Management’s discussion and analysis 96 JPMorgan Chase & Co. /2018 Form 10-K operating subsidiaries, at levels sufficient to comply with liquidity risk tolerances and minimum liquidity requirements, and to manage through periods of stress where access to normal funding sources is disrupted.
Contingency funding plan The Firm’s contingency funding plan (“CFP”), which is approved by the firmwide ALCO and the DRPC, is a compilation of procedures and action plans for managing liquidity through stress events.
The CFP incorporates the limits and indicators set by the Liquidity Risk Oversight group.
These limits and indicators are reviewed regularly to identify emerging risks or vulnerabilities in the Firm’s liquidity position.
The CFP identifies the alternative contingent funding and liquidity resources available to the Firm and its legal entities in a period of stress.
Liquidity Coverage Ratio The LCR rule requires the Firm to maintain an amount of unencumbered High Quality Liquid Assets (“HQLA”) that is sufficient to meet its estimated total net cash outflows over a prospective 30 calendar-day period of significant stress.
HQLA is the amount of liquid assets that qualify for inclusion in the LCR.
HQLA primarily consist of unencumbered cash and certain high quality liquid securities as defined in the LCR rule.
Under the LCR rule, the amounts of HQLA held by JPMorgan Chase Bank N. A.  and Chase Bank USA, N. A that are in excess of each entity’s standalone 100% minimum LCR requirement, and that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates, must be excluded from the Firm’s reported HQLA.
The LCR is required to be a minimum of 100%.
The following table summarizes the Firm’s average LCR for the three months ended December 31, 2018, September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 based on the Firm’s current interpretation of the finalized LCR framework.
## Table 0 ##
(a) Represents cash on deposit at central banks, primarily Federal Reserve Banks.
(b) Predominantly U. S.  Treasuries, U. S.  Agency MBS, and sovereign bonds net of applicable haircuts under the LCR rules.
(c) HQLA eligible securities may be reported in securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, trading assets, or investment securities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
(d) Excludes average excess HQLA at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N. A.  and Chase Bank USA, N. A.  that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates.
The Firm’s average LCR decreased during the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with the three month period ended September 30, 2018 due to a decrease in the average amount of reportable HQLA.
Although HQLA increased in JPMorgan Chase Bank, N. A.  during the period, there was a decrease in the amount of HQLA in JPMorgan Chase Bank, N. A.  and Chase Bank USA, N. A.  that was determined to be transferable to non-bank affiliates.
This decrease was based on a change in the Firm’s interpretation of amounts available for transfer.
The Firm’s average LCR decreased for the three months ended December 31, 2018, compared with the prior year period, due to a reduction in average HQLA primarily driven by (a) long-term debt maturities and CIB activities, and (b) a decrease in the amount of HQLA in JPMorgan Chase Bank, N. A.  and Chase Bank USA, N. A that was determined to be transferable to non-bank affiliates based on a change in the Firm’s interpretation of amounts available for transfer.
The Firm’s average LCR may fluctuate from period to period, due to changes in its HQLA and estimated net cash outflows under the LCR as a result of ongoing business activity.
The Firm’s HQLA are expected to be available to meet its liquidity needs in a time of stress.
For a further discussion of the Firm’s LCR, refer to the Firm’s US LCR Disclosure reports, which are available on the Firm’s website at: (https://jpmorganchaseco.
gcs-web.
com/financialinformation/basel-pillar-3-us-lcr-disclosures).
Other liquidity sources As of December 31, 2018, in addition to assets reported in the Firm’s HQLA under the LCR rule, the Firm had approximately $226 billion of unencumbered marketable securities, such as equity securities and fixed income debt securities, available to raise liquidity, if required.
This includes HQLA-eligible securities included as part of the excess liquidity at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N. A.  that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates.
As of December 31, 2018, the Firm also had approximately $276 billion of available borrowing capacity at various FHLBs, discount windows at the Federal Reserve Banks and various other central banks as a result of collateral pledged by the Firm to such banks.
This borrowing capacity excludes the benefit of securities reported in the Firm’s HQLA or other unencumbered securities that are currently pledged at the Federal Reserve Bank discount windows.
Although available, the Firm does not view the borrowing capacity at Federal Reserve Bank discount windows and the various other central banks as a primary source of liquidity.
Lending-related commitments The Firm uses lending-related financial instruments, such as commitments (including revolving credit facilities) and guarantees, to address the financing needs of its clients.
The contractual amounts of these financial instruments represent the maximum possible credit risk should the clients draw down on these commitments or the Firm fulfill its obligations under these guarantees, and the clients subsequently fail to perform according to the terms of these contracts.
Most of these commitments and guarantees are refinanced, extended, cancelled, or expire without being drawn upon or a default occurring.
In the Firm’s view, the total contractual amount of these wholesale lending-related commitments is not representative of the Firm’s expected future credit exposure or funding requirements.
For further information on wholesale lending-related commitments, refer to Note 27.
Clearing services The Firm provides clearing services for clients entering into certain securities and derivative contracts.
