Orthogenesis
Theories
For the columns for other philosophies of evolution (i.e., combined theories including any of Lamarckism, Mutationism, Natural selection, and Vitalism), "yes" means that person definitely supports the theory; "no" means explicit opposition to the theory; a blank means the matter is apparently not discussed, not part of the theory.

Orthogenesis

Section Title: Theories
Table Section Text: For the columns for other philosophies of evolution (i.e., combined theories including any of Lamarckism, Mutationism, Natural selection, and Vitalism), "yes" means that person definitely supports the theory; "no" means explicit opposition to the theory; a blank means the matter is apparently not discussed, not part of the theory.

Author	Title	Field	Date	Lamarck.	Mutat.	Nat. Sel.	Vital.	Features

Lamarck	Inherent progressive tendency	Zoology	1809	yes	In his Philosophie Zoologique, inherent progressive tendency drives organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in separate lineages (phyla), no extinction. ("Lamarckism", use and disuse, and inheritance of acquired characteristics, was a secondary aspect of this, an adaptive force creating species within a phylum.)

Baer	Purposeful creation	Embryology	1859	"Forces which are not directed—so-called blind forces—can never produce order."

Kölliker	Heterogenesis	Anatomy	1864	yes	Wholly separate lines of descent with no common ancestor

Cope	Law of acceleration	Palaeontology	1868	yes	Combined orthogenetic constraints with Lamarckian use and disuse. "On the Origin of Genera"; See also Cope's rule (linear increase in size of species)

Nägeli	Inner perfecting principle	Botany	1884	yes	no	An "idioplasm" transmitted inherited characteristics; many evolutionary developments nonadaptive; variation internally programmed.

Spencer	Progressionism 'The Development Hypothesis'	Social theory	1852	Yes	Cultural value of progress; "Spencer has no rivals when it comes to open, flagrant connections of social Progress with evolutionary progress."—Michael Ruse

Darwin	(concept of higher and lower species), Pangenesis	Evolution	1859	yes	yes	Origin of Species is somewhat progressionist, e.g. man higher than animals, alongside natural selection Pangenesis theory of inheritance by gemmules from all over body was Lamarckian: parents could pass on traits acquired in lifetime.

Haacke	Orthogenesis	Zoology	1893	yes	Accompanied by epimorphism, a tendency to increasing perfection

Eimer	Orthogenesis	Zoology	1898	no	On Orthogenesis: And the Impotence of Natural Selection in Species Formation: trends in evolution with no adaptive significance, claimed hard to explain by natural selection.

Bergson	Elan vital	Philosophy	1907	yes	Creative Evolution

Przibram	Apogenesis	Embryology	1910s

Plate	Orthoselection or Old-Darwinism	Zoology	1913	yes	yes	yes	Combined theory

Rosa	Hologenesis	Zoology	1918	yes	Hologenesis: a New Theory of Evolution and the Geographical Distribution of Living Beings

Whitman	Orthogenesis	Zoology	1919	no	no	no	Orthogenetic Evolution in Pigeons posthumous

Berg	Nomogenesis	Zoology	1926	no	yes	no	Chemical forces direct evolution, leading to humans

Abel	Trägheitsgesetz (the law of inertia)	Palaeontology	1928	based on Dollo's law of irreversibility of evolution (which can be explained without orthogenesis as a statistical improbability that a path should be exactly reversed)

Lwoff	Physiological degradation	Physiology	1930s–1940s	yes	Directed loss of functions in microorganisms

Beurlen	Orthogenesis	Palaeontology	1930	no	no	Start is random metakinesis, generating variety; then palingenesis (in Beurlen's sense, repeating developmental pathway of ancestors) as mechanism for orthogenesis

Victor Jollos [pl]	Directed mutation	Protozoology, Zoology	1931	yes	Combined orthogenesis with Lamarckism (inheriting acquired characteristics after heat shock as dauermodifications, passed on by plasmatic inheritance in the cytoplasm)

Osborn	Aristogenesis	Palaeontology	1934	yes	no	no

Willis	Differentiation (orthogenesis)	Botany	1942	yes	a force "working upon some definite law that we do not yet comprehend", compromise between special creation and natural selection, driven by large mutations involving chromosome alterations

Noüy	Telefinalism	Biophysics	1947	yes	In book Human Destiny, essentially religious

Vandel [fr]	Organicism	Zoology	1949	L'Homme et L'Evolution

Sinnott	Telism	Botany	1950	yes	In book Cell and Psyche, essentially religious

Schindewolf	Typostrophism	Palaeontology	1950	yes	Basic Questions in Paleontology: Geologic Time, Organic Evolution and Biological Systematics; evolution due to periodic cycle of processes dictated by factors internal to organism.

Teilhard de Chardin	Directed additivity, Noogenesis Omega principle	Palaeontology Mysticism	1959	yes	The Phenomenon of Man posthumous; combined orthogenesis with non-material vitalist directive force aiming for a supposed "Omega Point" with creation of consciousness.

Croizat	Biological synthesis Panbiogeography	Botany	1964	mechanistic, caused by developmental constraints or phylogenetic constraints

Lima-de-Faria	Autoevolutionism	Physics, Chemistry	1988	No	No	No	No?	Natural selection is immaterial so cannot work.

Sentence(s)

In 1898, Eimer wrote on Orthogenesis: And the Impotence of Natural Selection in Species Formation.

final_sentence: In 1898, Eimer wrote on Orthogenesis: And the Impotence of Natural Selection in Species Formation.