List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
List of sultans
The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as the last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. The tughras were the calligraphic seals or signatures used by Ottoman sultans.

List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

Section Title: List of sultans
Table Section Text: The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as the last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. The tughras were the calligraphic seals or signatures used by Ottoman sultans.

№	Sultan	Portrait	Reigned from	Reigned until	Tughra	Notes

Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1453)

1	Osman I ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	-	c. 1299	c. 1324	—	Son of Ertuğrul Bey and an unknown woman. Reigned until his death.

2	Orhan ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	-	c. 1324	1362	Tughra of Orhan	Son of Osman I and Malhun Hatun. Reigned until his death.

3	Murad I SULTAN-İ AZAM (The Most Exalted Sultan) HÜDAVENDİGÂR (The devotee of God) ŞEHÎD (Martyr)	-	1362	15 June 1389	Tughra of Murad I	Son of Orhan and Nilüfer Hatun. Reigned until his death.

4	Bayezid I SULTAN-İ RÛM (Sultan of the Roman Empire) YILDIRIM (Lightning)	-	15 June 1389	20 July 1402	Tughra of Bayezid I	Son of Murad I and Gülçiçek Hatun. Captured on the battlefield at the Battle of Ankara (de facto end of reign); Died in captivity in Akşehir on 8 March 1403.

Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)

—	İsa Çelebi The Co-Sultan of Anatolia	-	1403–1405 (Sultan of the Western Anatolian Territory)	1406	—	After the Battle of Ankara on July 20, 1402, İsa Çelebi defeated Musa Çelebi and began controlling the western part of Anatolian territory of the empire for approximately two years.

—	Emir (Amir) Süleyman Çelebi The First Sultan of Rumelia	-	20 July 1402	17 February 1411	—	Acquired the title of The Sultan of Rumelia for the European portion of the empire, a short period after the Ottoman defeat of The Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402 Murdered on 17 February 1411.

—	Musa Çelebi The Second Sultan of Rumelia	-	18 February 1411	5 July 1413	—	Acquired the title of The Sultan of Rumelia for the European portion of the empire on 18 February 1411, just after the death of Süleyman Çelebi.

—	Mehmed Çelebi The Sultan of Anatolia	-	1403–1406 (Sultan of the Eastern Anatolian Territory) 1406–1413 (The Sultan of Anatolia)	5 July 1413	—	Acquired the control of the eastern part of the Anatolian territory as the Co-Sultan just after the defeat of the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402.

Sultanate resumed

5	Mehmed I ÇELEBİ (The Affable) KİRİŞÇİ (lit. The Bowstring Maker for his support)	-	5 July 1413	26 May 1421	Tughra of Mehmed I	Son of Bayezid I and Devlet Hatun. Reigned until his death.

6	Murad II KOCA (The Great)	-	25 June 1421	1444	Tughra of Murad II	Son of Mehmed I and Emine Hatun; Abdicated of his own free will in favour of his son Mehmed II.

7	Mehmed II FĀTİḤ (The Conqueror) فاتح	-	1444	1446	Tughra of Mehmed II	Son of Murad II and Hüma Hatun. Surrendered the throne to his father after having asked him to return to power, along with rising threats from Janissaries.

(6)	Murad II KOCA (The Great)	-	1446	3 February 1451	Tughra of Murad II	Second reign; Forced to return to the throne following a Janissary insurgence; Reigned until his death.

Growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1550)

(7)	Mehmed II KAYSER-İ RÛM (Caesar of the Roman Empire) FĀTİḤ (The Conqueror) فاتح	-	3 February 1451	3 May 1481	Tughra of Mehmed II	Second reign; Conquered Constantinople in 1453; Reigned until his death.

8	Bayezid II VELÎ (The Saint)	-	19 May 1481	25 April 1512	Tughra of Bayezid II	Son of Mehmed II and Gülbahar Hatun. Abdicated. Died near Didymoteicho on 26 May 1512.

9	Selim I YAVUZ (The Strong) Hadim'ul Haramain'ish-Sharifain (Servant of Mecca and Medina)	-	25 April 1512	21 September 1520	Tughra of Selim I	Son of Bayezid II and Gülbahar Hatun. Reigned until his death.

10	Suleiman I MUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent) or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver) قانونى	-	30 September 1520	6 or 7 September 1566	Tughra of Suleiman I	Son of Selim I and Hafsa Sultan; Reigned until his death.

