Chemical element
List of the 118 known chemical elements

Chemical element

Section Title: List of the 118 known chemical elements
Table Section Text: None

List of chemical elements

Z	Symbol	Element	Origin of name	Group	Period	Atomic weight (u (±))	Density (g/cm3)	Melting point (K)	Boiling point (K)	C (J/g · K)	Electro­negativity (χ)	Abundance in Earth's crust (mg/kg)

1	H	Hydrogen	Greek elements hydro- and -gen, meaning 'water-forming'	1	1	1.008	0.00008988	14.01	20.28	14.304	2.20	1400

2	He	Helium	Greek hḗlios, 'sun'	18	1	4.002602(2)	0.0001785	—	4.22	5.193	–	0.008

3	Li	Lithium	Greek líthos, 'stone'	1	2	6.94	0.534	453.69	1560	3.582	0.98	20

4	Be	Beryllium	beryl, a mineral (ultimately from the name of Belur in southern India)	2	2	9.0121831(5)	1.85	1560	2742	1.825	1.57	2.8

5	B	Boron	borax, a mineral (from Arabic bawraq)	13	2	10.81	2.34	2349	4200	1.026	2.04	10

6	C	Carbon	Latin carbo, 'coal'	14	2	12.011	2.267	3800	4300	0.709	2.55	200

7	N	Nitrogen	Greek nítron and -gen, meaning 'niter-forming'	15	2	14.007	0.0012506	63.15	77.36	1.04	3.04	19

8	O	Oxygen	Greek oxy- and -gen, meaning 'acid-forming'	16	2	15.999	0.001429	54.36	90.20	0.918	3.44	461000

9	F	Fluorine	Latin fluere, 'to flow'	17	2	18.998403163(6)	0.001696	53.53	85.03	0.824	3.98	585

10	Ne	Neon	Greek néon, 'new'	18	2	20.1797(6)	0.0008999	24.56	27.07	1.03	–	0.005

11	Na	Sodium	English soda (the symbol Na is derived from New Latin natrium, coined from German Natron, 'natron')	1	3	22.98976928(2)	0.971	370.87	1156	1.228	0.93	23600

12	Mg	Magnesium	Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece	2	3	24.305	1.738	923	1363	1.023	1.31	23300

13	Al	Aluminium	alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis), 'bitter salt, alum'	13	3	26.9815384(3)	2.698	933.47	2792	0.897	1.61	82300

14	Si	Silicon	Latin silex, 'flint' (originally silicium)	14	3	28.085	2.3296	1687	3538	0.705	1.9	282000

15	P	Phosphorus	Greek phōsphóros, 'light-bearing'	15	3	30.973761998(5)	1.82	317.30	550	0.769	2.19	1050

16	S	Sulfur	Latin sulphur, 'brimstone'	16	3	32.06	2.067	388.36	717.87	0.71	2.58	350

17	Cl	Chlorine	Greek chlōrós, 'greenish yellow'	17	3	35.45	0.003214	171.6	239.11	0.479	3.16	145

18	Ar	Argon	Greek argós, 'idle' (because of its inertness)	18	3	39.948	0.0017837	83.80	87.30	0.52	–	3.5

19	K	Potassium	New Latin potassa, 'potash' (the symbol K is derived from Latin kalium)	1	4	39.0983(1)	0.862	336.53	1032	0.757	0.82	20900

20	Ca	Calcium	Latin calx, 'lime'	2	4	40.078(4)	1.54	1115	1757	0.647	1	41500

21	Sc	Scandium	Latin Scandia, 'Scandinavia'	3	4	44.955908(5)	2.989	1814	3109	0.568	1.36	22

22	Ti	Titanium	Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology	4	4	47.867(1)	4.54	1941	3560	0.523	1.54	5650

23	V	Vanadium	Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja	5	4	50.9415(1)	6.11	2183	3680	0.489	1.63	120

24	Cr	Chromium	Greek chróma, 'colour'	6	4	51.9961(6)	7.15	2180	2944	0.449	1.66	102

25	Mn	Manganese	corrupted from magnesia negra; see Magnesium	7	4	54.938043(2)	7.44	1519	2334	0.479	1.55	950

26	Fe	Iron	English word (the symbol Fe is derived from Latin ferrum)	8	4	55.845(2)	7.874	1811	3134	0.449	1.83	56300

27	Co	Cobalt	German Kobold, 'goblin'	9	4	58.933194(3)	8.86	1768	3200	0.421	1.88	25

28	Ni	Nickel	Nickel, a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology	10	4	58.6934(4)	8.912	1728	3186	0.444	1.91	84

