List of Nobel laureates
List of laureates

List of Nobel laureates

Section Title: List of laureates
Table Section Text: None

Year	Physics	Chemistry	Physiology or Medicine	Literature	Peace	Economics

1901	Wilhelm Röntgen	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff	Emil Adolf von Behring	Sully Prudhomme	Henry Dunant; Frédéric Passy	—

1902	Hendrik Lorentz; Pieter Zeeman	Hermann Emil Fischer	Ronald Ross	Theodor Mommsen	Élie Ducommun; Charles Albert Gobat	—

1903	Henri Becquerel; Pierre Curie; Marie Curie	Svante Arrhenius	Niels Ryberg Finsen	Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson	Randal Cremer	—

1904	Lord Rayleigh	William Ramsay	Ivan Pavlov	Frédéric Mistral; José Echegaray	Institut de Droit International	—

1905	Philipp Lenard	Adolf von Baeyer	Robert Koch	Henryk Sienkiewicz	Bertha von Suttner	—

1906	J. J. Thomson	Henri Moissan	Camillo Golgi; Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Giosuè Carducci	Theodore Roosevelt	—

1907	Albert Abraham Michelson	Eduard Buchner	Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	Rudyard Kipling	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta; Louis Renault	—

1908	Gabriel Lippmann	Ernest Rutherford	Élie Metchnikoff; Paul Ehrlich	Rudolf Christoph Eucken	Klas Pontus Arnoldson; Fredrik Bajer	—

1909	Karl Ferdinand Braun; Guglielmo Marconi	Wilhelm Ostwald	Emil Theodor Kocher	Selma Lagerlöf	Auguste Marie François Beernaert; Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant	—

1910	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	Otto Wallach	Albrecht Kossel	Paul Heyse	International Peace Bureau	—

1911	Wilhelm Wien	Marie Skłodowska-Curie	Allvar Gullstrand	Maurice Maeterlinck	Tobias Asser; Alfred Hermann Fried	—

1912	Gustaf Dalén	Victor Grignard; Paul Sabatier	Alexis Carrel	Gerhart Hauptmann	Elihu Root	—

1913	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	Alfred Werner	Charles Richet	Rabindranath Tagore	Henri La Fontaine	—

1914	Max von Laue	Theodore William Richards	Robert Bárány	None	None	—

1915	William Henry Bragg; William Lawrence Bragg	Richard Willstätter	None	Romain Rolland	None	—

1916	None	None	None	Verner von Heidenstam	None	—

1917	Charles Glover Barkla	None	None	Karl Adolph Gjellerup; Henrik Pontoppidan	International Committee of the Red Cross	—

1918	Max Planck	Fritz Haber	None	None	None	—

1919	Johannes Stark	None	Jules Bordet	Carl Spitteler	Woodrow Wilson	—

1920	Charles Édouard Guillaume	Walther Nernst	August Krogh	Knut Hamsun	Léon Bourgeois	—

1921	Albert Einstein	Frederick Soddy	None	Anatole France	Hjalmar Branting; Christian Lous Lange	—

1922	Niels Bohr	Francis William Aston	Archibald Hill; Otto Fritz Meyerhof	Jacinto Benavente	Fridtjof Nansen	—

1923	Robert Andrews Millikan	Fritz Pregl	Frederick Banting; John James Rickard Macleod	W. B. Yeats	None	—

1924	Manne Siegbahn	None	Willem Einthoven	Władysław Reymont	None	—

1925	James Franck; Gustav Ludwig Hertz	Richard Adolf Zsigmondy	None	George Bernard Shaw	Austen Chamberlain; Charles G. Dawes	—

1926	Jean Baptiste Perrin	Theodor Svedberg	Johannes Fibiger	Grazia Deledda	Aristide Briand; Gustav Stresemann	—

1927	Arthur Compton; Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	Heinrich Otto Wieland	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Henri Bergson	Ferdinand Buisson; Ludwig Quidde	—

