The world's 100 most threatened species
Species list

The world's 100 most threatened species

Section Title: Species list
Table Section Text: None

Species	Common name	Type	Image	Location(s)	Estimated population	Threats

Abies beshanzuensis	Baishan fir	Plant (flower)	Baishanzu Mountain, Zhejiang, China	Five mature individuals	agriculture fire

Actinote zikani	Insect (butterfly)	Near São Paulo, Atlantic forest, Brazil	Unknown	habitat loss from human expansion

Aipysurus foliosquama	Leaf scaled sea-snake	Reptile	Ashmore Reef and Hibernia Reef, Timor Sea	Unknown	unknown—probably degradation of coral reef habitat

Amanipodagrion gilliesi	Amani flatwing	Insect (damselfly)	Amani-Sigi Forest, Usamabara Mountains, Tanzania	< 500 individuals	population pressure and water pollution

Anisolabis seychellensis	Insect	Morne Blanc, Mahé island, Seychelles	Unknown	invasive species climate change

Antilophia bokermanni	Araripe manakin	Bird	-	Chapado do Araripe, South Ceará, Brazil	779 individuals	recreational facilities water diversion

Aphanius transgrediens	Aci Göl toothcarp	Fish	south-eastern shore of former Lake Aci, Turkey	few hundred pairs	competition and predation by Gambusia road construction

Aproteles bulmerae	Bulmer’s fruit bat	Mammal	Luplupwintern Cave, Western Province, Papua New Guinea	150	hunting cave disturbance

Ardea insignis	White bellied heron	Bird	White-bellied Heron at Pho Chu, Bhutan.JPG	Bhutan, North East India and Myanmar	70–400 individuals	hydropower development

Ardeotis nigriceps	Great Indian bustard	Bird	-	Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya, India	50–249 mature individuals	agricultural development

Astrochelys yniphora	Ploughshare tortoise	Reptile	-	Baly Bay region, northwestern Madagascar	440–770	illegal collection for international pet trade

Atelopus balios	Rio Pescado stubfoot toad	Amphibian	Azuay, Cañar and Guyas provinces, south-western Ecuador	Unknown	Chytridiomycosis logging agricultural expansion

Aythya innotata	Madagascar pochard	Bird	-	volcanic lakes north of Bealanana, Madagascar	80 mature individuals	agriculture hunting and fishing introduced fish

Azurina eupalama	Galapagos damsel fish	Fish	-	Unknown	Unknown	climate change oceanographic changes related to the 1982/1983 El Nino

Bahaba taipingensis	Giant yellow croaker	Fish	Chinese coast from Yangtze River, China to Hong Kong	Unknown	over-fishing due to value of swim-bladder in traditional medicine

Batagur baska	Common batagur	Reptile (turtle)	-	Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia and Malaysia	Unknown	illegal export China

Bazzania bhutanica	Plant	Budini and Lafeti Khola, Bhutan	2 sub-populations	forest clearance overgrazing development

Beatragus hunteri	Hirola	Mammal (antelope)	-	South-east Kenya and possibly south-west Somalia	< 1,000 individuals	habitat loss competition with livestock poaching

Bombus franklini	Franklin’s bumblebee	Insect (bee)	Oregon and California	Unknown	disease from commercial bumblebees habitat destruction and degradation

Brachyteles hypoxanthus	Northern muriqui Woolly spider monkey	Mammal (primate)	-	Atlantic forest, south-eastern Brazil	< 1,000	large-scale deforestation and logging

Bradypus pygmaeus	Pygmy three-toed sloth	Mammal	Isla Escudo de Veraguas, Panama	< 500	illegal logging of mangrove forests for firewood and construction hunting

Callitriche pulchra	Plant (freshwater)	pool on Gavdos, Greece	Unknown	habitat exploitation by livestock modification of the pool by locals

Calumma tarzan	Tarzan’s chameleon	Reptile	Anosibe An’Ala region, eastern Madagascar	< 100	agriculture

Cavia intermedia	Santa Catarina’s guinea pig	Mammal (rodent)	Moleques do Sul Island, Santa Catarina, Brazil	40–60	habitat disturbance possible hunting result of having such a small population

