The relative percentages of operating companies income attributable to each reportable segment were as follows:
## Table 0 ##
* Our management evaluates segment performance and allocates resources based on operating companies income, which we define as operating income, excluding general corporate expenses and amortization of intangibles, plus equity (income)/loss in unconsolidated subsidiaries, net.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
We use the term net revenues to refer to our operating revenues from the sale of our products, net of sales and promotion incentives.
Our net revenues and operating income are affected by various factors, including the volume of products we sell, the price of our products, changes in currency exchange rates and the mix of products we sell.
Mix is a term used to refer to the proportionate value of premiumprice brands to mid-price or low-price brands in any given market (product mix).
Mix can also refer to the proportion of shipment volume in more profitable markets versus shipment volume in less profitable markets (geographic mix).
We often collect excise taxes from our customers and then remit them to local governments, and, in those circumstances, we include excise taxes in our net revenues and excise taxes on products.
Our cost of sales consists principally of tobacco leaf, non-tobacco raw materials, labor and manufacturing costs.
Our marketing, administration and research costs include the costs of marketing and selling our products, other costs generally not related to the manufacture of our products (including general corporate expenses), and costs incurred to develop new products.
The most significant components of our marketing, administration and research costs are marketing and sales expenses and general and administrative expenses.
(c) Narrative Description of Business Our subsidiaries and affiliates and their licensees are engaged in the manufacture, market and sale of cigarettes, other tobacco products and other nicotine-containing products in markets outside the United States of America.
Our total cigarette shipments decreased by 1.0% in 2015 to 847.3 billion units.
We estimate that international cigarette market shipments were approximately 5.4 trillion units in 2015, a 2.6% decrease over 2014.
We estimate that our reported share of the international cigarette market (which is defined as worldwide cigarette volume, excluding the United States of America) was approximately 15.6% in 2015, 15.5% in 2014 and 15.7% in 2013.
Excluding the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), we estimate that our reported share of the international cigarette market was approximately 28.7%, 28.5%, and 28.3% in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Shipments of our principal cigarette brand, Marlboro, increased by 0.9% in 2015 and represented approximately 9.6% of the international cigarette market, excluding the PRC, in 2015, 9.4% in 2014 and 9.3% in 2013.
We have a cigarette market share of at least 15% and, in a number of instances, substantially more than 15%, in 103 markets, including Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey and Ukraine.
References to total international cigarette market, total cigarette market, total market and market shares in this Form 10-K reflect our best estimates of tax-paid volumes based on a number of internal and external sources.
inventory on hand, as well as our future purchase commitments with our suppliers, considering multiple factors, including demand forecasts, product life cycle, current sales levels, pricing strategy and cost trends.
If our review indicates that inventories of raw materials, components or finished products have become obsolete or are in excess of anticipated demand or that inventory cost exceeds net realizable value, we may be required to make adjustments that will impact the results of operations.
Goodwill and Non-Amortizable Intangible Assets Valuation - We test goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets for impairment annually or more frequently if events occur that would warrant such review.
While the company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment for both goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets to determine if it is more likely than not that an impairment exists, the company elects to perform the quantitative assessment for our annual impairment analysis.
The impairment analysis involves comparing the fair value of each reporting unit or non-amortizable intangible asset to the carrying value.
If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, goodwill or a non-amortizable intangible asset is considered impaired.
To determine the fair value of goodwill, we primarily use a discounted cash flow model, supported by the market approach using earnings multiples of comparable global and local companies within the tobacco industry.
At December 31, 2018, the carrying value of our goodwill was $7.2 billion, which is related to ten reporting units, each of which consists of a group of markets with similar economic characteristics.
The estimated fair value of each of our ten reporting units exceeded the carrying value as of December 31, 2018.
To determine the fair value of non-amortizable intangible assets, we primarily use a discounted cash flow model applying the relief-from-royalty method.
We concluded that the fair value of our nonamortizable intangible assets exceeded the carrying value.
These discounted cash flow models include management assumptions relevant for forecasting operating cash flows, which are subject to changes in business conditions, such as volumes and prices, costs to produce, discount rates and estimated capital needs.
Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the fair values are estimated, and we believe these assumptions are consistent with the assumptions a hypothetical marketplace participant would use.
Since the March 28, 2008, spin-off from Altria Group, Inc. , we have not recorded a charge to earnings for an impairment of goodwill or non-amortizable intangible assets.
Marketing Costs - We incur certain costs to support our products through programs that include advertising, marketing, consumer engagement and trade promotions.
The costs of our advertising and marketing programs are expensed in accordance with U. S.  GAAP.
Recognition of the cost related to our consumer engagement and trade promotion programs contain uncertainties due to the judgment required in estimating the potential performance and compliance for each program.
For volume-based incentives provided to customers, management continually assesses and estimates, by customer, the likelihood of the customer's achieving the specified targets, and records the reduction of revenue as the sales are made.
For other trade promotions, management relies on estimated utilization rates that have been developed from historical experience.
Changes in the assumptions used in estimating the cost of any individual marketing program would not result in a material change in our financial position, results of operations or operating cash flows.
Employee Benefit Plans - As discussed in Item 8, Note 13.
Benefit Plans to our consolidated financial statements, we provide a range of benefits to our employees and retired employees, including pensions, postretirement health care and postemployment benefits (primarily severance).
We record annual amounts relating to these plans based on calculations specified by U. S.  GAAP.
