List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Laureates

List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

Section Title: Laureates
Table Section Text: None

Year	Image	Laureate	Country	Rationale	Ref

1901	-	Emil Adolf von Behring	Germany	"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"

1902	-	Sir Ronald Ross	United Kingdom India	"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"

1903	-	Niels Ryberg Finsen	Denmark ( Faroe Islands)	"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"

1904	-	Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	Russia	"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"

1905	-	Robert Koch	Germany	"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"

1906	-	Camillo Golgi	Italy	"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"

-	Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Spain

1907	-	Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	France	"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"

1908	-	Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov	Russia	"in recognition of their work on immunity"

-	Paul Ehrlich	Germany

1909	-	Emil Theodor Kocher	Switzerland	"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"

1910	-	Albrecht Kossel	Germany	"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"

1911	-	Allvar Gullstrand	Sweden	"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"

1912	-	Alexis Carrel	France	"[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"

1913	-	Charles Richet	France	"[for] his work on anaphylaxis"

1914	-	Robert Bárány	Austria-Hungary	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"

1915	Not awarded

1916

1917

1918

1919	-	Jules Bordet	Belgium	"for his discoveries relating to immunity"

1920	-	Schack August Steenberg Krogh	Denmark	"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"

1921	Not awarded

1922	-	Archibald Vivian Hill	United Kingdom	"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"

-	Otto Fritz Meyerhof	Germany	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"

1923	-	Sir Frederick Grant Banting	Canada	"for the discovery of insulin"

-	John James Rickard Macleod	United Kingdom

1924	-	Willem Einthoven	Netherlands	"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"

1925	Not awarded

1926	-	Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	Denmark	"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"

1927	-	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Austria	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"

1928	-	Charles Jules Henri Nicolle	France	"for his work on typhus"

1929	-	Christiaan Eijkman	Netherlands	"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"

-	Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"

1930	-	Karl Landsteiner	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"

1931	-	Otto Heinrich Warburg	Germany	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"

1932	-	Sir Charles Scott Sherrington	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"

-	Edgar Douglas Adrian	United Kingdom

1933	-	Thomas Hunt Morgan	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"

1934	-	George Hoyt Whipple	United States	"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"

-	George Richards Minot	United States

-	William Parry Murphy	United States

1935	-	Hans Spemann	Germany	"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"

1936	-	Sir Henry Hallett Dale	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"

-	Otto Loewi	Austria Germany

1937	-	Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt	Hungary	"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"

1938	-	Corneille Jean François Heymans	Belgium	"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"

1939	-	Gerhard Domagk	Germany	"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"

1940	Not awarded

1941

1942

1943	-	Carl Peter Henrik Dam	Denmark	"for his discovery of vitamin K"

-	Edward Adelbert Doisy	United States	"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"

1944	-	Joseph Erlanger	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"

-	Herbert Spencer Gasser	United States

1945	-	Sir Alexander Fleming	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"

-	Sir Ernst Boris Chain	United Kingdom

-	Howard Walter Florey	Australia

1946	-	Hermann Joseph Muller	United States	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"

1947	-	Carl Ferdinand Cori	United States	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"

-	Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz	United States

Bernado Houssay.JPG	Bernardo Alberto Houssay	Argentina	"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"

1948	-	Paul Hermann Müller	Switzerland	"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"

1949	-	Walter Rudolf Hess	Switzerland	"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"

-	António Caetano Egas Moniz	Portugal	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"

1950	-	Philip Showalter Hench	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"

-	Edward Calvin Kendall	United States

-	Tadeusz Reichstein	Switzerland Poland

1951	-	Max Theiler	South Africa	"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"

1952	-	Selman Abraham Waksman	United States	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"

1953	-	Sir Hans Adolf Krebs	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"

-	Fritz Albert Lipmann	United States	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"

1954	John Franklin Enders	United States	"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"

-	Frederick Chapman Robbins	United States

-	Thomas Huckle Weller	United States

1955	-	Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell	Sweden	"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"

1956	-	André Frédéric Cournand	United States	"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"

-	Werner Forssmann	West Germany

-	Dickinson W. Richards	United States

1957	-	Daniel Bovet	Italy	"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"

1958	-	George Wells Beadle	United States	"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"

-	Edward Lawrie Tatum	United States

-	Joshua Lederberg	United States	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"

1959	-	Arthur Kornberg	United States	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"

-	Severo Ochoa	United States Spain

1960	-	Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet	Australia	"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"

-	Sir Peter Brian Medawar	Brazil United Kingdom

1961	-	Georg von Békésy	United States	"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"

1962	-	Francis Harry Compton Crick	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"

-	James Dewey Watson	United States

-	Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins	New Zealand United Kingdom

1963	-	Sir John Carew Eccles	Australia	"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"

-	Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin	United Kingdom

-	Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley	United Kingdom

1964	Konrad Bloch.JPG	Konrad Bloch	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"

-	Feodor Lynen	West Germany

1965	-	François Jacob	France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"

-	André Lwoff	France

-	Jacques Monod	France

1966	-	Peyton Rous	United States	"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"

-	Charles Brenton Huggins	United States	"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"

1967	-	Ragnar Granit	Finland Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"

-	Haldan Keffer Hartline	United States

-	George Wald	United States

1968	-	Robert W. Holley	United States	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"

-	Har Gobind Khorana	India United States

-	Marshall W. Nirenberg	United States

1969	-	Max Delbrück	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"

-	Alfred D. Hershey	United States

-	Salvador E. Luria	Italy United States

1970	-	Julius Axelrod	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"

-	Ulf von Euler	Sweden

Sir Bernard Katz	United Kingdom

1971	-	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"

1972	-	Gerald M. Edelman	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"