Transformation of the Ottoman Empire (1550 – 1700)

11	Selim II SARI (The Blond) MEST (the Sot)	-	29 September 1566	21 December 1574	Tughra of Selim II	Son of Suleiman I and Hürrem Sultan; Reigned until his death.

12	Murad III	Sultan Murad III.jpeg	22 December 1574	16 January 1595	Tughra of Murad III	Son of Selim II and Nurbanu Sultan; Reigned until his death.

13	Mehmed III ADLÎ (The Just)	-	27 January 1595	20 or 21 December 1603	Tughra of Mehmed III	Son of Murad III and Safiye Sultan; Reigned until his death;

14	Ahmed I BAḪTī (The Fortunate)	-	21 December 1603	22 November 1617	Tughra of Ahmed I	Son of Mehmed III and Handan Sultan; Reigned until his death.

15	Mustafa I DELİ (The Mad)	-	22 November 1617	26 February 1618	Tughra of Mustafa I	Son of Mehmed III and Halime Sultan; Deposed due to his mental instability in favour of his young nephew Osman II.

16	Osman II GENÇ (The Young) ŞEHÎD (The Martyr) شهيد	-	26 February 1618	19 May 1622	Tughra of Osman II	Son of Ahmed I and Mahfiruz Hatun; Deposed in a Janissary riot on 19 May 1622; Murdered on 20 May 1622 by the Grand Vizier Kara Davud Pasha.

(15)	Mustafa I DELİ (The Mad)	-	20 May 1622	10 September 1623	Tughra of Mustafa I	Second reign; Returned to the throne after the assassination of his nephew Osman II; Deposed due to his poor mental health and confined until his death in Istanbul on 20 January 1639.

17	Murad IV SAHİB-Î KIRAN The Conqueror of Baghdad ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior) غازى	-	10 September 1623	8 or 9 February 1640	Tughra of Murad IV	Son of Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan. Reigned until his death.

18	Ibrahim DELİ (The Mad) The Conqueror of Crete ŞEHÎD	-	9 February 1640	8 August 1648	Tughra of Ibrahim	Son of Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan; Deposed on 8 August 1648 in a coup led by the Sheikh ul-Islam; Strangled in Istanbul on 18 August 1648 at the behest of the Grand Vizier Mevlevî Mehmed Paşa (Sofu Mehmed Pasha).

19	Mehmed IV AVCI (The Hunter) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior) غازى	-	8 August 1648	8 November 1687	Tughra of Mehmed IV	Son of Ibrahim and Turhan Sultan; Deposed on 8 November 1687 following the Ottoman defeat at the Second Battle of Mohács; Died in Edirne on 6 January 1693.

20	Suleiman II ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	-	8 November 1687	22 June 1691	Tughra of Suleiman II	Son of Ibrahim and Aşub Sultan; Reigned until his death.

21	Ahmed II ḪĀN ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior Prince)	-	22 June 1691	6 February 1695	Tughra of Ahmed II	Son of Ibrahim and Muazzez Sultan; Reigned until his death.

22	Mustafa II ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	-	6 February 1695	22 August 1703	Tughra of Mustafa II	Son of Mehmed IV and Gülnuş Sultan; Deposed on 22 August 1703 by a Janissary uprising known as the Edirne Event; Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704.

Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1827)

23	Ahmed III Tulip Era Sultan ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	-	22 August 1703	1 or 2 October 1730	Tughra of Ahmed III	Son of Mehmed IV and Gülnuş Sultan; Deposed in consequence of the Janissary rebellion led by Patrona Halil; Died on 1 July 1736.

24	Mahmud I ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior) KAMBUR (The Hunchback)	-	2 October 1730	13 December 1754	Tughra of Mahmud I	Son of Mustafa II and Saliha Sultan; Reigned until his death.

25	Osman III SOFU (The Devout)	-	13 December 1754	29 or 30 October 1757	Tughra of Osman III	Son of Mustafa II and Şehsuvar Sultan; Reigned until his death.

26	Mustafa III YENİLİKÇİ (The First Innovative)	-	30 October 1757	21 January 1774	Tughra of Mustafa III	Son of Ahmed III and Mihrişah Kadın; Reigned until his death.