1928	Owen Willans Richardson	Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Charles Nicolle	Sigrid Undset	None	—

1929	Louis de Broglie	Arthur Harden; Hans von Euler-Chelpin	Christiaan Eijkman; Frederick Gowland Hopkins	Thomas Mann	Frank B. Kellogg	—

1930	C. V. Raman	Hans Fischer	Karl Landsteiner	Sinclair Lewis	Nathan Söderblom	—

1931	None	Carl Bosch; Friedrich Bergius	Otto Heinrich Warburg	Erik Axel Karlfeldt	Jane Addams; Nicholas Murray Butler	—

1932	Werner Heisenberg	Irving Langmuir	Charles Scott Sherrington; Edgar Adrian	John Galsworthy	None	—

1933	Erwin Schrödinger; Paul Dirac	None	Thomas Hunt Morgan	Ivan Bunin	Norman Angell	—

1934	None	Harold Urey	George Whipple; George Minot; William P. Murphy	Luigi Pirandello	Arthur Henderson	—

1935	James Chadwick	Frédéric Joliot-Curie; Irène Joliot-Curie	Hans Spemann	None	Carl von Ossietzky	—

1936	Victor Francis Hess; Carl David Anderson	Peter Debye	Henry Hallett Dale; Otto Loewi	Eugene O'Neill	Carlos Saavedra Lamas	—

1937	Clinton Davisson; George Paget Thomson	Norman Haworth; Paul Karrer	Albert Szent-Györgyi	Roger Martin du Gard	The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood	—

1938	Enrico Fermi	Richard Kuhn	Corneille Heymans	Pearl S. Buck	Nansen International Office For Refugees	—

1939	Ernest Lawrence	Adolf Butenandt; Leopold Ružička	Gerhard Domagk	Frans Eemil Sillanpää	None	—

1940	None	None	None	None	None	—

1941	None	None	None	None	None	—

1942	None	None	None	None	None	—

1943	Otto Stern	George de Hevesy	Henrik Dam; Edward Adelbert Doisy	None	None	—

1944	Isidor Isaac Rabi	Otto Hahn	Joseph Erlanger; Herbert Spencer Gasser	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen	International Committee of the Red Cross	—

1945	Wolfgang Pauli	Artturi Ilmari Virtanen	Alexander Fleming; Ernst Boris Chain; Howard Florey	Gabriela Mistral	Cordell Hull	—

1946	Percy Williams Bridgman	James B. Sumner; John Howard Northrop; Wendell Meredith Stanley	Hermann Joseph Muller	Hermann Hesse	Emily Greene Balch; John Mott	—

1947	Edward Victor Appleton	Robert Robinson	Carl Ferdinand Cori; Gerty Cori; Bernardo Houssay	André Gide	Friends Service Council; American Friends Service Committee	—

1948	Patrick Blackett	Arne Tiselius	Paul Hermann Müller	T. S. Eliot	None	—

1949	Hideki Yukawa	William Giauque	Walter Rudolf Hess; António Egas Moniz	William Faulkner	John Boyd Orr	—

1950	C. F. Powell	Otto Diels; Kurt Alder	Philip Showalter Hench; Edward Calvin Kendall; Tadeus Reichstein	Bertrand Russell	Ralph Bunche	—

1951	John Cockcroft; Ernest Walton	Edwin McMillan; Glenn T. Seaborg	Max Theiler	Pär Lagerkvist	Léon Jouhaux	—

1952	Felix Bloch; Edward Mills Purcell	Archer John Porter Martin; Richard Laurence Millington Synge	Selman Waksman	François Mauriac	Albert Schweitzer	—

1953	Frits Zernike	Hermann Staudinger	Hans Adolf Krebs; Fritz Albert Lipmann	Winston Churchill	George Marshall	—

1954	Max Born; Walther Bothe	Linus Pauling	John Franklin Enders; Frederick Chapman Robbins; Thomas Huckle Weller	Ernest Hemingway	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	—