Rodney R. Porter	United Kingdom

1973	Karl von Frisch	West Germany	"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"

Konrad Lorenz.JPG	Konrad Lorenz	Austria

-	Nikolaas Tinbergen	Netherlands

1974	-	Albert Claude	Belgium	"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"

-	Christian de Duve	Belgium

-	George E. Palade	Romania

1975	-	David Baltimore	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"

-	Renato Dulbecco	Italy United States

-	Howard Martin Temin	United States

1976	-	Baruch S. Blumberg	United States	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"

-	D. Carleton Gajdusek	United States

1977	-	Roger Guillemin	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"

-	Andrew V. Schally	Canada Poland United States

-	Rosalyn Yalow	United States	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"

1978	-	Werner Arber	Switzerland	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"

Daniel Nathans	United States

-	Hamilton O. Smith	United States

1979	Allan M. Cormack	South Africa	"for the development of computer assisted tomography"

-	Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield	United Kingdom

1980	-	Baruj Benacerraf	Venezuela	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"

-	Jean Dausset	France

George D. Snell	United States

1981	-	Roger W. Sperry	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"

David H. Hubel	Canada	"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"

-	Torsten N. Wiesel	Sweden

1982	-	Sune K. Bergström	Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"

Bengt I. Samuelsson	Sweden

-	Sir John R. Vane	United Kingdom

1983	-	Barbara McClintock	United States	"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"

1984	-	Niels K. Jerne	Denmark	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"

Georges J.F. Köhler	West Germany

-	César Milstein	Argentina United Kingdom

1985	-	Michael S. Brown	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"

Joe Goldstein.JPG	Joseph L. Goldstein	United States

1986	-	Stanley Cohen	United States	"for their discoveries of growth factors"

-	Rita Levi-Montalcini	Italy

1987	-	Susumu Tonegawa	Japan	"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"

1988	-	Sir James W. Black	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"

-	Gertrude B. Elion	United States

-	George H. Hitchings	United States

1989	-	J. Michael Bishop	United States	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"

-	Harold E. Varmus	United States

1990	Joseph E. Murray	United States	"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"

-	E. Donnall Thomas	United States

1991	-	Erwin Neher	Germany	"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"

-	Bert Sakmann	Germany

1992	-	Edmond H. Fischer	Switzerland United States	"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"

Edwin G. Krebs	United States

1993	-	Sir Richard J. Roberts	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries of split genes"

-	Phillip A. Sharp	United States

1994	-	Alfred G. Gilman	United States	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"

-	Martin Rodbell	United States

1995	Edward B. Lewis	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"

-	Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard	Germany

-	Eric F. Wieschaus	United States

1996	-	Peter C. Doherty	Australia	"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"

-	Rolf M. Zinkernagel	Switzerland

1997	Prusiner 1.JPG	Stanley B. Prusiner	United States	"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"

1998	-	Robert F. Furchgott	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"

-	Louis J. Ignarro	United States

-	Ferid Murad	United States

1999	Gunter Blobel 2008 1.JPG	Günter Blobel	Germany United States	"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"

2000	-	Arvid Carlsson	Sweden	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"

-	Paul Greengard	United States

-	Eric R. Kandel	United States

2001	Leland H. Hartwell	United States	"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"

-	Sir Tim Hunt	United Kingdom

-	Sir Paul M. Nurse	United Kingdom

2002	-	Sydney Brenner	South Africa	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"

H. Robert Horvitz	United States

-	Sir John E. Sulston	United Kingdom

2003	-	Paul Lauterbur	United States	"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"

-	Sir Peter Mansfield	United Kingdom

2004	-	Richard Axel	United States	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"

-	Linda B. Buck	United States

2005	Marshall 2008.JPG	Barry J. Marshall	Australia	"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"

-	J. Robin Warren	Australia

2006	-	Andrew Z. Fire	United States	"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"

Craig Mello 01.JPG	Craig C. Mello	United States

2007	MarioCapecchiFotoThalerTamas2.JPG	Mario R. Capecchi	United States Italy	"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."

-	Sir Martin J. Evans	United Kingdom

-	Oliver Smithies	United Kingdom United States

2008	-	Harald zur Hausen	Germany	"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"

-	Françoise Barré-Sinoussi	France	"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"

-	Luc Montagnier	France

2009	Elizabeth Blackburn 2009-01.JPG	Elizabeth H. Blackburn	United States Australia	"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"

-	Carol W. Greider	United States

-	Jack W. Szostak	United States

2010	Sir Robert G. Edwards	United Kingdom	"for the development of in vitro fertilization"

2011	-	Bruce A. Beutler	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"

-	Jules A. Hoffmann	France

Ralph M. Steinman	Canada	"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously)

2012	John Gurdon Cambridge 2012.JPG	Sir John B. Gurdon	United Kingdom	"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"

Shinya Yamanaka	Shinya Yamanaka	Japan

2013	James E. Rothman	United States	"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"

-	Randy W. Schekman	United States

-	Thomas C. Südhof	United States Germany

2014	-	John O'Keefe	United States United Kingdom	"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"

-	May-Britt Moser	Norway

-	Edvard I. Moser	Norway

2015	-	William C. Campbell	Ireland United States	"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"

-	Satoshi Ōmura	Japan

-	Tu Youyou	China	"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria"

2016	-	Yoshinori Ohsumi	Japan	"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy"

2017	-	Jeffrey C. Hall	United States	"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"

-	Michael Rosbash	United States

-	Michael W. Young	United States

2018	James P. Allison (2015).JPG	James P. Allison	United States	"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"

-	Tasuku Honjo	Japan

Sentence(s)

The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for discovering nitric oxide's role as a cardiovascular signalling molecule.

final_sentence: The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for discovering nitric oxide's role as a cardiovascular signalling molecule.