ANALOG DEVICES, INC.  NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) of these options during fiscal 2010, fiscal 2009 and fiscal 2008 was $240.4 million, $15.1 million and $100.6 million, respectively.
The total grant-date fair value of stock options that vested during fiscal 2010, fiscal 2009 and fiscal 2008 was approximately $67.2 million, $73.6 million and $77.6 million, respectively.
Proceeds from stock option exercises pursuant to employee stock plans in the Company’s statement of cash flows of $216.1 million, $12.4 million and $94.2 million for fiscal 2010, fiscal 2009 and fiscal 2008, respectively, are net of the value of shares surrendered by employees in certain limited circumstances to satisfy the exercise price of options, and to satisfy employee tax obligations upon vesting of restricted stock or restricted stock units and in connection with the exercise of stock options granted to the Company’s employees under the Company’s equity compensation plans.
The withholding amount is based on the Company’s minimum statutory withholding requirement.
A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit award activity as of October 30, 2010 and changes during the year then ended is presented below:
## Table 0 ##
As of October 30, 2010 there was $95 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based awards comprised of stock options and restricted stock units.
That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.
Common Stock Repurchase Program The Company’s common stock repurchase program has been in place since August 2004.
In the aggregate, the Board of Directors has authorized the Company to repurchase $4 billion of the Company’s common stock under the program.
Under the program, the Company may repurchase outstanding shares of its common stock from time to time in the open market and through privately negotiated transactions.
Unless terminated earlier by resolution of the Company’s Board of Directors, the repurchase program will expire when the Company has repurchased all shares authorized under the program.
As of October 30, 2010, the Company had repurchased a total of approximately 116.0 million shares of its common stock for approximately $3,948.2 million under this program.
An additional $51.8 million remains available for repurchase of shares under the current authorized program.
The repurchased shares are held as authorized but unissued shares of common stock.
Any future common stock repurchases will be dependent upon several factors including the amount of cash available to the Company in the United States, and the Company’s financial performance, outlook and liquidity.
The Company also from time to time repurchases shares in settlement of employee tax withholding obligations due upon the vesting of restricted stock or restricted stock units, or in certain limited circumstances to satisfy the exercise price of options granted to the Company’s employees under the Company’s equity compensation plans.
Preferred Stock The Company has 471,934 authorized shares of $1.00 par value preferred stock, none of which is issued or outstanding.
The Board of Directors is authorized to fix designations, relative rights, preferences and limitations on the preferred stock at the time of issuance.
## Table 1 ##
(1) Recoveries have been reduced by certain collection costs that are incurred only if collection efforts are successful.
(2) Includes all adjustments to the allowance for credit losses, such as changes in the allowance from acquisitions, dispositions, securitizations, FX translation, purchase accounting adjustments, etc.
(3) 2017 includes reductions of approximately $261 million related to the sale or transfer to HFS of various loan portfolios, which includes approximately $106 million related to the transfer of various real estate loan portfolios to HFS.
Additionally, 2017 includes an increase of approximately $115 million related to FX translation.
(4) 2016 includes reductions of approximately $574 million related to the sale or transfer to HFS of various loan portfolios, which includes approximately $106 million related to the transfer of various real estate loan portfolios to HFS.
Additionally, 2016 includes a reduction of approximately $199 million related to FX translation.
(5) 2015 includes reductions of approximately $2.4 billion related to the sale or transfer to HFS of various loan portfolios, which includes approximately $1.5 billion related to the transfer of various real estate loan portfolios to HFS.
Additionally, 2015 includes a reduction of approximately $474 million related to FX translation.
(6) 2014 includes reductions of approximately $1.1 billion related to the sale or transfer to HFS of various loan portfolios, which includes approximately $411 million related to the transfer of various real estate loan portfolios to HFS, approximately $204 million related to the transfer to HFS of a business in Greece, approximately $177 million related to the transfer to HFS of a business in Spain, approximately $29 million related to the transfer to HFS of a business in Honduras, and approximately $108 million related to the transfer to HFS of various EMEA loan portfolios.
Additionally, 2014 includes a reduction of approximately $463 million related to FX translation.
(7) 2013 includes reductions of approximately $2.4 billion related to the sale or transfer to HFS of various loan portfolios, which includes approximately $360 million related to the sale of Credicard and approximately $255 million related to a transfer to HFS of a loan portfolio in Greece, approximately $230 million related to a non-provision transfer of reserves associated with deferred interest to other assets which includes deferred interest and approximately $220 million related to FX translation.