1955	Willis Lamb; Polykarp Kusch	Vincent du Vigneaud	Hugo Theorell	Halldór Laxness	None	—

1956	John Bardeen; Walter Houser Brattain; William Shockley	Cyril Norman Hinshelwood; Nikolay Semyonov	André Frédéric Cournand; Werner Forssmann; Dickinson W. Richards	Juan Ramón Jiménez	None	—

1957	Chen Ning Yang; Tsung-Dao Lee	The Lord Todd	Daniel Bovet	Albert Camus	Lester B. Pearson	—

1958	Pavel Cherenkov; Ilya Frank; Igor Tamm	Frederick Sanger	George Wells Beadle; Edward Lawrie Tatum; Joshua Lederberg	Boris Pasternak	Dominique Pire	—

1959	Emilio G. Segrè; Owen Chamberlain	Jaroslav Heyrovský	Arthur Kornberg; Severo Ochoa	Salvatore Quasimodo	Philip Noel-Baker	—

1960	Donald A. Glaser	Willard Libby	Frank Macfarlane Burnet; Peter Medawar	Saint-John Perse	Albert Lutuli	—

1961	Robert Hofstadter; Rudolf Mössbauer	Melvin Calvin	Georg von Békésy	Ivo Andrić	Dag Hammarskjöld	—

1962	Lev Landau	Max Perutz; John Kendrew	Francis Crick; James D. Watson; Maurice Wilkins	John Steinbeck	Linus Pauling	—

1963	Eugene Wigner; Maria Goeppert-Mayer; J. Hans D. Jensen	Karl Ziegler; Giulio Natta	John Eccles; Alan Lloyd Hodgkin; Andrew Huxley	Giorgos Seferis	International Committee of the Red Cross; League of Red Cross societies	—

1964	Charles Hard Townes; Nikolay Basov; Alexander Prokhorov	Dorothy Hodgkin	Konrad Emil Bloch; Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen	Jean-Paul Sartre	Martin Luther King, Jr.	—

1965	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga; Julian Schwinger; Richard Feynman	Robert Burns Woodward	François Jacob; André Michel Lwoff; Jacques Monod	Mikhail Sholokhov	United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)	—

1966	Alfred Kastler	Robert S. Mulliken	Francis Peyton Rous; Charles Brenton Huggins	Shmuel Yosef Agnon; Nelly Sachs	None	—

1967	Hans Bethe	Manfred Eigen; Ronald George Wreyford Norrish; George Porter	Ragnar Granit; Haldan Keffer Hartline; George Wald	Miguel Ángel Asturias	None	—

1968	Luis Walter Alvarez	Lars Onsager	Robert W. Holley; Har Gobind Khorana; Marshall Warren Nirenberg	Yasunari Kawabata	René Cassin	—

1969	Murray Gell-Mann	Derek Barton; Odd Hassel	Max Delbrück; Alfred Hershey; Salvador Luria	Samuel Beckett	International Labour Organization	Ragnar Frisch; Jan Tinbergen

1970	Hannes Alfvén; Louis Néel	Luis Federico Leloir	Julius Axelrod; Ulf von Euler; Bernard Katz	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Norman Borlaug	Paul Samuelson

1971	Dennis GaborHungary	Gerhard HerzbergGermany	Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.United States	Pablo Neruda	Willy Brandt	Simon Kuznets

1972	John Bardeen;United States Leon Cooper;United States John Robert SchriefferUnited States	Christian B. Anfinsen;United States Stanford Moore;United States William Howard Stein United States	Gerald Edelman;United States Rodney Robert PorterEngland	Heinrich BöllGermany	None	John Hicks;England Kenneth ArrowUnited States

1973	Leo Esaki;Japan Ivar Giaever;United States Brian David JosephsonEngland	Ernst Otto Fischer;Germany Geoffrey WilkinsonEngland	Karl von Frisch;Austria Konrad Lorenz;Austria Nikolaas TinbergenNetherlands	Patrick WhiteAustralia	Henry Kissinger;United States Le Duc ThoVietnam	Wassily LeontiefRussia