These calculations include various actuarial assumptions, such as discount rates, assumed rates of return on plan assets, compensation increases, mortality, turnover rates and health care cost trend rates.
We review actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is deemed appropriate to do so.
As permitted by U. S.  GAAP, any effect of the modifications is generally amortized over future periods.
We believe that the assumptions utilized in calculating our obligations under these plans are reasonable based upon our historical experience and advice from our actuaries.
Weighted-average discount rate assumptions for pension and postretirement plan obligations at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
## Table 1 ##
We anticipate that assumption changes will increase 2019 pre-tax pension and postretirement expense to approximately $205 million as compared with approximately $160 million in 2018, excluding amounts related to employee severance and early retirement programs.
The anticipated increase is primarily due to higher amortization out of other comprehensive earnings for unrecognized actuarial gains/losses of $14 million, coupled with lower return on assets of $16 million, higher interest and service cost of $12 million and $4 million respectively, partially offset by other movements of $1 million.
Weighted-average expected rate of return and discount rate assumptions have a significant effect on the amount of expense reported for the employee benefit plans.
A fifty-basis-point decrease in our discount rate would increase our 2019 pension and postretirement expense by approximately $50 million, and a fifty-basis-point increase in our discount rate would decrease our 2019 pension and postretirement
Derivative Financial Instruments - We operate in markets outside of the U. S. , with manufacturing and sales facilities in various locations throughout the world.
Consequently, we use certain financial instruments to manage our foreign currency and interest rate exposure.
We use derivative financial instruments principally to reduce our exposure to market risks resulting from fluctuations in foreign exchange and interest rates by creating offsetting exposures.
We are not a party to leveraged derivatives and, by policy, do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.
See Item 8, Note 15.
Financial Instruments, Item 8, Note 16.
Fair Value Measurements and Item 8, Note 19.
Balance Sheet Offsetting to our consolidated financial statements for further details on our derivative financial instruments and the related collateral arrangements.
Value at Risk - We use a value at risk computation to estimate the potential one-day loss in the fair value of our interest-rate-sensitive financial instruments and to estimate the potential one-day loss in pre-tax earnings of our foreign currency price-sensitive derivative financial instruments.
This computation includes our debt, short-term investments, and foreign currency forwards, swaps and options.
Anticipated transactions, foreign currency trade payables and receivables, and net investments in foreign subsidiaries, which the foregoing instruments are intended to hedge, were excluded from the computation.
The computation estimates were made assuming normal market conditions, using a 95% confidence interval.
We use a “variance/covariance” model to determine the observed interrelationships between movements in interest rates and various currencies.
These interrelationships were determined by observing interest rate and forward currency rate movements over the preceding quarter for determining value at risk at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and over each of the four preceding quarters for the calculation of average value at risk amounts during each year.
The values of foreign currency options do not change on a one-to-one basis with the underlying currency and were valued accordingly in the computation.
The estimated potential one-day loss in fair value of our interest-rate-sensitive instruments, primarily debt, under normal market conditions and the estimated potential one-day loss in pre-tax earnings from foreign currency instruments under normal market conditions, as calculated in the value at risk model, were as follows:
## Table 2 ##
The value at risk computation is a risk analysis tool designed to statistically estimate the maximum probable daily loss from adverse movements in interest and foreign currency rates under normal market conditions.
The computation does not purport to represent actual losses in fair value or earnings to be incurred by us, nor does it consider the effect of favorable changes in market rates.
We cannot predict

<table><tr><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>European Union</td><td>32.6%</td><td>31.6%</td><td>31.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Europe, Middle East & Africa</td><td>31.2</td><td>33.5</td><td>26.9</td></tr><tr><td>Asia</td><td>26.3</td><td>26.4</td><td>33.6</td></tr><tr><td>Latin America & Canada</td><td>9.9</td><td>8.5</td><td>8.2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>100.0%</td><td>100.0%</td><td>100.0%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td></tr><tr><td>Pension plans</td><td>1.61%</td><td>1.51%</td></tr><tr><td>Postretirement plans</td><td>3.97%</td><td>3.79%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">Pre-Tax Earnings Impact</td></tr><tr><td>(in millions)</td><td>AtDecember 31, 2018</td><td>Average</td><td>High</td><td>Low</td></tr><tr><td>Instruments sensitive to:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency rates</td><td>$19</td><td>$20</td><td>$23</td><td>$19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">Fair Value Impact</td></tr><tr><td>(in millions)</td><td>AtDecember 31, 2018</td><td>Average</td><td>High</td><td>Low</td></tr><tr><td>Instruments sensitive to:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest rates</td><td>$142</td><td>$132</td><td>$152</td><td>$96</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">Pre-Tax Earnings Impact</td></tr><tr><td>(in millions)</td><td>AtDecember 31, 2017</td><td>Average</td><td>High</td><td>Low</td></tr><tr><td>Instruments sensitive to:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency rates</td><td>$27</td><td>$49</td><td>$58</td><td>$27</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">Fair Value Impact</td></tr><tr><td>(in millions)</td><td>AtDecember 31, 2017</td><td>Average</td><td>High</td><td>Low</td></tr><tr><td>Instruments sensitive to:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest rates</td><td>$118</td><td>$150</td><td>$173</td><td>$118</td></tr></table>

Question: by what percentage will the 2019 pre-tax pension and postretirement expense be higher than that of 2018?
Answer: 0.28125