In the normal course of business, we originate or purchase loan products with contractual characteristics that, when concentrated, may increase our exposure as a holder of those loan products.
Possible product features that may create a concentration of credit risk would include a high original or updated LTV ratio, terms that may expose the borrower to future increases in repayments above increases in market interest rates, and interest-only loans, among others.
We originate interest-only loans to commercial borrowers.
Such credit arrangements are usually designed to match borrower cash flow expectations (e. g. , working capital lines, revolvers).
These products are standard in the financial services industry and product features are considered during the underwriting process to mitigate the increased risk that the interest-only feature may result in borrowers not being able to make interest and principal payments when due.
We do not believe that these product features create a concentration of credit risk.
At December 31, 2016, we pledged $22.0 billion of commercial loans to the Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) and $60.8 billion of residential real estate and other loans to the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) as collateral for the contingent ability to borrow, if necessary.
The comparable amounts at December 31, 2015 were $20.2 billion and $56.4 billion, respectively.
Table 38: Nonperforming Assets
## Table 0 ##
(a) Excludes most consumer loans and lines of credit not secured by residential real estate, which are charged off after 120 to 180 days past due and are not placed on nonperforming status.
(b) The recorded investment of loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in process of foreclosure was $.4 billion and $.6 billion at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, which included $.2 billion and $.3 billion, respectively, of loans that are government insured/guaranteed.
Nonperforming loans also include certain loans whose terms have been restructured in a manner that grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties.
In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, these loans are considered TDRs.
See Note 1 Accounting Policies and the TDR section within this Note.
Total nonperforming loans in Table 38 include TDRs of $1.1 billion at both December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
TDRs that are performing, including consumer credit card TDR loans, totaled $1.1 billion at December 31, 2016 and $1.2 billion at December 31, 2015, and are excluded from nonperforming loans.
Nonperforming TDRs are returned to accrual status and classified as performing after demonstrating a period of at least six months of consecutive performance under the restructured terms.
Loans where borrowers have been discharged from personal liability through Chapter 7 bankruptcy and have not formally reaffirmed their loan obligations to us and loans to borrowers not currently obligated to make both principal and interest payments under the restructured terms are not returned to accrual status.
See the TDRs section of this Note 3 for more information on TDRs.
Additional Asset Quality Indicators We have two overall portfolio segments – Commercial Lending and Consumer Lending.
Each of these two segments comprises multiple loan classes.
Classes are characterized by similarities in initial measurement, risk attributes and the manner in which we monitor and assess credit risk.
The Commercial Lending segment is composed of the commercial, commercial real estate and equipment lease financing loan classes.
The Consumer Lending segment is composed of the home equity, residential real estate, credit card and other consumer loan classes.
Commercial Lending Asset Classes Commercial Loan Class For commercial loans, we monitor the performance of the borrower in a disciplined and regular manner based upon the level of credit risk inherent in the loan.
To evaluate the level of credit risk, we assign an internal risk rating reflecting the borrower’s PD and LGD.
This two-dimensional credit risk rating methodology provides granularity in the risk monitoring process on an ongoing basis.
These ratings are reviewed and updated, generally at least once per year.
Additionally, no less frequently than on an annual basis, we review PD rates related to each rating grade based upon internal historical data.
These rates are updated as needed and augmented by market data as deemed necessary.
For small balance homogeneous pools of commercial loans, mortgages and leases, we apply statistical modeling to assist in determining the probability of default within these pools.
Further, on a periodic basis, we update our LGD estimates associated with each rating grade based upon historical data.
The combination of the PD and LGD ratings assigned to commercial loans, capturing both the combination of expectations of default and loss severity in event of default, reflects the relative estimated likelihood of loss at the reporting date.
In general, loans with better PD and LGD
NOTE 11 EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Pension and Postretirement Plans We have a noncontributory, qualified defined benefit pension plan covering eligible employees.
Benefits are determined using a cash balance formula where earnings credits are a percentage of eligible compensation.
Earnings credit percentages for those employees who were plan participants on December 31, 2009 are frozen at the level earned to that point.
Earnings credits for all employees who became participants on or after January 1, 2010 are a flat 3% of eligible compensation.
All plan participants earn interest on their cash balances based on 30-year Treasury securities rates with those who were participants at December 31, 2009 earning a minimum rate.
New participants on or after January 1, 2010 are not subject to the minimum rate.
Any pension contributions to the plan are based on an actuarially determined amount necessary to fund total benefits payable to plan participants.
We made a voluntary contribution of $200 million in September 2017 to the qualified pension plan.
Assets of the qualified pension plan are held in a separate Trust (Trust).