(8) 2015 includes a reclassification of $271 million of Allowance for loan losses to allowance for unfunded lending commitments, included in the Other line item.
This reclassification reflects the re-attribution of $271 million in allowance for credit losses between the funded and unfunded portions of the corporate credit portfolios and does not reflect a change in the underlying credit performance of these portfolios.
(9) December 31, 2017, December 31, 2016, December 31, 2015, December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 exclude $4.4 billion, $3.5 billion, $5.0 billion, $5.9 billion and $5.0 billion, respectively, of loans which are carried at fair value.
(10) Represents additional credit reserves recorded as Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(11) Allowance for loan losses represents management’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the portfolio, as well as probable losses related to large individually evaluated impaired loans and troubled debt restructurings.
See “Significant Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates” and Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements below.
Attribution of the allowance is made for analytical purposes only and the entire allowance is available to absorb probable credit losses inherent in the overall portfolio.
Contributions The Company鈥檚 funding practice for U. S.  and non-U.
S.  pension and postretirement plans is generally to fund to minimum funding requirements in accordance with applicable local laws and regulations.
The Company may increase its contributions above the minimum required contribution, if appropriate.
In addition, management has the ability to change its funding practices.
For the U. S.  pension plans, there were no required minimum cash contributions for 2017 or 2016.
The following table summarizes the actual Company contributions for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, as well as estimated expected Company contributions for 2018.
Expected contributions are subject to change, since contribution decisions are affected by various factors, such as market performance, tax considerations and regulatory requirements.
## Table 2 ##
(1) Amounts reported for 2018 are expected amounts.
(2) The U. S.  pension plans include benefits paid directly by the Company for the nonqualified pension plans.
Funded Status and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income The following tables summarize the funded status and amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet for the Company鈥檚 pension and postretirement plans:
## Table 3 ##
(1) Curtailment and settlement (gains) losses relate to repositioning and divestiture activities.
(2) With respect to the U. S.  Plan, de-risking activities during 2017 resulted in a reduction to plan obligations and assets.
Capital Resources of Citigroup’s Subsidiary U. S.  Depository Institutions Under Current Regulatory Standards Citigroup’s subsidiary U. S.  depository institutions are also subject to regulatory capital standards issued by their respective primary federal bank regulatory agencies, which are similar to the standards of the Federal Reserve Board.
During 2017, Citi’s primary subsidiary U. S.  depository institution, Citibank, N. A.
(Citibank), is subject to effective minimum Common Equity Tier 1 Capital, Tier 1 Capital and Total Capital ratios, inclusive of the 50% phase-in of the 2.5% Capital Conservation Buffer, of 5.75%, 7.25% and 9.25%, respectively.
Citibank’s effective minimum Common Equity Tier 1 Capital, Tier 1 Capital and Total Capital ratios during 2016, inclusive of the 25% phase-in of the 2.5% Capital Conservation Buffer, were 5.125%, 6.625% and 8.625%, respectively.
Citibank is required to maintain stated minimum Common Equity Tier 1 Capital, Tier 1 Capital and Total Capital ratios of 4.5%, 6.0% and 8.0%, respectively.