1974	Martin Ryle;England Antony HewishEngland	Paul FloryUnited States	Albert Claude;Belgium Christian de Duve;Belgium George Emil PaladeRomania	Eyvind Johnson;Sweden Harry MartinsonSweden	Seán MacBride;Republic of Ireland Eisaku SatōJapan	Gunnar Myrdal;Sweden Friedrich HayekAustria

1975	Aage Bohr;Denmark Ben Roy Mottelson;Denmark James RainwaterUnited States	John Cornforth;United States Vladimir PrelogCroatia	David Baltimore;United States Renato Dulbecco;Italy Howard Martin TeminUnited States	Eugenio MontaleItaly	Andrei SakharovRussia	Leonid Kantorovich;Russia Tjalling KoopmansNetherlands

1976	Burton Richter;United States Samuel C. C. TingUnited States	William LipscombUnited States	Baruch Samuel Blumberg;United States Daniel Carleton GajdusekUnited States	Saul BellowUnited States	Betty Williams;Northern Ireland Mairead MaguireNorthern Ireland	Milton FriedmanUnited States

1977	Philip Warren Anderson;United States Nevill Francis Mott;England John Hasbrouck Van VleckUnited States	Ilya PrigogineBelgium	Roger Guillemin;France Andrew Schally;United States Rosalyn Sussman YalowUnited States	Vicente AleixandreSpain	Amnesty International	Bertil Ohlin;Sweden James MeadeUnited States

1978	Pyotr Kapitsa;Russia Arno Allan Penzias;United States Robert Woodrow WilsonUnited States	Peter D. MitchellEngland	Werner Arber;Switzerland Daniel Nathans;United States Hamilton O. SmithUnited States	Isaac Bashevis SingerPoland	Anwar Sadat;Egypt Menachem BeginIsrael	Herbert A. SimonUnited States

1979	Sheldon Lee Glashow;United States Abdus Salam;Pakistan Steven WeinbergUnited States	Herbert C. Brown;United States Georg WittigGermany	Allan McLeod Cormack;South Africa Godfrey HounsfieldSouth Africa	Odysseas ElytisGreece	Mother TeresaAlbania	Theodore Schultz;United States Arthur LewisEngland

1980	James Cronin;United States Val Logsdon FitchUnited States	Paul Berg;United States Walter Gilbert;United States Frederick SangerEngland	Baruj Benacerraf;Venezuela Jean Dausset;France George Davis SnellUnited States	Czesław MiłoszPoland	Adolfo Pérez EsquivelArgentina	Lawrence KleinUnited States

1981	Nicolaas BloembergenNetherlands Arthur Leonard SchawlowUnited States Kai SiegbahnSweden	Kenichi FukuiJapan Roald HoffmannPoland	Roger Wolcott SperryUnited States David H. HubelCanada Torsten WieselSweden	Elias CanettiGermany	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	James TobinUnited States

1982	Kenneth G. WilsonUnited States	Aaron KlugLithuania	Sune BergströmSweden Bengt I. SamuelssonSweden John VaneEngland	Gabriel García MárquezColombia	Alva MyrdalSweden Alfonso García RoblesMexico	George StiglerUnited States

1983	Subrahmanyan ChandrasekharIndia William Alfred FowlerUnited States	Henry TaubeUnited States	Barbara McClintockUnited States	William GoldingEngland	Lech WałęsaPoland	Gérard DebreuFrance

1984	Carlo RubbiaItaly Simon van der MeerNetherlands	Robert Bruce MerrifieldUnited States	Niels Kaj JerneDenmark Georges J. F. KöhlerGermany César MilsteinArgentina	Jaroslav SeifertCzechoslovakia	Desmond TutuSouth Africa	Richard StoneEngland

1985	Klaus von KlitzingGermany	Herbert A. HauptmanUnited States Jerome KarleUnited States	Michael Stuart BrownUnited States Joseph L. GoldsteinUnited States	Claude SimonFrance	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	Franco ModiglianiItaly