We also maintain nonqualified supplemental retirement plans for certain employees and provide certain health care and life insurance benefits for qualifying retired employees (postretirement benefits) through various plans.
PNC reserves the right to terminate or make changes to these plans at any time.
The nonqualified pension plan is unfunded.
Contributions from PNC and, in the case of the postretirement benefit plans, participant contributions cover all benefits paid under the nonqualified pension plan and postretirement benefit plans.
The postretirement plan provides benefits to certain retirees that are at least actuarially equivalent to those provided by Medicare Part D and accordingly, we receive a federal subsidy as shown in Table 72.
In November of 2015, we established a voluntary employee beneficiary association (VEBA) to partially fund postretirement medical and life insurance benefit obligations.
We use a measurement date of December 31 for plan assets and benefit obligations.
A reconciliation of the changes in the projected benefit obligation for qualified pension, nonqualified pension and postretirement benefit plans as well as the change in plan assets for the qualified pension plan follows.
Table 72: Reconciliation of Changes in Projected Benefit Obligation and Change in Plan Assets
## Table 1 ##
Liquidity and Capital Management Liquidity risk has two fundamental components.
The first is potential loss assuming we were unable to meet our funding requirements at a reasonable cost.
The second is the potential inability to operate our businesses because adequate contingent liquidity is not available.
We manage liquidity risk at the consolidated company level (bank, parent company, and nonbank subsidiaries combined) to help ensure that we can obtain cost-effective funding to meet current and future obligations under both normal “business as usual” and stressful circumstances, and to help ensure that we maintain an appropriate level of contingent liquidity.
Management monitors liquidity through a series of early warning indicators that may indicate a potential market, or PNC-specific, liquidity stress event.
In addition, management performs a set of liquidity stress tests over multiple time horizons with varying levels of severity and maintains a contingency funding plan to address a potential liquidity stress event.
In the most severe liquidity stress simulation, we assume that our liquidity position is under pressure, while the market in general is under systemic pressure.
The simulation considers, among other things, the impact of restricted access to both secured and unsecured external sources of funding, accelerated run-off of customer deposits, valuation pressure on assets and heavy demand to fund committed obligations.
Parent company liquidity guidelines are designed to help ensure that sufficient liquidity is available to meet our parent company obligations over the succeeding 24-month period.
Liquidity-related risk limits are established within our Enterprise Liquidity Management Policy and supporting policies.
Management committees, including the Asset and Liability Committee, and the Board of Directors and its Risk Committee regularly review compliance with key established limits.
In addition to these liquidity monitoring measures and tools described above, we also monitor our liquidity by reference to the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) which is further described in the Supervision and Regulation section in Item 1 of this Report.
PNC and PNC Bank calculate the LCR on a daily basis and as of December 31, 2017, the LCR for PNC and PNC Bank exceeded the fully phased-in requirement of 100%.
We provide additional information regarding regulatory liquidity requirements and their potential impact on us in the Supervision and Regulation section of Item 1 Business and Item 1A Risk Factors of this Report.
Sources of LiquidityOur largest source of liquidity on a consolidated basis is the customer deposit base generated by our banking businesses.
These deposits provide relatively stable and low-cost funding.
Total deposits increased to $265.1 billion at December 31, 2017 from $257.2 billion at December 31, 2016, driven by higher consumer and commercial deposits.
Consumer deposits reflected in part a shift from money market deposits to relationship-based savings products.
Commercial deposits reflected a shift from demand deposits to money market deposits primarily due to higher interest rates in 2017.
Additionally, certain assets determined by us to be liquid and unused borrowing capacity from a number of sources are also available to manage our liquidity position.
At December 31, 2017, our liquid assets consisted of shortterm investments (Federal funds sold, resale agreements, trading securities and interest-earning deposits with banks) totaling $33.0 billion and securities available for sale totaling $57.6 billion.
The level of liquid assets fluctuates over time based on many factors, including market conditions, loan and deposit growth and balance sheet management activities.
Of our total liquid assets of $90.6 billion, we had $3.2 billion of securities available for sale and trading securities pledged as collateral to secure public and trust deposits, repurchase agreements and for other purposes.
In addition, $4.9 billion of securities held to maturity were also pledged as collateral for these purposes.
We also obtain liquidity through various forms of funding, including long-term debt (senior notes, subordinated debt and FHLB advances) and short-term borrowings (securities sold under repurchase agreements, commercial paper and other short-term borrowings).
See Note 10 Borrowed Funds and the Funding Sources section of the Consolidated Balance Sheet Review in this Report for additional information related to our Borrowings.