Through the provision of these services the Firm is exposed to the risk of non-performance by its clients and may be required to share in losses incurred by CCPs.
Where possible, the Firm seeks to mitigate its credit risk to its clients through the collection of adequate margin at inception and throughout the life of the transactions and can also cease provision of clearing services if clients do not adhere to their obligations under the clearing agreement.
For further discussion of clearing services, refer to Note 27.
Derivative contracts Derivatives enable clients and counterparties to manage risks including credit risk and risks arising from fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange, equities, and commodities.
The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet these needs and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from its market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables.
The Firm also uses derivative instruments to manage its own credit and other market risk exposure.
The nature of the counterparty and the settlement mechanism of the derivative affect the credit risk to which the Firm is exposed.
For OTC derivatives the Firm is exposed to the credit risk of the derivative counterparty.
For exchange-traded derivatives (“ETD”), such as futures and options, and “cleared” over-the-counter (“OTC-cleared”) derivatives, the Firm is generally exposed to the credit risk of the relevant CCP.
Where possible, the Firm seeks to mitigate its credit risk exposures arising from derivative contracts through the use of legally enforceable master netting arrangements and collateral agreements.
For a further discussion of derivative contracts, counterparties and settlement types, refer to Note 5.
The following table summarizes the net derivative receivables for the periods presented.
## Table 1 ##
(a) Includes collateral related to derivative instruments where appropriate legal opinions have not been either sought or obtained with respect to master netting agreements.
The fair value of derivative receivables reported on the Consolidated balance sheets were $54.2 billion and $56.5 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Derivative receivables represent the fair value of the derivative contracts after giving effect to legally enforceable master netting agreements and cash collateral held by the Firm.
However, in management’s view, the appropriate measure of current credit risk should also take into consideration additional liquid securities (primarily U. S.  government and agency securities and other group of seven nations (“G7”) government securities) and other cash collateral held by the Firm aggregating $15.3 billion and $16.1 billion at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, that may be used as security when the fair value of the client’s exposure is in the Firm’s favor.
In addition to the collateral described in the preceding paragraph, the Firm also holds additional collateral (primarily cash, G7 government securities, other liquid government-agency and guaranteed securities, and corporate debt and equity securities) delivered by clients at the initiation of transactions, as well as collateral related to contracts that have a non-daily call frequency and collateral that the Firm has agreed to return but has not yet settled as of the reporting date.
Although this collateral does not reduce the balances and is not included in the table above, it is available as security against potential exposure that could arise should the fair value of the client’s derivative contracts move in the Firm’s favor.
The derivative receivables fair value, net of all collateral, also does not include other credit enhancements, such as letters of credit.
For additional information on the Firm’s use of collateral agreements, refer to Note 5.
While useful as a current view of credit exposure, the net fair value of the derivative receivables does not capture the potential future variability of that credit exposure.
To capture the potential future variability of credit exposure, the Firm calculates, on a client-by-client basis, three measures of potential derivatives-related credit loss: Peak, Derivative Risk Equivalent (“DRE”), and Average exposure (“AVG”).
These measures all incorporate netting and collateral benefits, where applicable.
Peak represents a conservative measure of potential exposure to a counterparty calculated in a manner that is broadly equivalent to a 97.5% confidence level over the life of the transaction.
Peak is the primary measure used by the Firm for setting of credit limits for derivative contracts, senior management reporting and derivatives exposure management.
DRE exposure is a measure that expresses the risk of derivative exposure on a basis intended to be
The following table presents the pre-tax and after-tax changes in the components of OCI.
## Table 2 ##
(a) The pre-tax amount is reported in investment securities gains/(losses) in the Consolidated statements of income.
(b) Reclassifications of pre-tax realized gains/(losses) on translation adjustments and related hedges are reported in other income/expense in the Consolidated statements of income.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Firm reclassified a net pre-tax loss of $168 million to other expense related to the liquidation of certain legal entities, $17 million related to net investment hedge losses and $151 million related to cumulative translation adjustments.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Firm reclassified a net pre-tax loss of $25 million to other expense related to the liquidation of a legal entity, $50 million related to net investment hedge gains and $75 million related to cumulative translation adjustments.
(c) Represents changes in fair value of cross-currency swaps attributable to changes in cross-currency basis spreads, which are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recorded in other comprehensive income.
The initial cost of cross-currency basis spreads is recognized in earnings as part of the accrual of interest on the cross-currency swap.
(d) The pre-tax amounts are predominantly recorded in noninterest revenue, net interest income and compensation expense in the Consolidated statements of income.
(e) The pre-tax amount is reported in other expense in the Consolidated statements of income.

