List of vacuum tube computers
Vacuum tube computers, now termed first generation computers, are programmable digital computers using vacuum tube logic circuitry. They were preceded by systems using electromechanical relays and followed by systems built from discrete transistors.

List of vacuum tube computers

Section Title:
Table Section Text: Vacuum tube computers, now termed first generation computers, are programmable digital computers using vacuum tube logic circuitry. They were preceded by systems using electromechanical relays and followed by systems built from discrete transistors.

Computer	Date	Notes

Atanasoff–Berry Computer	1942	Not programmable, could solve a system of linear equations

Colossus	1943	First programmable (by switches and plug panels) special-purpose (cryptanalysis) electronic digital computer. Used to break the German Lorenz cipher.

ENIAC	1945	First large-scale general-purpose programmable electronic digital computer. Built by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering for the U.S.

Manchester Baby	1948	First electronic stored-program computer, worked June 1948; prototype for the Mark 1. Working replica demonstrated daily in Manchester Museum of Science and Industry

Manchester Mark 1	1949	Provided a computing service from April 1949. First index registers. Replaced in 1951 by Ferranti Mark 1.

EDSAC	1949	First ran on 6 May 1949, and provided a computing service for Cambridge University until 1958. Working replica currently being built at The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park.

BINAC	1949	First stored-program computer to be sold, but did not work for customer.

CSIRAC	1949	Oldest surviving complete first-generation electronic computer — unrestored and non-functional.

SEAC	1950	First U.S. stored-program computer to become operational.

SWAC	1950	Built for the U.S.'s National Bureau of Standards, it had 2,300 vacuum tubes. It had 256 words (each 37 bits) of memory, using Williams tubes

ERA Atlas	1950	(Military version of Univac 1101) Used 2,700 vacuum tubes for its logic circuits

MADDIDA	1950	Special-purpose digital computer for solving a system of differential equations. Forty-four integrators were implemented using a magnetic drum with six storage tracks.

Pilot ACE	1950	Based on a full-scale design by Alan Turing

Elliott 152	1950	Naval fire control computer, real-time control system, fixed program

Harvard Mark III	1951	It used 5,000 vacuum tubes and 1,500 crystal diodes

Ferranti Mark 1	1951	First commercially available computer, based on Manchester Mark 1.

EDVAC	1951	The successor to ENIAC, and also built by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering for the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory.

Harwell Dekatron Computer	1951	Now officially the oldest original working computer in the world. Is frequently demonstrated at The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park.

Whirlwind	1951	Parallel logic, approx 5,000 vacuum tubes. First use of core memory.

UNIVAC I	1951	Mass-produced. 46 were made.

LEO I	1951	First computer for commercial applications. Built by J. Lyons and Co. restaurant and bakery chain. Based on EDSAC design.

UNIVAC 1101	1951	Designed by ERA, Used 2,700 vacuum tubes for its logic circuits

Hollerith Electronic Computer (HEC)	1951	Initial design by Andrew Donald Booth, then engineered by British Tabulating Machine Company. HEC 1 can be seen at The National Museum of Computing, Bletchley Park.

IAS machine	1951	Built at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), sometimes called the von Neumann machine, since design was described by John von Neumann (the Von Neumann architecture).

MESM	1951	Built near Kiev, used 6,000 vacuum tubes. First universally programmable computer in USSR.

Remington Rand 409	1952	Built by Remington Rand, it was a punched card calculator programmed by a plugboard

Harvard Mark IV	1952	built by Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Aiken for the United States Air Force

G1	1952	Built by the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen, esp. by Heinz Billing

ORDVAC	1952	Built by the University of Illinois for the Ballistic Research Laboratory and was a twin of the ILLIAC I

ILLIAC I	1952	Built by the University of Illinois in Urbana

MANIAC I	1952	Built at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and based on the IAS computer

IBM 701	1952	Built by IBM, also known as the Defense Calculator, based on the IAS computer

BESM-1, BESM-2	1952	Built in the Soviet Union

Bull Gamma 3	1952	Made by Groupe Bull and contained almost 400 tubes.

AVIDAC	1953	Based on the IAS computer

FLAC	1953	Design based on SEAC. Located at Patrick Air Force Base.

JOHNNIAC	1953	Built by the RAND Corporation, based on the IAS computer

IBM 702	1953	Built by IBM for business computing

UNIVAC 1103	1953	Designed by Engineering Research Associates (ERA)

RAYDAC	1953	Built by Raytheon for Naval Air Missile Test Center

Strela computer	1953	Built in the Soviet Union

Datatron	1954	Commercial computer built by ElectroData Corporation

IBM 650	1954	The world's first mass-produced computer

IBM 704	1954	The first mass-produced computer with floating-point arithmetic hardware for scientific use

IBM 705	1954	Mostly compatible with the IBM 702, for business use. There is one that is not in operating condition at Computermuseum München.

BESK	1954 April	Sweden's first computer and was the fastest computer in the world for a brief time

IBM NORC	1954 Dec	Built by IBM for the US Navy Bureau of Ordnance, it was the first supercomputer and the most powerful computer in the world for at least 2 years.