The following tables set forth the capital tiers, total riskweighted assets and underlying risk components, risk-based capital ratios, quarterly adjusted average total assets, Total Leverage Exposure and leverage ratios under current regulatory standards (reflecting Basel III Transition Arrangements) for Citibank, Citi’s primary subsidiary U. S.  depository institution, as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
Citibank Capital Components and Ratios Under Current Regulatory Standards (Basel III Transition Arrangements)
## Table 4 ##

<table><tr><td></td><td>Restricted Stock Units Outstanding</td><td>Weighted-   Average Grant-   Date Fair Value   Per Share</td></tr><tr><td>Restricted stock units outstanding at October 31, 2009</td><td>135</td><td>$22.19</td></tr><tr><td>Units granted</td><td>1,171</td><td>$28.86</td></tr><tr><td>Restrictions lapsed</td><td>-19</td><td>$24.70</td></tr><tr><td>Units forfeited</td><td>-22</td><td>$29.10</td></tr><tr><td>Restricted stock units outstanding at October 30, 2010</td><td>1,265</td><td>$28.21</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>As a percentage of average corporate loans</td><td>0.12%</td><td>0.17%</td><td>0.08%</td><td>0.10%</td><td>0.08%</td></tr><tr><td>Allowance by type<sup>-11</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Consumer</td><td>$9,869</td><td>$9,358</td><td>$9,835</td><td>$13,547</td><td>$16,974</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate</td><td>2,486</td><td>2,702</td><td>2,791</td><td>2,447</td><td>2,674</td></tr><tr><td>Total Citigroup</td><td>$12,355</td><td>$12,060</td><td>$12,626</td><td>$15,994</td><td>$19,648</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="6">Pension plans<sup>-1</sup></td><td colspan="6">Postretirement benefit plans<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">U.S. plans<sup>-2</sup></td><td colspan="3">Non-U.S. plans</td><td colspan="3">U.S. plans</td><td colspan="3">Non-U.S. plans</td></tr><tr><td>In millions of dollars</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Contributions made by the Company</td><td>$—</td><td>$50</td><td>$500</td><td>$79</td><td>$90</td><td>$82</td><td>$—</td><td>$140</td><td>$—</td><td>$4</td><td>$4</td><td>$4</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid directly by the Company</td><td>60</td><td>55</td><td>56</td><td>49</td><td>45</td><td>44</td><td>6</td><td>36</td><td>6</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>5</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">Pension plans</td><td colspan="4">Postretirement benefit plans</td></tr><tr><td>In millions of dollars</td><td colspan="2">U.S. plans</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. plans</td><td colspan="2">U.S. plans</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S. plans</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Change in projected benefit obligation</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year</td><td>$14,000</td><td>$13,943</td><td>$6,522</td><td>$6,534</td><td>$686</td><td>$817</td><td>$1,141</td><td>$1,291</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits earned during the year</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>153</td><td>154</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>9</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost on benefit obligation</td><td>533</td><td>548</td><td>295</td><td>282</td><td>26</td><td>25</td><td>101</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Plan amendments</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>4</td><td>-28</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Actuarial loss (gain)</td><td>536</td><td>367</td><td>127</td><td>589</td><td>43</td><td>-105</td><td>19</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Benefits paid, net of participants’ contributions and government subsidy</td><td>-769</td><td>-780</td><td>-278</td><td>-324</td><td>-56</td><td>-51</td><td>-64</td><td>-59</td></tr><tr><td>Divestitures</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-29</td><td>-22</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-4</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Settlement gain<sup>-1</sup></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-192</td><td>-38</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailment (gain) loss<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>6</td><td>13</td><td>-3</td><td>-15</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-4</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange impact and other<sup>-2</sup></td><td>-269</td><td>-95</td><td>834</td><td>-610</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>59</td><td>-194</td></tr><tr><td>Projected benefit obligation at year end</td><td>$14,040</td><td>$14,000</td><td>$7,433</td><td>$6,522</td><td>$699</td><td>$686</td><td>$1,261</td><td>$1,141</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">December 31, 2017</td><td colspan="2">December 31, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>In millions of dollars, except ratios</td><td>Advanced Approaches</td><td>Standardized Approach</td><td>Advanced Approaches</td><td>Standardized Approach</td></tr><tr><td>Common Equity Tier 1 Capital</td><td>$124,733</td><td>$124,733</td><td>$126,220</td><td>$126,220</td></tr><tr><td>Tier 1 Capital</td><td>126,303</td><td>126,303</td><td>126,465</td><td>126,465</td></tr><tr><td>Total Capital (Tier 1 Capital + Tier 2 Capital)<sup>(1)</sup></td><td>139,351</td><td>150,289</td><td>138,821</td><td>150,291</td></tr><tr><td>Total Risk-Weighted Assets</td><td>954,559</td><td>1,014,242</td><td>973,933</td><td>1,001,016</td></tr><tr><td>Credit Risk</td><td>$663,783</td><td>$970,064</td><td>$669,920</td><td>$955,767</td></tr><tr><td>Market Risk</td><td>43,300</td><td>44,178</td><td>44,579</td><td>45,249</td></tr><tr><td>Operational Risk</td><td>247,476</td><td>—</td><td>259,434</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio<sup>-2</sup></td><td>13.07%</td><td>12.30%</td><td>12.96%</td><td>12.61%</td></tr><tr><td>Tier 1 Capital ratio<sup>-2</sup></td><td>13.23</td><td>12.45</td><td>12.99</td><td>12.63</td></tr><tr><td>Total Capital ratio<sup>-2</sup></td><td>14.60</td><td>14.82</td><td>14.25</td><td>15.01</td></tr></table>

Question: What's the difference of Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year of U.S. Pension plans between 2017 and 2016? (in million)
Answer: 57.0