Total senior and subordinated debt, on a consolidated basis, increased due to the following activity:Table 25: Senior and Subordinated Debt
## Table 2 ##

<table><tr><td>Dollars in millions</td><td>December 31 2016</td><td>December 312015</td></tr><tr><td>Nonperforming loans</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total commercial lending</td><td>$655</td><td>$545</td></tr><tr><td>Total consumer lending (a)</td><td>1,489</td><td>1,581</td></tr><tr><td>Total nonperforming loans (b)</td><td>2,144</td><td>2,126</td></tr><tr><td>OREO, foreclosed and other assets</td><td>230</td><td>299</td></tr><tr><td>Total nonperforming assets</td><td>$2,374</td><td>$2,425</td></tr><tr><td>Nonperforming loans to total loans</td><td>1.02%</td><td>1.03%</td></tr><tr><td>Nonperforming assets to total loans, OREO, foreclosed and other assets</td><td>1.12%</td><td>1.17%</td></tr><tr><td>Nonperforming assets to total assets</td><td>.65%</td><td>.68%</td></tr><tr><td>Interest on nonperforming loans</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computed on original terms</td><td>$111</td><td>$115</td></tr><tr><td>Recognized prior to nonperforming status</td><td>$21</td><td>$22</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">QualifiedPension</td><td colspan="2">NonqualifiedPension</td><td colspan="2">PostretirementBenefits</td></tr><tr><td>December 31 (Measurement Date) – in millions</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year</td><td>$4,726</td><td>$4,495</td><td>$280</td><td>$282</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year</td><td>$4,547</td><td>$4,397</td><td>$289</td><td>$298</td><td>$373</td><td>$368</td></tr><tr><td>Service cost</td><td>160</td><td>102</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost</td><td>179</td><td>186</td><td>10</td><td>12</td><td>14</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Amendments</td><td>17</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Actuarial (gains)/losses and changes in assumptions</td><td>172</td><td>131</td><td>8</td><td>7</td><td>-18</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Participant contributions</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Federal Medicare subsidy on benefits paid</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid</td><td>-286</td><td>-269</td><td>-24</td><td>-31</td><td>-25</td><td>-27</td></tr><tr><td>Projected benefit obligation at end of year</td><td>$4,789</td><td>$4,547</td><td>$286</td><td>$289</td><td>$355</td><td>$373</td></tr><tr><td>Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year</td><td>$4,617</td><td>$4,316</td><td></td><td></td><td>$208</td><td>$200</td></tr><tr><td>Actual return on plan assets</td><td>722</td><td>320</td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td><td>-7</td></tr><tr><td>Employer contribution</td><td>200</td><td>250</td><td>$24</td><td>$31</td><td>34</td><td>$37</td></tr><tr><td>Participant contributions</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Federal Medicare subsidy on benefits paid</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid</td><td>-286</td><td>-269</td><td>-24</td><td>-31</td><td>-25</td><td>-27</td></tr><tr><td>Fair value of plan assets at end of year</td><td>$5,253</td><td>$4,617</td><td></td><td></td><td>$230</td><td>$208</td></tr><tr><td>Funded status</td><td>$464</td><td>$70</td><td>$-286</td><td>$-289</td><td>$-125</td><td>$-165</td></tr><tr><td>Amounts recognized on the consolidated balance sheet</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent asset</td><td>$464</td><td>$70</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current liability</td><td></td><td></td><td>$-28</td><td>$-27</td><td>$-2</td><td>$-2</td></tr><tr><td>Noncurrent liability</td><td></td><td></td><td>-258</td><td>-262</td><td>-123</td><td>-163</td></tr><tr><td>Net amount recognized on the consolidated balance sheet</td><td>$464</td><td>$70</td><td>$-286</td><td>$-289</td><td>$-125</td><td>$-165</td></tr><tr><td>Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI)consist of:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prior service cost (credit)</td><td>$13</td><td>$-7</td><td></td><td></td><td>$1</td><td>$-3</td></tr><tr><td>Net actuarial loss</td><td>534</td><td>841</td><td>$77</td><td>$74</td><td>18</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Amount recognized in AOCI</td><td>$547</td><td>$834</td><td>$77</td><td>$74</td><td>$19</td><td>$37</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>In billions</td><td>2017</td></tr><tr><td>January 1</td><td>$31.0</td></tr><tr><td>Issuances</td><td>7.1</td></tr><tr><td>Calls and maturities</td><td>-4.6</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>-.2</td></tr><tr><td>December 31</td><td>$33.3</td></tr></table>

Question: Which year is Projected benefit obligation at end of year for non qualified pension the least?
Answer: 2017