Cercopithecus roloway	Roloway guenon	Mammal (primate)	-	Côte d'Ivoire	Unknown	hunting habitat loss

Coleura seychellensis	Seychelles sheath-tailed bat	Mammal (bat)	Two small caves on Silhouette and Mahé, Seychelles	< 100	habitat degradation predation by invasive species

Cryptomyces maximus	Willow blister	Fungi	Pembrokeshire, United Kingdom	Unknown	limited habitat

Cryptotis nelsoni	Nelson’s small-eared shrew	Mammal (shrew)	Volcán San Martín Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico	Unknown	logging cattle grazing fire agriculture

Cyclura collei	Jamaican iguana Jamaican rock iguana	Reptile	-	Hellshire Hills, Jamaica	Unknown	habitat destruction predation by introduced species

Daubentonia Madagascariensis	Aye-aye	Mammal (primate)	-	Deciduous forest, East Madagascar	Unknown	poaching limited habitat

Dendrophylax fawcettii	Cayman Islands ghost orchid	Plant (orchid)	Ironwood Forest, George Town, Grand Cayman	Unknown	infrastructure development

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis	Sumatran rhino	Mammal (rhino)	-	Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia	< 100	hunting (horn is used in traditional medicine)

Diomedea amsterdamensis	Amsterdam albatross	Bird	-	Breeds on Plateuau des Tourbières, Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean.	100 mature individuals	disease incidental by-catch in long-line fishing

Dioscorea strydomiana	Wild yam	Plant	Oshoek area, Mpumalanga, South Africa	200	collection for medicinal use

Diospyros katendei	Plant (tree)	Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve, Uganda	20 individuals in a single population	agricultural activity illegal tree felling alluvial gold digging small population

Dipterocarpus lamellatus	Plant (tree)	Siangau Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia	12 individuals	logging of lowland forest creation of industrial plantations

Discoglossus nigriventer	Hula painted frog	Amphibian	Israel painted frog.JPG	Hula Valley, Israel	Unknown	predation by birds range restriction due to habitat destruction

Dombeya mauritiana	Plant	Mauritius	Unknown	encroachment by invasive plant species habitat loss due to cannabis cultivation

Elaeocarpus bojeri	Bois Dentelle	Plant (tree)	Grand Bassin, Mauritius	< 10 individuals	habitat degradation

Eleutherodactylus glandulifer	La Hotte glanded frog	Amphibian	Massif de la Hotte, Haiti	Unknown	charcoal production slash-and-burn agriculture

Eleutherodactylus thorecetes	Macaya breast-spot frog	Amphibian	Formon and Macaya peaks, Masif de la Hotte, Haiti	Unknown	charcoal production slash-and-burn agriculture

Eriosyce chilensis	Chilenito (cactus)	Plant	Pta Molles and Pichidungui, Chile	< 500 individuals	collection of flowering plants

Erythrina schliebenii	Coral tree	Plant	Namatimbili-Ngarama Forest, Tanzania	< 50 individuals	limited habitat and small population size increase vulnerability

Euphorbia tanaensis	Plant (tree)	Witu Forest Reserve, Kenya	4 mature individuals	illegal logging agricultural expansion infrastructure development

Eurynorhyncus pygmeus	Spoon-billed sandpiper	Bird	-	Breeds in Russia, migrates along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway to wintering grounds in India, Bangladesh and Myanmar	100 breeding pairs	trapping land reclamation

Ficus katendei	Plant	Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve, Ishasha River, Uganda	< 50 mature individuals	agriculture illegal tree felling alluvial gold digging

Geronticus eremita	Northern bald ibis	Bird	-	Breeds in Morocco, Turkey and Syria. Syrian population winters in central Ethiopia.	200–249 mature individuals	habitat degradation and destruction hunting

Gigasiphon macrosiphon	Plant (flower)	Kaya Muhaka, Gongoni and Mrima Forest Reserves, Kenya, Amani Nature Reserve, West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve, and Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania	33	timber extraction agriculture encroachment and development predation by wild pigs

Gocea ohridana	Mollusc	Lake Ohrid, Macedonia	Unknown	increasing pollution levels off-take of water sedimentation events

Heleophryne rosei	Table mountain ghost frog	Amphibian	Table Mountain, Western Cape Province, South Africa	Unknown	invasive plants water abstraction