1986	Ernst RuskaGermany Gerd BinnigGermany Heinrich RohrerSwitzerland	Dudley R. HerschbachUnited States Yuan T. LeeJapan John PolanyiCanada	Stanley CohenUnited States Rita Levi-MontalciniItaly	Wole SoyinkaNigeria	Elie WieselRomania	James M. BuchananUnited States

1987	Johannes Georg BednorzGermany Karl Alexander MüllerSwitzerland	Donald J. CramUnited States Jean-Marie LehnFrance Charles J. PedersenUnited States	Susumu TonegawaJapan	Joseph BrodskyRussia	Óscar AriasCosta Rica	Robert SolowUnited States

1988	Leon M. LedermanUnited States Melvin SchwartzUnited States Jack SteinbergerUnited States	Johann DeisenhoferGermany Robert HuberGermany Hartmut MichelGermany	James W. BlackScotland Gertrude B. ElionUnited States George H. HitchingsUnited States	Naguib MahfouzEgypt	-	Maurice AllaisFrance

1989	Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.United States Hans Georg DehmeltGermany Wolfgang PaulGermany	Sidney AltmanUnited States Thomas CechUnited States	J. Michael BishopUnited States Harold E. VarmusUnited States	Camilo José CelaSpain	Tenzin Gyatso (The 14th Dalai Lama)Tibet	Trygve HaavelmoNorway

1990	Jerome Isaac FriedmanUnited States Henry Way KendallUnited States Richard E. TaylorCanada	Elias James CoreyUnited States	Joseph MurrayUnited States E. Donnall ThomasUnited States	Octavio PazMexico	Mikhail GorbachevRussia	Harry MarkowitzUnited States Merton MillerUnited States William F. SharpeUnited States

1991	Pierre-Gilles de GennesFrance	Richard R. ErnstSwitzerland	Erwin NeherGermany Bert SakmannGermany	Nadine GordimerSouth Africa	Aung San Suu KyiMyanmar	Ronald CoaseEngland

1992	Georges CharpakPoland	Rudolph A. MarcusCanada	Edmond H. FischerChina Edwin G. KrebsUnited States	Derek WalcottSaint Lucia	Rigoberta MenchúGuatemala	Gary BeckerUnited States

1993	Russell Alan HulseUnited States Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.United States	Kary MullisUnited States Michael SmithEngland	Richard J. RobertsEngland Phillip Allen SharpUnited States	Toni MorrisonUnited States	Nelson MandelaSouth Africa F. W. de KlerkSouth Africa	Robert FogelUnited States Douglass NorthUnited States

1994	Bertram BrockhouseCanada Clifford ShullUnited States	George Andrew OlahHungary	Alfred G. GilmanUnited States Martin RodbellUnited States	Kenzaburō ŌeJapan	Yasser ArafatPalestinian National Authority Shimon PeresIsrael Yitzhak RabinIsrael	John HarsanyiHungary John Forbes Nash, Jr.United States Reinhard SeltenGermany

1995	Martin Lewis PerlUnited States Frederick ReinesUnited States	Paul J. CrutzenNetherlands Mario J. MolinaMexico Frank Sherwood Rowland	Edward B. LewisUnited States Christiane Nüsslein-VolhardGermany Eric F. WieschausUnited States	Seamus HeaneyRepublic of Ireland	Joseph RotblatPoland Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Robert Lucas, Jr.United States

1996	David LeeUnited States Douglas OsheroffUnited States Robert Coleman RichardsonUnited States	Robert F. Curl Jr.United States Harry KrotoEngland Richard SmalleyUnited States	Peter C. DohertyAustralia Rolf M. ZinkernagelSwitzerland	Wisława SzymborskaPoland	Carlos Filipe Ximenes BeloPortuguese Timor José Ramos-HortaPortuguese Timor	James MirrleesScotland William VickreyCanada

