Austronesian alignment
Types of Semantic Roles
Across languages, the most common semantic roles with which the voice affixes may agree are agent, patient, location, instrument, and benefactee.

Austronesian alignment

Section Title: Types of Semantic Roles
Table Section Text: Across languages, the most common semantic roles with which the voice affixes may agree are agent, patient, location, instrument, and benefactee.

Language	Number of Voices	Prefocus Base	Agent	Patient	Location	Instrument	Benefactee	Theme	Goal	Reason	Time

Proto-Austronesian	4	N/A	um-	en	an	si-

Amis	4	N/A	m-	ma-	an	sa-

Atayal (Mayrinax)	4	N/A	m-	un	an	si-	si-

Atayal (Squliq)	4	N/A	m-	un	an	s-	s-

Blaan	4	Agent	∅ / m- / -am-	n- / -an-

Patient	m- / -am-	∅	n- / -an-

Instrument	m- / -am-	n- / -am-	∅

Bonggi	4	N/A	N-	∅ / -idn	pəN-	adn	adn

Cebuano	4	N/A	mo-	on	an	i-	an	an

Hla'alua	3	N/A	um-	a	ana	ana

Ivatan	4	N/A	m-	hen	an	qi-	qi-

Kadazan Dusun	3	N/A	mog-	on	an

Kalagan	4	N/A	um-	in	an	pag-	an

Kanakanavu	4	N/A	um-	ai	an	si-

Kapampangan	5	N/A	um-	i-	pi--an	paN-	paN-	anan

Kavalan	3	N/A	em-	an	ti-	ti-

Kelabit	3	N/A	N-	∅ / -en	peN-

Kimaragang	5	N/A	m-	on	on	∅- / i-	an

Limos Kalinga	5	N/A	man-	∅ / -on	an	i-	i--an

Malagasy	3	N/A	m-	ina	ana	ana

Maranao	4	N/A	om-	in	an	i-	an

Paiwan	4	N/A	m-	en	an	si-

Palawan	4	N/A	mog-	on	an	i-	an

Pazeh	4	N/A	mu-	en	an	saa-

Puyuma	4	N/A	em-	aw	ay	anay	anay

Seediq (Tgdaya)	4	N/A	em-	un	an	se-

Seediq (Truku)	3	N/A	em-	an	an	se-	se-

Tagalog	6	N/A	m- / -um-	∅ / -in	an	ipaN-	i-	an	ika-

Timugon Murut	5	N/A	m-	on	CV-	in	an

Tondano	4	N/A	um-	ən	an	i-	i-	i-

Tsou	4	N/A	mo-	a	i	neni

Yami	4	N/A	om-	en	an	i-

Sentence(s)

Tagalog has six voices.

final_sentence: Tagalog has six voices.