qashqa | Atarchi | Attaiyeh | Avandar | Avareshk | Avaz Mohammad Beyk | Avaz | Avazi | Avian | Azad Deh | Azad Manjir | Azadvar | Azghad | Azghand | Azimabad | Azizabad | Azizabad | Azizabad | Aziziyeh

Paragraph 14: The most important of the middle Platonists was Plutarch (45–120), who also won fame as an historian. Although he was a Platonist, he was open to the influence of the Peripatetics, and even, in some details, to the Stoics, despite his polemics against their principles; he absolutely rejected only Epicureanism. In opposition to Stoic materialism and Epicurean "atheism," he cherished a pure idea of God that was more in accordance with Plato. Nevertheless, he adopted a second principle in order to explain the constitution of the physical world. This principle he sought not in any indeterminate matter, but in the evil world-soul which had from the beginning been bound up with matter, but in the creation was filled with reason and arranged by it. Thus it was transformed into the divine soul of the world, but continued to operate as the source of all evil. He elevated God above the finite world, but he believed that God comes to our aid by direct revelations; this enabled Plutarch to justify popular belief in prophecy. The gods of popular religion are merely different names for one and the same divine Being and the powers that serve them. Daemons were for him agents of God's influence on the world. Plutarch defended freedom of the will and the immortality of the soul. Platonic-Peripatetic ethics were upheld by Plutarch against the opposing theories of the Stoics and Epicureans.

Paragraph 15: Shamshi-Adad I inherited the throne in Ekallatum from Ila-kabkabu (fl. c. 1836 BC – c. 1833 BC). Ila-kabkabu is mentioned as the father of Shamshi-Adad I in the "Assyrian King List" (AKL); a similar name (not necessarily the same figure) is listed in the preceding section of the AKL among the “kings whose fathers are known”. However, Shamshi-Adad I did not inherit the Assyrian throne from his father but was instead a conqueror. Ila-kabkabu had been an Amorite king not of Assur (Aššur) (in Assyria) but of Ekallatum. According to the Mari Eponyms Chronicle, Ila-kabkabu seized Shuprum (c. 1790 BC), then Shamshi-Adad I “entered his father's house” (Shamshi-Adad I succeeded Ila-kabkabu as the king of Ekallatum, in the following year.):163 Šamši-Adad I had been forced to flee to Babylon (c. 1823 BC) while Narām-Sîn of Eshnunna (fl. c. 1850 BC – c. 1816 BC) had attacked Ekallatum. Shamshi-Adad I had remained in exile until the death of Naram-Sin of Eshnunna (c. 1816 BC.) The AKL records that Shamshi-Adad I "went away to Babylonia in the time of Naram-Sin". Shamshi-Adad I did not return until retaking Ekallatum, pausing for some time, and then overthrowing King Erishum II of Assur (fl. c. 1818 BC – c. 1809 BC)

Paragraph 16: Volscian is attested in an inscription found in Velitrae (Velletri),  dating probably from early in the 3rd century BC; it is cut upon a small bronze plate (now in the Naples Museum), which must have once been fixed to some votive object, dedicated to the god Declunus (or the goddess Decluna). The language of this inscription is clear enough to show the very marked peculiarities that rank it close to the language of the Iguvine Tables. It shows on the one hand the labialization of the original velar q (Volscian pis = Latin quis), and on the other hand it palatalizes the guttural c before a following i (Volscian facia Latin faciat). Like Umbrian also, but unlike Latin and Oscan, it has changed all the diphthongs into simple vowels (Volscian se parallel to Oscan svai; Volscian deue, Old Latin and Oscan deiuai or deiuoi). This phenomenon of what might have been taken for a piece of Umbrian text appearing in a district remote from Umbria and hemmed in by Latins on the north and Oscan-speaking Samnites on the south is a most curious feature in the geographical distribution of the Italic dialects, and is clearly the result of some complex historical movements.