UNIVAC 1102	1954	A variation of the UNIVAC 1101 built for the US Air Force

DYSEAC	1954	Built by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards as an improved version of SEAC.

WISC	1954	Built by the University of Wisconsin–Madison

REAC 400 (C-400)	1955	In 1961 REAC installed for $60,000 at University of Minnesota. General purpose electronic analog computer.

CALDIC	1955	Designed to be inexpensive and simple to use; it used decimal arithmetic

English Electric DEUCE	1955	A commercial version of the Pilot ACE

Zuse Z22	1955	An early commercial computer.

ERMETH	1955	Built by Eduard Stiefel, Heinz Rutishauser, Ambros Speiser at the ETH Zurich

HEC 4 (ICT 1200 series)	1955	Built by Andrew Booth

WEIZAC	1955	Built by the Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel) under the guidance of Prof. G.

G2	1955	Built by the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen, esp. by Heinz Billing

Axel Wenner-Gren ALWAC III-E	1955	Commercially constructed and installed (in 1957) at University of British Columbia and Oregon State University (then College)

IBM 305 RAMAC	1956	The first commercial computer to use a moving-head hard-disk drive for secondary storage

PERM	1956	Built in Munich

D1	1956	Built by Joachim Lehmann at the TU Dresden

SMIL	1956	Built in Sweden and based on the IAS computer

Bendix G-15	1956	A small computer for scientific and industrial purposes by the Bendix Corporation. It had a total of about 450 tubes (mostly dual triodes) and 300 germanium diodes.

TIFR Pilot Machine	1956	TIFRAC (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Automatic Calculator) was the first computer developed in India, at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai.

LGP-30	1956	Data-processing system made by Librascope; bit-serial drum machine with only 113 tubes, along with 1450 diodes

UNIVAC 1103A	1956	First computer to have hardware interrupts

FUJIC	1956	The first electronic computer in Japan, designed to perform calculations for lens design by Fuji

Ferranti Pegasus	1956	Vacuum tube computer with magnetostrictive delay line memory intended for office usage. Second surviving oldest computer in the world.

SILLIAC	1956	Built at the University of Sydney, based on the ILLIAC and ORDVAC

RCA BIZMAC	1956	RCA's first commercial computer, it contained 25,000 tubes

Ural series	1956–1964	Ural-1 to Ural-4.

DASK	1957	The first computer in Denmark; had an early implementation of ALGOL

UNIVAC 1104	1957	A 30-bit variation of the UNIVAC 1103

Ferranti Mercury	1957	An early commercial vacuum tube computer by Ferranti, with core memory and hardware floating point capability

IBM 610	1957	A small computer designed to be used by one person with limited experience

FACIT EDB 2	1957

MANIAC II	1957	Built by the University of California and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

MISTIC	1957	A Michigan State University based on the ILLIAC I

MUSASINO-1	1957	A Japanese computer based on the ILLIAC I

Sandia RAYPAC (Ray Path Analog Computer)	c. 1957	Sandia's Blast Prediction Unit used for Operation Teapot

EDSAC 2	1958	First computer to have a microprogrammed control unit and a bit slice hardware architecture.

IBM 709	1958	An improved version of the IBM 704, the FORTRAN programming language was introduced on the 709

UNIVAC II	1958	An improved, fully compatible version of the UNIVAC I

UNIVAC 1105	1958	A follow-up to the UNIVAC 1103 scientific computer

AN/FSQ-7	1958	Largest vacuum tube computer ever built. 52 were built for Project SAGE.

ZEBRA	1958	Designed in Holland and built by Britain's Standard Telephones and Cables

Ferranti Perseus	1959

Rice Institute Computer	1959	Operational 1959-1971, 54-bit tagged architecture

Cyclone	1959	IAS-type computer at Iowa State College

DERA	1959	Built by Alwin Walther at the Technical University of Darmstadt; first operative in 1957, development completed in 1959

D2	1959	Built by Joachim Lehmann at the TU Dresden

TIFRAC	1960	The first computer developed in India

CER-10	1960	The first computer developed in Yugoslavia, it also used some transistors

Philips PASCAL / STEVIN	1960	Philips Automatic Sequence Calculator; 1200 valves, 10000 transistors, and 15000 germanium diodes. PASCAL and STEVIN (Dutch: Snel Tel En Vermenigvuldig INstrument, lit.

The Wegematic 1000	1960	Improved version of the ALWAC III-E

Odra 1001	1960	First computer built by Elwro, Wroclaw, Poland

G3	1961	Built by the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen, esp. by Heinz Billing

Sumlock ANITA calculator	1961	Desktop calculator

UMC-1	1962	Developed in Poland, it used the unusual negabinary number system internally

BRLESC	1962	1,727 tubes and 853 transistors

OSAGE	1963	Close copy of the Rice Institute Computer built at the University of Oklahoma

Sentence(s)

The IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) was a computer built by IBM for the United States Navy's Bureau of Ordnance.

final_sentence: The IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) was a computer built by IBM for the United States Navy's Bureau of Ordnance.