Hemicycla paeteliana	Mollusc (land snail)	Jandia peninsula, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands	Unknown	overgrazing trampling by goats and tourists

Heteromirafa sidamoensis	Liben lark	Bird	Liben Plains, southern Ethiopia	90–256	agricultural expansion overgrazing fire suppression

Hibiscadelphus woodii	Plant (tree)	Kalalau Valley, Hawaii	Unknown	habitat degradation due to feral ungulates competition with invasive plant species

Hucho perryi	Sakhalin taimen	Fish	-	Russian and Japanese rivers, Pacific Ocean between Russia and Japan	Unknown	overfishing damming agriculture other land use

Johora singaporensis	Singapore freshwater crab	Crustacean	Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and streamlet near Bukit Batok, Singapore	Unknown	habitat degradation due to reduction in water quality and quantity

Lathyrus belinensis	Belin vetchling	Plant	Outskirts of Belin village, Antalya, Turkey	< 1,000	urbanisation over-grazing conifer planting road widening

Leiopelma archeyi	Archey’s frog	Amphibian	-	Coromandel peninsula and Whareorino Forest, New Zealand	Unknown	Chytridiomycosis predation by invasive species

Lithobates sevosus	Dusky gopher frog	Amphibian	Harrison County, Mississippi, USA	60–100	fungal disease climate change land-use changes

Lophura edwardsi	Edwards’s pheasant	Bird	Male edwards' pheasant.JPG	Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien-Hue, Viet Nam	Unknown	habitat loss hunting

Magnolia wolfii	Plant (tree)	Risaralda, Colombia	3	isolation of species low regeneration rates

Margaritifera marocana	Mollusc	Oued Denna, Oued Abid and Oued Beth, Morocco	< 250	pollution development

Moominia willii	Mollusc (snail)	Silhouette Island, Seychelles	< 500	invasive species climate change

Natalus primus	Cuban greater funnel eared bat	Mammal (bat)	Cueva La Barca, Isle of Pines, Cuba	< 100	habitat loss human disturbance

Nepenthes attenboroughii	Attenborough’s pitcher plant	Plant	-	Mount Victoria, Palawan, Philippines	Unknown	poaching

Nomascus hainanus	Hainan black crested gibbon	Mammal (primate)	-	Hainan Island, China	20	hunting

Neurergus kaiseri	Luristan newt	Amphibian	-	Zagros Mountains, Lorestan, Iran	< 1,000	illegal collection for pet trade

Oreocnemis phoenix	Mulanje red damsel	Insect (damselfly)	Mulanje Plateau, Malawi	Unknown	habitat destruction and degradation due to drainage agricultural expansion exploitation of forest

Pangasius sanitwongsei	Pangasid catfish	Fish	-	Chao Phraya and Mekong basins in Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam	Unknown	overfishing collection for aquarium trade

Parides burchellanus	Insect (butterfly)	Cerrado, Brazil	< 100	human expansion limited range

Phocoena sinus	Vaquita	Mammal (porpoise)	Northern Gulf of California, Mexico	12	capture in fishermen's gillnets

Picea neoveitchii	Type of spruce tree	Plant (tree)	Qinling Range, China	Unknown	destruction of forest

Pinus squamata	Qiaojia pine	Plant (tree)	Qiaojia, Yunnan, China	< 25	limited distribution small population size

Poecilotheria metallica	Gooty tarantula Metallic tarantula Peacock tarantula Salepurgu	Spider	Poecilotheria metallica.JPG	Nandyal and Giddalur, Andhra Pradesh, India	Unknown	deforestation firewood collection civil unrest

Pomarea whitneyi	Fatuhiva monarch	Bird	Fatu Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	50	predation by introduced species - Rattus rattus and feral cats

Pristis pristis	Common sawfish	Fish	-	Coastal tropical and subtropical waters of Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Currently largely restricted to northern Australia	Unknown	exploitation has removed the species from 95 per cent of its historical range

Prolemur simus	Greater bamboo lemur	Mammal (primate)	-	Southeastern and southcentral rainforests of Madagascar	500	agriculture mining illegal logging