Paragraph 17: Carlo Caremoli (Trintignant) arrives in Riccione, and enjoys life together with his friends at his father's villa. Riccione is still peaceful, and only a few things remind about the war fought in the south. On seaside holiday, the youth witness a German fighter flying low over the beach and causing panic among the crowd. Carlo tries to protect a frightened little girl who runs toward him, and meets her mother, Roberta (Rossi Drago), a naval officer's widow. Carlo is attracted to Roberta, often meets her and even makes a trip with her to San Marino, although Roberta's mother (Lilla Brignone) disapproves of this new acquaintance, and urges her to stay away from Carlo, partly because of his father, Ettore Caremoli (Enrico Maria Salerno), a brutal Fascist. Meanwhile, Maddalena (Federica Ranchi), the young sister of Roberta's deceased husband, arrives from Catanzaro, fleeing the impending war. Maddalena spends time with Carlo's friends, and  together with Roberta, is invited to a circus. However, the show is interrupted by an air raid blackout, and the friends proceed to a nighttime party at Carlo's villa. After watching flares in the night sky, the men and women form couples and start dancing to a record of Temptation, Carlo with his girlfriend Rosanna (Jacqueline Sassard), and Roberta with a much younger boy. The camera cuts between Carlo and Roberta, staring at each other passionately. Carlo asks Roberta for the next dance, and the couple end up kissing in the garden, which deeply hurts Rosanna. The next day, Roberta initially refuses to admit her true feelings to Carlo, but ultimately accedes. Meanwhile, on 25 July, the news of Mussolini's ouster is announced. Carlo and Roberta continue to go on dates. However, Carlo's father is forced to flee, and his villa is confiscated by the military authorities. Carlo meets Roberta once again and spends a night with her, provoking  discontent from her mother, and Maddalena decides to leave. During a curfew, a patrol discovers the couple on the beach and finds out that Carlo's military exemption has expired. As his father has fled, he has no chance to renew it anymore. Roberta proposes that he hide at her villa in Rovigo, and the next morning they take a train. However, during the trip the tracks are bombed during an Allied air raid, and the couple barely escape death. After the air raid, Roberta gets back on the train, but Carlo refuses to join her until the war is over, and they part as the train leaves.

Paragraph 18: The most important of the middle Platonists was Plutarch (45–120), who also won fame as an historian. Although he was a Platonist, he was open to the influence of the Peripatetics, and even, in some details, to the Stoics, despite his polemics against their principles; he absolutely rejected only Epicureanism. In opposition to Stoic materialism and Epicurean "atheism," he cherished a pure idea of God that was more in accordance with Plato. Nevertheless, he adopted a second principle in order to explain the constitution of the physical world. This principle he sought not in any indeterminate matter, but in the evil world-soul which had from the beginning been bound up with matter, but in the creation was filled with reason and arranged by it. Thus it was transformed into the divine soul of the world, but continued to operate as the source of all evil. He elevated God above the finite world, but he believed that God comes to our aid by direct revelations; this enabled Plutarch to justify popular belief in prophecy. The gods of popular religion are merely different names for one and the same divine Being and the powers that serve them. Daemons were for him agents of God's influence on the world. Plutarch defended freedom of the will and the immortality of the soul. Platonic-Peripatetic ethics were upheld by Plutarch against the opposing theories of the Stoics and Epicureans.

Paragraph 19: Volscian is attested in an inscription found in Velitrae (Velletri),  dating probably from early in the 3rd century BC; it is cut upon a small bronze plate (now in the Naples Museum), which must have once been fixed to some votive object, dedicated to the god Declunus (or the goddess Decluna). The language of this inscription is clear enough to show the very marked peculiarities that rank it close to the language of the Iguvine Tables. It shows on the one hand the labialization of the original velar q (Volscian pis = Latin quis), and on the other hand it palatalizes the guttural c before a following i (Volscian facia Latin faciat). Like Umbrian also, but unlike Latin and Oscan, it has changed all the diphthongs into simple vowels (Volscian se parallel to Oscan svai; Volscian deue, Old Latin and Oscan deiuai or deiuoi). This phenomenon of what might have been taken for a piece of Umbrian text appearing in a district remote from Umbria and hemmed in by Latins on the north and Oscan-speaking Samnites on the south is a most curious feature in the geographical distribution of the Italic dialects, and is clearly the result of some complex historical movements.

Answer: 7