29	Cu	Copper	English word, from Latin cuprum, from Ancient Greek Kýpros 'Cyprus'	11	4	63.546(3)	8.96	1357.77	2835	0.385	1.9	60

30	Zn	Zinc	Most likely from German Zinke, 'prong' or 'tooth', though some suggest Persian sang, 'stone'	12	4	65.38(2)	7.134	692.88	1180	0.388	1.65	70

31	Ga	Gallium	Latin Gallia, 'France'	13	4	69.723(1)	5.907	302.9146	2673	0.371	1.81	19

32	Ge	Germanium	Latin Germania, 'Germany'	14	4	72.630(8)	5.323	1211.40	3106	0.32	2.01	1.5

33	As	Arsenic	French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós, 'masculine' or 'virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka, 'golden'	15	4	74.921595(6)	5.776	1090	887	0.329	2.18	1.8

34	Se	Selenium	Greek selḗnē, 'moon'	16	4	78.971(8)	4.809	453	958	0.321	2.55	0.05

35	Br	Bromine	Greek brômos, 'stench'	17	4	79.904	3.122	265.8	332.0	0.474	2.96	2.4

36	Kr	Krypton	Greek kryptós, 'hidden'	18	4	83.798(2)	0.003733	115.79	119.93	0.248	3	1×10−4

37	Rb	Rubidium	Latin rubidus, 'deep red'	1	5	85.4678(3)	1.532	312.46	961	0.363	0.82	90

38	Sr	Strontium	Strontian, a village in Scotland	2	5	87.62(1)	2.64	1050	1655	0.301	0.95	370

39	Y	Yttrium	Ytterby, a village in Sweden	3	5	88.90584(1)	4.469	1799	3609	0.298	1.22	33

40	Zr	Zirconium	zircon, a mineral	4	5	91.224(2)	6.506	2128	4682	0.278	1.33	165

41	Nb	Niobium	Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology	5	5	92.90637(1)	8.57	2750	5017	0.265	1.6	20

42	Mo	Molybdenum	Greek molýbdaina, 'piece of lead', from mólybdos, 'lead'	6	5	95.95(1)	10.22	2896	4912	0.251	2.16	1.2

43	Tc	Technetium	Greek tekhnētós, 'artificial'	7	5	[98]	11.5	2430	4538	–	1.9	~ 3×10−9

44	Ru	Ruthenium	New Latin Ruthenia, 'Russia'	8	5	101.07(2)	12.37	2607	4423	0.238	2.2	0.001

45	Rh	Rhodium	Greek rhodóeis, 'rose-coloured', from rhódon, 'rose'	9	5	102.90549(2)	12.41	2237	3968	0.243	2.28	0.001

46	Pd	Palladium	the asteroid Pallas, considered a planet at the time	10	5	106.42(1)	12.02	1828.05	3236	0.244	2.2	0.015

47	Ag	Silver	English word (The symbol derives from Latin argentum)	11	5	107.8682(2)	10.501	1234.93	2435	0.235	1.93	0.075

48	Cd	Cadmium	New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos	12	5	112.414(4)	8.69	594.22	1040	0.232	1.69	0.159

49	In	Indium	Latin indicum, 'indigo' (colour found in its spectrum)	13	5	114.818(1)	7.31	429.75	2345	0.233	1.78	0.25

50	Sn	Tin	English word (The symbol derives from Latin stannum)	14	5	118.710(7)	7.287	505.08	2875	0.228	1.96	2.3

51	Sb	Antimony	Latin antimonium, the origin of which is uncertain: folk etymologies suggest it is derived from Greek antí ('against') + mónos ('alone'), or Old French anti-moine, 'Monk's bane', but it could plausibly be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid, 'antimony', reformatted as a Latin word.	15	5	121.760(1)	6.685	903.78	1860	0.207	2.05	0.2

52	Te	Tellurium	Latin tellus, 'the ground, earth'	16	5	127.60(3)	6.232	722.66	1261	0.202	2.1	0.001

53	I	Iodine	French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs, 'violet')	17	5	126.90447(3)	4.93	386.85	457.4	0.214	2.66	0.45