1997	Steven Chu United States Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France William Daniel Phillips United States	Paul D. Boyer United States John E. Walker United Kingdom Jens Christian Skou Denmark	Stanley B. Prusiner United States	Dario Fo Italy	International Campaign to Ban Landmines; Jody Williams United States	Robert C. Merton United States Myron Scholes Canada United States

1998	Robert B. Laughlin United States Horst Ludwig Störmer United States Daniel C. Tsui United States	Walter Kohn United States John Pople United Kingdom	Robert F. Furchgott United States Louis Ignarro United States Ferid Murad United States	José Saramago Portugal	John Hume Republic of Ireland David Trimble United Kingdom	Amartya Sen India

1999	Gerard 't Hooft Netherlands Martinus J. G. Veltman Netherlands	Ahmed Zewail Egypt United States	Günter Blobel Germany United States	Günter Grass Germany	Médecins Sans Frontières	Robert Mundell Canada

2000	Zhores Alferov Russia Herbert Kroemer Germany United States Jack Kilby United States	Alan J. Heeger United States Alan MacDiarmid United States New Zealand Hideki Shirakawa Japan	Arvid Carlsson Sweden Paul Greengard United States Eric Kandel United States	Gao Xingjian China	Kim Dae-jung South Korea	James Heckman United States Daniel McFadden United States

2001	Eric Allin Cornell United States Wolfgang Ketterle Germany Carl Wieman United States	William Standish Knowles United States Ryōji Noyori Japan Karl Barry Sharpless United States	Leland H. Hartwell United States Tim Hunt United Kingdom Paul Nurse United Kingdom	V. S. Naipaul United Kingdom	United Nations United Nations Kofi Annan Ghana	George Akerlof United States Michael Spence Canada Joseph Stiglitz United States

2002	Raymond Davis, Jr. United States Masatoshi Koshiba Japan Riccardo Giacconi Italy	John Fenn United States Koichi Tanaka Japan Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland	Sydney Brenner South Africa H. Robert Horvitz United States John Sulston United Kingdom	Imre Kertész Hungary	Jimmy Carter United States	Daniel Kahneman United States Vernon L. Smith United States

2003	Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia Vitaly Ginzburg Russia Anthony James Leggett United States	Peter Agre United States Roderick MacKinnon United States	Paul Lauterbur United States Peter Mansfield United Kingdom	J. M. Coetzee South Africa	Shirin Ebadi Iran	Robert F. Engle United States Clive Granger United Kingdom

2004	David Gross United States Hugh David Politzer United States Frank Wilczek United States	Aaron Ciechanover Israel Avram Hershko Hungary Irwin Rose United States	Richard Axel United States Linda B. Buck United States	Elfriede Jelinek Austria	Wangari Maathai Kenya	Finn E. Kydland Norway Edward C. Prescott Kenya

2005	Roy J. Glauber United States John L. Hall United States Theodor W. Hänsch Germany	Yves Chauvin France Robert H. Grubbs United States Richard R. Schrock United States	Barry Marshall Australia Robin Warren United States	Harold Pinter United Kingdom	International Atomic Energy Agency Mohamed ElBaradei Egypt	Robert Aumann Israel Thomas Schelling United States

2006	John C. Mather United States George Smoot United States	Roger D. Kornberg United States	Andrew Fire United States Craig Mello United States	Orhan Pamuk Turkey	Muhammad Yunus Bangladesh Grameen Bank Bangladesh	Edmund Phelps United States

2007	Albert Fert France Peter Grünberg Germany	Gerhard Ertl Germany	Mario Capecchi Italy Martin Evans United Kingdom Oliver Smithies United Kingdom	Doris Lessing Italy	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change United Nations Al Gore United States	Leonid Hurwicz Poland Eric Maskin United States Roger Myerson United States

2008	Yoichiro Nambu Japan Makoto Kobayashi Japan Toshihide Maskawa Japan	Osamu Shimomura Japan Martin Chalfie United States Roger Y. Tsien United States	Harald zur Hausen Germany Françoise Barré-Sinoussi France Luc Montagnier France	J. M. G. Le Clézio France	Martti Ahtisaari Finland	Paul Krugman United States