Propithecus candidus	Silky sifaka	Mammal (primate)	-	Maroantsetra to Andapa basin, and Marojeju Massif, Madagascar	100–1,000	hunting habitat disturbance

Psammobates geometricus	Geometric tortoise	Reptile	-	Western Cape Province, South Africa	Unknown	loss of habitat destruction predation

Pseudoryx nghetinhensis	Saola	Mammal	Pseudoryx nghetinhensis.PNG	Annamite mountains, on the Viet Nam - PDR Laos border	Unknown	habitat destruction hunting

Psiadia cataractae	Plant	Mauritius	Unknown	development project competition from invasive plant species

Psorodonotus ebneri	Beydaglari bush-cricket	Insect	Beydaglari range, Antalaya, Turkey	Unknown	climate change habitat loss

Rafetus swinhoei	Red River giant softshell turtle	Reptile	-	Hoan Kiem Lake and Dong Mo Lake, Viet Nam, and Suzhou Zoo, China	4	hunting for consumption wetland destruction pollution

Rhinoceros sondaicus	Javan rhino	Mammal (rhino)	-	Ujung Kulon National Park, Java, Indonesia	< 100	hunting for traditional medicine small population size

Rhinopithecus avunculus	Tonkin snub-nosed monkey	Mammal (primate)	Northeastern Vietnam	< 200	habitat loss hunting

Rhizanthella gardneri	West Australian underground orchid	Plant (orchid)	-	Western Australia, Australia	< 100	land clearance for agriculture climate change salinisation

Rhynchocyon spp.	Boni giant sengi	Mammal (shrew)	Rhynchocyon petersi one.JPG	Boni-Dodori Forest, Lamu area, Kenya	Unknown	development causing habitat loss

Risiocnemis seidenschwarzi	Cebu frill-wing	Insect (damselfly)	Rivulet beside the Kawasan River, Cebu, Philippines	Unknown	habitat degradation and destruction

Rosa arabica	Plant	St Katherine Mountains, Egypt	Unknown, 10 sub-populations	domestic animal grazing climate change and drought medicinal plant collecting limited range

Salanoia durrelli	Durrell’s vontsira	Mammal (mongoose)	-	Marshes of Lake Alaotra, Madagascar	Unknown	loss of habitat

Santamartamys rufodorsalis	Red crested tree rat	Mammal (rodent)	Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia	Unknown	urban development coffee cultivation

Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis	Red-finned blue-eye	Fish	Edgbaston Station, central western Queensland, Australia	2,000–4,000	predation by introduced species

Squatina squatina	Angel shark	Fish	-	Canary Islands	Unknown	benthic trawling

Sterna bernsteini	Chinese crested tern	Bird	Breeding in Zhejiang and Fujian, China. Outside breeding season in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand.	< 50	habitat destruction egg collection

Syngnathus watermeyeri	Estuarine pipefish	Fish	Kariega Estuary to East Kleinemonde Estuary, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa	Unknown	dam construction is altering river flows flood events into estuaries

Tahina spectabilis	Suicide palm Dimaka	Plant	-	Analalava district, north-western Madagascar	90	fires logging agricultural developments

Telmatobufo bullocki	Bullock’s false toad	Amphibian (frog)	-	Nahuelbuta, Arauco Province, Chile	Unknown	construction of hydro-electricity

Tokudaia muenninki	Okinawa spiny rat	Mammal (rodent)	Okinawa Island, Japan	Unknown	habitat loss predation by feral cats

Trigonostigma somphongsi	Somphongs’s rasbora	Fish	-	Mae Khlong basin, Thailand	Unknown	farmland conversion and urbanization

Valencia letourneuxi	Fish	Southern Albania and Western Greece	Unknown	habitat destruction water abstraction aggressive interaction with Gambusia

Voanioala gerardii	Forest coconut	Plant	Masoala peninsula, Madagascar	< 10	deforestation harvesting for consumption of palm heart

Zaglossus attenboroughi	Attenborough’s echidna	Mammal	Cyclops Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia	Unknown	habitat modification and degradation logging agricultural encroachment shifting cultivation and hunting by local people

Sentence(s)

The great Indian bustard is threatened by agriculture development, and is down to the 50–249 individuals.

final_sentence: The great Indian bustard is threatened by agriculture development, and is down to the 50–249 individuals.