Indian philosophy
Comparison of Indian philosophies
The Indian traditions subscribed to diverse philosophies, significantly disagreeing with each other as well as orthodox Hinduism and its six schools of Hindu philosophy.

Indian philosophy

Section Title: Comparison of Indian philosophies
Table Section Text: The Indian traditions subscribed to diverse philosophies, significantly disagreeing with each other as well as orthodox Hinduism and its six schools of Hindu philosophy.

Ājīvika	Early Buddhism	Cārvāka	Jainism	Orthodox schools of Hinduism (Non-Śramaṇic)

Karma	Denies	Affirms	Denies	Affirms	Affirms

Samsara, Rebirth	Affirms	Affirms	Denies	Affirms	Some school affirm, some not

Ascetic life	Affirms	Affirms	Affirms	Affirms	Affirms as Sannyasa

Rituals, Bhakti	Affirms	Affirms, optional (Pali: Bhatti)	Denies	Affirms, optional	Theistic school: Affirms, optional Others: Deny

Ahimsa and Vegetarianism	Affirms	Affirms, Unclear on meat as food	Strongest proponent of non-violence; Vegetarianism to avoid violence against animals	Affirms as highest virtue, but Just War affirmed Vegetarianism encouraged, but choice left to the Hindu

Free will	Denies	Affirms	Affirms	Affirms	Affirms

Maya	Affirms	Affirms (prapañca)	Denies	Affirms	Affirms

Atman (Soul, Self)	Affirms	Denies	Denies	Affirms	Affirms

Creator God	Denies	Denies	Denies	Denies	Theistic schools: Affirm Others: Deny

Epistemology (Pramana)	Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa, Śabda	Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa	Pratyakṣa	Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa, Śabda	Various, Vaisheshika (two) to Vedanta (six): Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumāṇa (inference), Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), Arthāpatti (postulation, derivation), Anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof), Śabda (Reliable testimony)

Epistemic authority	Denies: Vedas	Affirms: Buddha text Denies: Vedas	Denies: Vedas	Affirms: Jain Agamas Denies: Vedas	Affirm: Vedas and Upanishads, Affirm: other texts

Salvation (Soteriology)	Samsdrasuddhi	Nirvana (realize Śūnyatā)	Siddha	Moksha, Nirvana, Kaivalya Advaita, Yoga, others: Jivanmukti Dvaita, theistic: Videhamukti

Metaphysics (Ultimate Reality)	Śūnyatā	Anekāntavāda	Brahman

Sentence(s)

Jainism, early Buddhism, Cārvāka and Ājīvika are the philosophies.

final_sentence: Jainism, early Buddhism, Cārvāka and Ājīvika are the philosophies.