List of literary movements
The list
This is a list of modern literary movements: that is, movements after the Renaissance. Ordering is approximate, as there is considerable overlap.

List of literary movements

Section Title: The list
Table Section Text: This is a list of modern literary movements: that is, movements after the Renaissance. Ordering is approximate, as there is considerable overlap.

Movement	Description	Notable authors

Cavalier Poets	17th-century English royalist poets, writing primarily about courtly love, called Sons of Ben (after Ben Jonson)	Richard Lovelace, William Davenant

Metaphysical poets	17th-century English movement using extended conceit, often (though not always) about religion.	John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell

Amatory fiction	Romantic fiction popular around 1660 to 1730; notable for preceding the modern novel form and producing several prominent female authors	Eliza Haywood, Delarivier Manley, Aphra Behn

The Augustans	18th-century literary movement based chiefly on classical ideals, satire and skepticism	Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift

Sturm und Drang	A precursor to the romantic movement, Sturm und Drang is named for a play by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger. Sturm and Drang literature often features a protagonist which is driven by emotion, impulse and other motives that run counter to the enlightenment rationalism.	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller

Romanticism	19th-century (1800 to 1860) movement emphasizing emotion and imagination, rather than logic and scientific thought. Response to the Enlightenment	Mary Shelley, Victor Hugo, Lord Byron, Camilo Castelo Branco

Dark romanticism	19th-century American movement in reaction to Transcendentalism. Finds man inherently sinful and self-destructive and nature a dark, mysterious force	Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edwin Arlington Robinson

American Romanticism	Distinct from European Romanticism, the American form emerged somewhat later, was based more in fiction than in poetry, and incorporated a (sometimes almost suffocating) awareness of history, particularly the darkest aspects of American history	Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ambrose Bierce

Gothic novel	Fiction in which Romantic ideals are combined with an interest in the supernatural and in violence	Ann Radcliffe, Bram Stoker, Harper Lee, Edgar Allan Poe

Lake Poets	A group of Romantic poets from the English Lake District who wrote about nature and the sublime	William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey

Pre-Raphaelitism	19th-century, primarily English movement based ostensibly on undoing innovations by the painter Raphael. Many were both painters and poets	Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti

Transcendentalism	19th-century American movement: poetry and philosophy concerned with self-reliance, independence from modern technology	Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

Realism	Late-19th-century movement based on a simplification of style and image and an interest in poverty and everyday concerns	Gustave Flaubert, William Dean Howells, Stendhal, Honoré de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Frank Norris, Eça de Queiroz

Naturalism	Late 19th century. Proponents of this movement believe heredity and environment control people	Émile Zola, Stephen Crane, Guy de Maupassant, Theodore Dreiser

Verismo	Verismo is a derivative of naturalism and realism that began in post-unification Italy. Verismo literature uses detailed character development based on psychology, in Giovanni Verga's words 'the science of the human heart.'	Giovanni Verga, Luigi Capuana, Matilde Serao, Grazia Deledda

Socialist Realism	Socialist realism is a subset of realist art which focuses on communist values and realist depiction. It developed in the Soviet Union and was imposed as state policy by Joseph Stalin in 1934, though authors in other socialist countries and members of the communist party in non-socialist counties also partook in the movement	Maxim Gorky, Nikolai Ostrovsky, Mikhail Sholokhov, Lu Xun, Takiji Kobayashi, Mike Gold

Magical Realism	Literary movement in which magical elements appear in otherwise realistic circumstances. Most often associated with the Latin American literary boom of the 20th century	Gabriel García Márquez, Octavio Paz, Günter Grass, Julio Cortázar, Sadegh Hedayat, Malay Roy Choudhury

Decadent movement	In the mid 19th century, decadence came to refer to moral decay, and was attributed as the cause of the fall of great civilizations, like the Roman empire.	Joris-Karl Huysmans, Gustav Flaubert, Charles Baudelaire, Oscar Wilde

Symbolism	Principally French movement of the fin de siècle, symbolism is codified by the Symbolist Manifesto in 1886, and focused on the structure of thought rather than poetic form or image; influential for English language poets from Edgar Allan Poe to James Merrill	Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valéry

Futurism	Codified in 1909 by the Manifesto of Futurism, futurism avoids being intellectual and using fixed syntax or style, makes use of irony and analogy, and is to be written intuitively or from inspiration	Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Mina Loy, Jaroslav Seifert

Stream of consciousness	Early-20th-century fiction consisting of literary representations of quotidian thought, without authorial presence	Virginia Woolf, James Joyce

Modernism	Variegated movement of the early 20th century, encompassing primitivism, formal innovation, or reaction to science and technology	Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, H.D., James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Fernando Pessoa, Knut Hamsun

Expressionism	Part of the larger expressionist movement, literary and theatrical expressionism is an avant-garde movement originating in Germany, which rejects realism in order to depict emotions and subjective thoughts	Franz Kafka, Alfred Döblin, Gottfried Benn, Heinrich Mann, Oskar Kokoschka

Imagism	Poetry based on description rather than theme, and on the motto, "the natural object is always the adequate symbol."	Ezra Pound, H.D., Richard Aldington

First World War Poets	British poets who documented both the idealism and the horrors of the war and the period in which it took place	Siegfried Sassoon, Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen

The Lost Generation	The term 'Lost Generation' is traditionally attributed to Gertrude Stein and was then popularized by Ernest Hemingway in the epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises, and his memoir A Moveable Feast.	F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Waldo Pierce, John Dos Passos

Dada	Touted by its proponents as anti-art, dada focused on going against artistic norms and conventions	Kurt Schwitters, Subimal Mishra

Stridentism	Mexican artistic avant-garde movement. They exalted modern urban life and social revolution	Manuel Maples Arce, Arqueles Vela, Germán List Arzubide

Los Contemporáneos	A Mexican vanguardist group, active in the late 1920s and early 1930s; published an eponymous literary magazine which served as the group's mouthpiece and artistic vehicle from 1928 to 1931	Xavier Villaurrutia, Salvador Novo

Harlem Renaissance	African American poets, novelists, and thinkers, often employing elements of blues and folklore, based in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the 1920s	Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston

Jindyworobak movement	The Jindyworobak movement originated in Adelaide, South Australia during the great depression. It sought to preserve uniquely Australian culture from external influence by incorporating Australian aboriginal languages and mythology and unique Australian settings	Rex Ingamells, Xavier Herbert

Surrealism	Originally a French movement, influenced by Surrealist painting, that uses surprising images and transitions to play off of formal expectations and depict the unconscious rather than conscious mind	Jean Cocteau, José María Hinojosa Lasarte, André Breton, Sadegh Hedayat, Mário Cesariny

Southern Agrarians	A group of Southern American poets, based originally at Vanderbilt University, who expressly repudiated many modernist developments in favor of metrical verse and narrative.	John Crowe Ransom, Robert Penn Warren

Postmodernism	Postwar movement skeptical of absolutes and embracing diversity, irony, and word play	Jorge Luis Borges, Thomas Pynchon, Alasdair Gray, Samir Roychoudhury, Kurt Vonnegut

Absurdism	The absurdist movement is derived from absurdist philosophy, which argues that life is inherently purposeless and questions truth and value. As such, asburdist literature and theatre of the absurd often includes dark humor, satire, and incongruity.	Jean-Paul Satre, Samuel Beckett, Albert Camus, Gao Xingjian

Black Mountain Poets	A self-identified group of poets, originally based at Black Mountain College, who eschewed patterned form in favor of the rhythms and inflections of the human voice	Charles Olson, Denise Levertov, Robert Creeley

Postcolonialism	A diverse, loosely connected movement of writers from former colonies of European countries, whose work is frequently politically charged	Jamaica Kincaid, V. S. Naipaul, Derek Walcott, Salman Rushdie, Giannina Braschi, Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe

Hungryalist Poets	A literary movement in postcolonial India (Kolkata) during 1961–65 as a counter-discourse to Colonial Bengali poetry	Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Binoy Majumdar, Samir Roychoudhury, Debi Roy, Sandipan Chattopadhyay, Subimal Basak

Prakalpana Movement	This ongoing movement launched in 1969 based in Calcutta, by the Prakalpana group of Indian writers in Bengali literature, who created new forms of Prakalpana fiction, Sarbangin poetry and the philosophy of Chetanavyasism, later it had spread worldwide	Vattacharja Chandan, Dilip Gupta

Beat poets	American movement of the 1950s and 1960s concerned with counterculture and youthful alienation.	Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Ken Kesey, Gregory Corso

Spoken Word	A postmodern literary movement where writers use their speaking voice to present fiction, poetry, monologues, and storytelling arising from Beat poetry, the Harlem Renaissance, and the civil rights movement in the urban centers of the United States.	Spalding Gray, Laurie Anderson, Hedwig Gorski, Pedro Pietri, Piri Thomas, Giannina Braschi, Taalam Acey

Performance Poetry	This is the lasting viral component of Spoken Word and one of the most popular forms of poetry in the 21st century.	Beau Sia, Hedwig Gorski, Bob Holman, Marc Smith, David Antin, Taalam Acey

Confessional poetry	Poetry that, often brutally, exposes the self as part of an aesthetic of the beauty and power of human frailty	Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Alicia Ostriker

New York School	Urban, gay or gay-friendly, leftist poets, writers, and painters of the 1960s	Frank O'Hara, John Ashbery

Oulipo	Mid-20th-century poetry and prose based on seemingly arbitrary rules for the sake of added challenge	Raymond Queneau, Walter Abish, Georges Perec, Italo Calvino

Spiralism	A literary movement founded in the late 1960s by René Philoctète, Jean-Claude Fignolé, and Frankétienne. Spiralism defines life at the level of relations (colors, odors, sounds, signs, words) and historical connections	René Philoctète, Jean-Claude Fignolé, Frankétienne

Misty Poets	The Misty Poets were Chinese poets who resisted state artistic restrictions imposed during the Cultural Revolution. They made use of metaphors and hermetic imagery and avoided objective facts.	Bei Dao, Gu Cheng, Shu Ting, Yang Lian

New Formalism	A late-20th and early 21st century movement in American poetry advocating a return to traditional accentual-syllabic verse	Molly Peacock, Brad Leithauser, Timothy Steele, Mary Jo Salter

Sentence(s)

Literary Realism was a literary movement.

final_sentence: Literary Realism was a literary movement.