54	Xe	Xenon	Greek xénon, neuter form of xénos 'strange'	18	5	131.293(6)	0.005887	161.4	165.03	0.158	2.6	3×10−5

55	Cs	Caesium	Latin caesius, 'sky-blue'	1	6	132.90545196(6)	1.873	301.59	944	0.242	0.79	3

56	Ba	Barium	Greek barýs, 'heavy'	2	6	137.327(7)	3.594	1000	2170	0.204	0.89	425

57	La	Lanthanum	Greek lanthánein, 'to lie hidden'	3	6	138.90547(7)	6.145	1193	3737	0.195	1.1	39

58	Ce	Cerium	the dwarf planet Ceres, considered a planet at the time	6	140.116(1)	6.77	1068	3716	0.192	1.12	66.5

59	Pr	Praseodymium	Greek prásios dídymos, 'green twin'	6	140.90766(1)	6.773	1208	3793	0.193	1.13	9.2

60	Nd	Neodymium	Greek néos dídymos, 'new twin'	6	144.242(3)	7.007	1297	3347	0.19	1.14	41.5

61	Pm	Promethium	Prometheus of Greek mythology	6	[145]	7.26	1315	3273	–	1.13	2×10−19

62	Sm	Samarium	samarskite, a mineral named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official	6	150.36(2)	7.52	1345	2067	0.197	1.17	7.05

63	Eu	Europium	Europe	6	151.964(1)	5.243	1099	1802	0.182	1.2	2

64	Gd	Gadolinium	gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist	6	157.25(3)	7.895	1585	3546	0.236	1.2	6.2

65	Tb	Terbium	Ytterby, a village in Sweden	6	158.925354(8)	8.229	1629	3503	0.182	1.2	1.2

66	Dy	Dysprosium	Greek dysprósitos, 'hard to get'	6	162.500(1)	8.55	1680	2840	0.17	1.22	5.2

67	Ho	Holmium	New Latin Holmia, 'Stockholm'	6	164.930328(7)	8.795	1734	2993	0.165	1.23	1.3

68	Er	Erbium	Ytterby, a village in Sweden	6	167.259(3)	9.066	1802	3141	0.168	1.24	3.5

69	Tm	Thulium	Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location	6	168.934218(6)	9.321	1818	2223	0.16	1.25	0.52

70	Yb	Ytterbium	Ytterby, a village in Sweden	6	173.045(10)	6.965	1097	1469	0.155	1.1	3.2

71	Lu	Lutetium	Latin Lutetia, 'Paris'	6	174.9668(1)	9.84	1925	3675	0.154	1.27	0.8

72	Hf	Hafnium	New Latin Hafnia, 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn)	4	6	178.49(2)	13.31	2506	4876	0.144	1.3	3

73	Ta	Tantalum	King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology	5	6	180.94788(2)	16.654	3290	5731	0.14	1.5	2

74	W	Tungsten	Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (The symbol is from wolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite)	6	6	183.84(1)	19.25	3695	5828	0.132	2.36	1.3

75	Re	Rhenium	Latin Rhenus, 'the Rhine'	7	6	186.207(1)	21.02	3459	5869	0.137	1.9	7×10−4

76	Os	Osmium	Greek osmḗ, 'smell'	8	6	190.23(3)	22.61	3306	5285	0.13	2.2	0.002

77	Ir	Iridium	Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow	9	6	192.217(2)	22.56	2719	4701	0.131	2.2	0.001

78	Pt	Platinum	Spanish platina, 'little silver', from plata 'silver'	10	6	195.084(9)	21.46	2041.4	4098	0.133	2.28	0.005

79	Au	Gold	English word (The symbol derives from Latin aurum)	11	6	196.966570(4)	19.282	1337.33	3129	0.129	2.54	0.004

80	Hg	Mercury	Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility (The symbol is from the element's Latin name hydrargyrum, derived from Greek hydrárgyros, 'water-silver')	12	6	200.592(3)	13.5336	234.43	629.88	0.14	2	0.085

81	Tl	Thallium	Greek thallós, 'green shoot or twig'	13	6	204.38	11.85	577	1746	0.129	1.62	0.85

82	Pb	Lead	English word (The symbol derives from Latin plumbum)	14	6	207.2(1)	11.342	600.61	2022	0.129	1.87	14

83	Bi	Bismuth	German Wismut, from weiß Masse 'white mass', unless from Arabic	15	6	208.98040(1)	9.807	544.7	1837	0.122	2.02	0.009