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">Three months ended</td></tr><tr><td>Average amount(in millions)</td><td>December 31, 2018</td><td>September 30, 2018</td><td>December 31,2017</td></tr><tr><td>HQLA</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eligible cash<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>$297,069</td><td>$344,660</td><td>$370,126</td></tr><tr><td>Eligible securities<sup>(b)(c)</sup></td><td>232,201</td><td>190,349</td><td>189,955</td></tr><tr><td>Total HQLA<sup>(d)</sup></td><td>$529,270</td><td>$535,009</td><td>$560,081</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash outflows</td><td>$467,704</td><td>$466,803</td><td>$472,078</td></tr><tr><td>LCR</td><td>113%</td><td>115%</td><td>119%</td></tr><tr><td>Net excess HQLA<sup>(d)</sup></td><td>$61,566</td><td>$68,206</td><td>$88,003</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>December 31, (in millions)</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td></tr><tr><td>Total, net of cash collateral</td><td>$54,213</td><td>$56,523</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>-15,322</td><td>-16,108</td></tr><tr><td>Total, net of all collateral</td><td>$38,891</td><td>$40,415</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">2018</td><td colspan="3">2017</td><td colspan="3">2016</td></tr><tr><td>Year ended December 31, (in millions)</td><td>Pre-tax</td><td>Tax effect</td><td>After-tax</td><td>Pre-tax</td><td>Tax effect</td><td>After-tax</td><td>Pre-tax</td><td>Tax effect</td><td>After-tax</td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period</td><td>$- 2,825</td><td>$665</td><td>$- 2,160</td><td>$944</td><td>$- 346</td><td>$598</td><td>$- 1,628</td><td>$611</td><td>$- 1,017</td></tr><tr><td>Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>395</td><td>- 93</td><td>302</td><td>66</td><td>- 24</td><td>42</td><td>- 141</td><td>53</td><td>- 88</td></tr><tr><td>Net change</td><td>- 2,430</td><td>572</td><td>- 1,858</td><td>1,010</td><td>- 370</td><td>640</td><td>- 1,769</td><td>664</td><td>- 1,105</td></tr><tr><td>Translation adjustments<sup>(b)</sup>:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Translation</td><td>- 1,078</td><td>156</td><td>- 922</td><td>1,313</td><td>- 801</td><td>512</td><td>- 261</td><td>99</td><td>- 162</td></tr><tr><td>Hedges</td><td>1,236</td><td>- 294</td><td>942</td><td>- 1,294</td><td>476</td><td>- 818</td><td>262</td><td>- 102</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>Net change</td><td>158</td><td>- 138</td><td>20</td><td>19</td><td>- 325</td><td>- 306</td><td>1</td><td>- 3</td><td>- 2</td></tr><tr><td>Fair value hedges, net change<sup>(c)</sup>:</td><td>- 140</td><td>33</td><td>- 107</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Cash flow hedges:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period</td><td>- 245</td><td>58</td><td>- 187</td><td>147</td><td>- 55</td><td>92</td><td>- 450</td><td>168</td><td>- 282</td></tr><tr><td>Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income<sup>(d)</sup></td><td>- 18</td><td>4</td><td>- 14</td><td>134</td><td>- 50</td><td>84</td><td>360</td><td>- 134</td><td>226</td></tr><tr><td>Net change</td><td>- 263</td><td>62</td><td>- 201</td><td>281</td><td>- 105</td><td>176</td><td>- 90</td><td>34</td><td>- 56</td></tr><tr><td>Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prior service credit/(cost) arising during the period</td><td>- 29</td><td>7</td><td>- 22</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Net gain/(loss) arising during the period</td><td>- 558</td><td>102</td><td>- 456</td><td>802</td><td>- 160</td><td>642</td><td>- 366</td><td>145</td><td>- 221</td></tr><tr><td>Reclassification adjustments included in net income<sup>(e)</sup>:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of net loss</td><td>103</td><td>- 24</td><td>79</td><td>250</td><td>- 90</td><td>160</td><td>257</td><td>- 97</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service cost/(credit)</td><td>- 23</td><td>6</td><td>- 17</td><td>- 36</td><td>13</td><td>- 23</td><td>- 36</td><td>14</td><td>- 22</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailment (gain)/loss</td><td>21</td><td>- 5</td><td>16</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Settlement (gain)/loss</td><td>2</td><td>—</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>- 1</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>- 1</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange and other</td><td>34</td><td>- 9</td><td>25</td><td>- 54</td><td>12</td><td>- 42</td><td>77</td><td>- 25</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Net change</td><td>- 450</td><td>77</td><td>- 373</td><td>964</td><td>- 226</td><td>738</td><td>- 64</td><td>36</td><td>- 28</td></tr><tr><td>DVA on fair value option elected liabilities, net change:</td><td>$1,364</td><td>$- 321</td><td>$1,043</td><td>$- 303</td><td>$111</td><td>$- 192</td><td>$- 529</td><td>$199</td><td>$- 330</td></tr><tr><td>Total other comprehensive income/(loss)</td><td>$- 1,761</td><td>$285</td><td>$- 1,476</td><td>$1,971</td><td>$- 915</td><td>$1,056</td><td>$- 2,451</td><td>$930</td><td>$- 1,521</td></tr></table>

Question: Which year is Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the periodthe lowest?
Answer: 2017