2009	Charles K. Kao Hong Kong Willard S. Boyle Canada George E. Smith United States	Venkatraman Ramakrishnan India Thomas A. Steitz United States Ada Yonath Israel	Elizabeth Blackburn Australia Carol W. Greider United States Jack W. Szostak United States	Herta Müller Romania	Barack Obama United States	Elinor Ostrom United States Oliver E. Williamson United States

2010	Andre Geim Russia Konstantin Novoselov Russia	Richard F. Heck United States Ei-ichi Negishi Japan Akira Suzuki Japan	Robert G. Edwards United Kingdom	Mario Vargas Llosa Peru	Liu Xiaobo China	Peter A. Diamond United States Dale T. Mortensen United States Christopher A. Pissarides Cyprus

2011	Saul Perlmutter United States Adam G. Riess United States Brian Schmidt Australia	Dan Shechtman Israel	Bruce Beutler United States Jules A. Hoffmann Luxembourg Ralph M. Steinman Canada	Tomas Tranströmer Sweden	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia Leymah Gbowee Liberia Tawakel Karman Yemen	Thomas J. Sargent United States Christopher A. Sims United States

2012	Serge Haroche France David J. Wineland United States	Brian K. Kobilka United States Robert J. Lefkowitz United States	John B. Gurdon United Kingdom Shinya Yamanaka Japan	Mo Yan China	European Union European Union	Alvin E. Roth United States Lloyd S. Shapley United States

2013	François Englert Belgium Peter W. Higgs United Kingdom	Martin Karplus United States Michael Levitt Israel Arieh Warshel United States	James E. Rothman United States Randy W. Schekman United States Thomas C. Südhof Germany	Alice Munro Canada	Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons	Eugene F. Fama United States Lars Peter Hansen United States Robert J. Shiller United States

2014	Isamu Akasaki Japan Hiroshi Amano Japan Shuji Nakamura Japan	Eric Betzig United States Stefan Hell Romania William Moerner United States	John O'Keefe United States May-Britt Moser Norway Edvard Moser Norway	Patrick Modiano France	Kailash Satyarthi India Malala Yousafzai Pakistan	Jean Tirole France

2015	Takaaki Kajita Japan Arthur B. McDonald Canada	Tomas Lindahl Sweden Paul L. Modrich United States Aziz Sancar Turkey	William C. Campbell Republic of Ireland Satoshi Ōmura Japan Tu Youyou China	Svetlana Alexievich Russia	Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Tunisia	Angus Deaton United Kingdom

2016	David J. Thouless United Kingdom Duncan Haldane United Kingdom John M. Kosterlitz United Kingdom	Jean-Pierre Sauvage France Fraser Stoddart United Kingdom Ben Feringa Netherlands	Yoshinori Ohsumi Japan	Bob Dylan United States	Juan Manuel Santos Colombia	Oliver Hart United Kingdom Bengt R. Holmström Finland

2017	Rainer Weiss United States Barry Barish United States Kip Thorne United States	Jacques Dubochet Switzerland Joachim Frank Germany Richard Henderson United Kingdom	Jeffrey C. Hall United States Michael Rosbash United States Michael W. Young United States	Kazuo Ishiguro United Kingdom	International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons	Richard Thaler United States

2018	Arthur Ashkin United States Gérard Mourou France Donna Strickland Canada	Frances H. Arnold United States George P. Smith United States Greg Winter United Kingdom	James P. Allison United States Tasuku Honjo Japan	None (postponed)	Denis Mukwege Democratic Republic of the Congo Nadia Murad Iraq	William Nordhaus United States Paul Romer United States

Year	Physics	Chemistry	Physiology or Medicine	Literature	Peace	Economics

Sentence(s)

Rolf M. Zinkernagel was a Nobel laureate.

final_sentence: Rolf M. Zinkernagel was a Nobel laureate.