84	Po	Polonium	Latin Polonia, 'Poland' (the home country of Marie Curie)	16	6	[209]	9.32	527	1235	–	2.0	2×10−10

85	At	Astatine	Greek ástatos, 'unstable'	17	6	[210]	7	575	610	–	2.2	3×10−20

86	Rn	Radon	radium	18	6	[222]	0.00973	202	211.3	0.094	2.2	4×10−13

87	Fr	Francium	France	1	7	[223]	1.87	300	950	–	0.7	~ 1×10−18

88	Ra	Radium	French radium, from Latin radius, 'ray'	2	7	[226]	5.5	973	2010	0.094	0.9	9×10−7

89	Ac	Actinium	Greek aktís, 'ray'	3	7	[227]	10.07	1323	3471	0.12	1.1	5.5×10−10

90	Th	Thorium	Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder	7	232.0377(4)	11.72	2115	5061	0.113	1.3	9.6

91	Pa	Protactinium	proto- (from Greek prôtos, 'first, before') + actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium	7	231.03588(1)	15.37	1841	4300	–	1.5	1.4×10−6

92	U	Uranium	Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System	7	238.02891(3)	18.95	1405.3	4404	0.116	1.38	2.7

93	Np	Neptunium	Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System	7	[237]	20.45	917	4273	–	1.36	≤ 3×10−12

94	Pu	Plutonium	the dwarf planet Pluto, considered the ninth planet in the Solar System at the time	7	[244]	19.84	912.5	3501	–	1.28	≤ 3×10−11

95	Am	Americium	The Americas, as the element was first synthesised on the continent, by analogy with europium	7	[243]	13.69	1449	2880	–	1.13	0

96	Cm	Curium	Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, French physicists and chemists	7	[247]	13.51	1613	3383	–	1.28	0

97	Bk	Berkelium	Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesised, by analogy with terbium	7	[247]	14.79	1259	2900	–	1.3	0

98	Cf	Californium	California, where the element was first synthesised	7	[251]	15.1	1173	(1743)	–	1.3	0

99	Es	Einsteinium	Albert Einstein, German physicist	7	[252]	8.84	1133	(1269)	–	1.3	0

100	Fm	Fermium	Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist	7	[257]	(9.7)	(1125)	–	–	1.3	0

101	Md	Mendelevium	Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist and inventor who proposed the periodic table	7	[258]	(10.3)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	0

102	No	Nobelium	Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer	7	[259]	(9.9)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	0

103	Lr	Lawrencium	Ernest O. Lawrence, American physicist	7	[266]	(15.6)	(1900)	–	–	1.3	0

104	Rf	Rutherfordium	Ernest Rutherford, British chemist and physicist	4	7	[267]	(23.2)	(2400)	(5800)	–	–	0

105	Db	Dubnium	Dubna, Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is located	5	7	[268]	(29.3)	–	–	–	–	0

106	Sg	Seaborgium	Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist	6	7	[269]	(35.0)	–	–	–	–	0

107	Bh	Bohrium	Niels Bohr, Danish physicist	7	7	[270]	(37.1)	–	–	–	–	0

108	Hs	Hassium	New Latin Hassia, 'Hesse' (a state in Germany)	8	7	[270]	(40.7)	–	–	–	–	0

109	Mt	Meitnerium	Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist	9	7	[278]	(37.4)	–	–	–	–	0

110	Ds	Darmstadtium	Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesised	10	7	[281]	(34.8)	–	–	–	–	0

111	Rg	Roentgenium	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist	11	7	[282]	(28.7)	–	–	–	–	0

112	Cn	Copernicium	Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer	12	7	[285]	(23.7)	–	~357	–	–	0

113	Nh	Nihonium	Japanese Nihon, 'Japan' (where the element was first synthesised)	13	7	[286]	(16)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	0

114	Fl	Flerovium	Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where the element was synthesised; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist	14	7	[289]	(14)	–	~210	–	–	0

115	Mc	Moscovium	Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesised	15	7	[290]	(13.5)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	0

116	Lv	Livermorium	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis	16	7	[293]	(12.9)	(709)	(1085)	–	–	0

117	Ts	Tennessine	Tennessee, United States	17	7	[294]	(7.2)	(723)	(883)	–	–	0

118	Og	Oganesson	Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist	18	7	[294]	(5.0)	–	(350)	–	–	0

Notes ^ Z is the standard symbol for atomic number; C is the standard symbol for heat capacity; and χ is the standard symbol for electronegativity on the Pauling scale.

Sentence(s)

The known elements have atomic numbers from 1 through 118.

final_sentence: The known elements have atomic numbers from 1 through 118.