27	Abdul Hamid I Abd ūl-Hāmīd (The Servant of God) ISLAHATÇI (The Improver) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	-	21 January 1774	6 or 7 April 1789	Tughra of Abdul Hamid I	Son of Ahmed III and Şermi Kadın; Reigned until his death.

28	Selim III BESTEKÂR (The Composer) NİZÂMÎ (Regulative - Orderly) ŞEHÎD (The Martyr)	-	7 April 1789	29 May 1807	Tughra of Selim III	Son of Mustafa III and Mihrişah Sultan; Deposed as a result of the Janissary revolt led by Kabakçı Mustafa against his reforms; Assassinated in Istanbul on 28 July 1808 at the behest of Ottoman Sultan Mustafa IV.

29	Mustafa IV	-	29 May 1807	28 July 1808	Tughra of Mustafa IV	Son of Abdul Hamid I and Sineperver Sultan; Deposed in an insurrection led by Alemdar Mustafa Pasha; Executed in Istanbul on 17 November 1808 by order of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II.

Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827 – 1908)

30	Mahmud II İNKILÂPÇI (The Reformer) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	-	28 July 1808	1 July 1839	Tughra of Mahmud II	Son of Abdul Hamid I and Nakşidil Sultan (adoptive mother of Mahmud II); Disbanded the Janissaries in consequence of the Auspicious Event in 1826; Reigned until his death.

31	Abdulmejid I TANZİMÂTÇI (The Strong Reformist or The Advocate of Reorganization) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	-	1 July 1839	25 June 1861	Tughra of Abdulmejid I	Son of Mahmud II and Bezmiâlem Sultan; Proclaimed the Hatt-ı Sharif (Imperial Edict) of Gülhane (Tanzimât Fermânı) that launched the Tanzimat period of reforms and reorganization on 3 November 1839 at the behest of reformist Grand Vizier Great Mustafa Rashid Pasha; Accepted the Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Reform Edict) (Islâhat Fermânı) on 18 February 1856; Reigned until his death.

32	Abdülaziz BAḪTSIZ (The Unfortunate) ŞEHĪD (The Martyr)	-	25 June 1861	30 May 1876	Tughra of Abdülaziz	Son of Mahmud II and Pertevniyal Sultan; Deposed by his ministers; Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later.

33	Murad V	-	30 May 1876	31 August 1876	Tughra of Murad V	Son of Abdulmejid I and Şevkefza Kadın; Deposed due to his ill mental health Ordered to reside in Çırağan Palace where he died on 29 August 1904.

34	Abdul Hamid II Ulû Sultân Abd ūl-Hāmīd Khan (The Sublime Khan)	-	31 August 1876	27 April 1909	Tughra of Abdul Hamid II	Son of Abdulmejid I and Tirimüjgan Kadın and later the adoptive son of Perestu Kadın). Reluctantly allowed the First Constitutional Era on 23 November 1876 and then suspended it and reverted to personal rule on 13 February 1878; Forced to restore the Second Constitutional Era on 3 July 1908; Deposed after the 31 March Incident (on 13 April 1909); Confined to Beylerbeyi Palace where he died on 10 February 1918.

35	Mehmed V REŞÂD (Rashād) (The True Path Follower)	-	27 April 1909	3 July 1918	Tughra of Mehmed V	Son of Abdulmejid I and Gülcemal Kadın; Reigned as a figurehead of Mehmed Talat, İsmail Enver, and Ahmed Cemal Pashas until his death.

36	Mehmed VI VAHDETTİN (Wāhīd ād-Dīn) (The Unifier of Dīn (Islam) or The Oneness of Islam)	-	4 July 1918	1 November 1922	Tughra of Mehmed VI	Son of Abdulmejid I and Gülüstü Hanım; Sultanate abolished; Left Istanbul on 17 November 1922; Died in exile in Sanremo, Italy on 16 May 1926.

Caliph under the Republic (1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)

—	Abdulmejid II	-	18 November 1922	3 March 1924	—	Son of Abdülaziz I and Hayranidil Kadın; Elected caliph by the TBMM; Exiled after the abolition of the caliphate; Died in Paris, France on 23 August 1944.

Sentence(s)

Abdulmejid was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded Mahmud II in 1839.

final_sentence: Abdulmejid was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded Mahmud II in 1839.