CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC.  AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2016 AND 2015 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) F- 33 A summary of the activity for the Company’s restricted stock units (after applying the Parent Merger Exchange Ratio) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, is as follows (shares in thousands, except per share data
## Table 0 ##
17.
Income Taxes Substantially all of the Company’s operations are held through Charter Holdings and its direct and indirect subsidiaries.
Charter Holdings and the majority of its subsidiaries are generally limited liability companies that are not subject to income tax.
However, certain of these limited liability companies are subject to state income tax.
In addition, the subsidiaries that are corporations are subject to income tax.
Generally, the taxable income, gains, losses, deductions and credits of Charter Holdings are passed through to its members, Charter and A/N.
Charter is responsible for its share of taxable income or loss of Charter Holdings allocated to it in accordance with the Charter Holdings Limited Liability Company Agreement ("LLC Agreement") and partnership tax rules and regulations.
As a result, Charter's primary deferred tax component recorded in the consolidated balance sheets relates to its excess financial reporting outside basis, excluding amounts attributable to nondeductible goodwill, over Charter's tax basis in the investment in Charter Holdings.
Charter Holdings, the indirect owner of the Company’s cable systems, generally allocates its taxable income, gains, losses, deductions and credits proportionately according to the members’ respective ownership interests, except for special allocations required under Section 704(c) of the Internal Revenue Code and the Treasury Regulations (“Section 704(c)”).
Pursuant to Section 704(c) and the LLC Agreement, each item of income, gain, loss and deduction with respect to any property contributed to the capital of the partnership shall, solely for tax purposes, be allocated among the members so as to take into account any variation between the adjusted basis of such property to the partnership for U. S.  federal income tax purposes and its initial gross asset value using the “traditional method” as described in the Treasury Regulations.
CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC.  AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2016 AND 2015 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) F- 40 December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
There were no advertising revenues received in 2015.20.
Commitments and Contingencies Commitments The following table summarizes the Company’s payment obligations as of December 31, 2017 for its contractual obligations.
## Table 1 ##
(a) The Company leases certain facilities and equipment under non-cancelable capital and operating leases.
Capital lease obligations represented $123 million of total capital and operating lease obligations as of December 31, 2017.
Leases and rental costs charged to expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $321 million, $215 million, $49 million, respectively.
(b) The Company pays programming fees under multi-year contracts ranging from three to ten years, typically based on a flat fee per customer, which may be fixed for the term, or may in some cases escalate over the term.
Programming costs included in the statement of operations were $10.6 billion, $7.0 billion and $2.7 billion for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively.
Certain of the Company’s programming agreements are based on a flat fee per month or have guaranteed minimum payments.
The table sets forth the aggregate guaranteed minimum commitments under the Company’s programming contracts.
(c) “Other” represents other guaranteed minimum commitments, including rights negotiated directly with content owners for distribution on company-owned channels or networks, commitments related to our role as an advertising and distribution sales agent for third party-owned channels or networks, commitments to our customer premise equipment vendors and contractual obligations related to third-party network augmentation.
The following items are not included in the contractual obligation table due to various factors discussed below.
However, the Company incurs these costs as part of its operations: ?
The Company rents utility poles used in its operations.
Generally, pole rentals are cancelable on short notice, but the Company anticipates that such rentals will recur.
Rent expense incurred for pole rental attachments for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $167 million, $115 million and $53 million, respectively.  ?
The Company pays franchise fees under multi-year franchise agreements based on a percentage of revenues generated from video service per year.
The Company also pays other franchise related costs, such as public education grants, under multiyear agreements.
Franchise fees and other franchise-related costs included in the accompanying statement of operations were $705 million, $534 million and $212 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 respectively.  ?
The Company has $291 million in letters of credit, of which $137 million is secured under the Charter Operating credit facility, primarily to its various casualty carriers as collateral for reimbursement of workers' compensation, auto liability and general liability claims.  ?
Minimum pension funding requirements have not been presented in the table above as such amounts have not been determined beyond 2017.
The Company made no cash contributions to the qualified pension plans in 2017; however, the Company is permitted to make discretionary cash contributions to the qualified pension plans in 2018.
For the nonqualified pension plan, the Company contributed $18 million during 2017 and will continue to make contributions in 2018 to the extent benefits are paid.
Legal Proceedings In August 2015, a purported stockholder of Charter, Matthew Sciabacucchi, filed a lawsuit in the Delaware Court of Chancery, on behalf of a putative class of Charter stockholders, challenging the transactions between Charter, TWC, A/N, and Liberty Broadband announced by Charter on May 26, 2015.
The lawsuit names as defendants Liberty Broadband, Legacy Charter, the board of directors of Charter, and Charter.
Plaintiff alleges that the Liberty Transactions improperly benefit Liberty Broadband at
Products and Services We offer our customers subscription-based video services, including video on demand (“VOD”), high definition (“HD”) television, and digital video recorder (“DVR”) service, Internet services and voice services.
As of December 31, 2017, 74% of our footprint was all-digital enabling us to offer more HD channels, faster Internet speeds and better video picture quality and we intend to transition the remaining portions of our Legacy TWC and Legacy Bright House footprints to all-digital.
Our video, Internet, and voice services are offered to residential and commercial customers on a subscription basis, with prices and related charges based on the types of service selected, whether the services are sold as a “bundle” or on an individual basis, and the equipment necessary to receive our services.
Bundled services are available to substantially all of our passings, and approximately 59% of our customers subscribe to a bundle of services.
All customer statistics as of December 31, 2017 include the operations of Legacy TWC, Legacy Bright House and Legacy Charter, each of which is based on individual legacy company reporting methodology.
These methodologies differ and their differences may be material.
Statistical reporting will be conformed over time to a single reporting methodology.
The following table summarizes our customer statistics for video, Internet and voice as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands except per customer data and footnotes).
## Table 2 ##
(a) We calculate the aging of customer accounts based on the monthly billing cycle for each account.
On that basis, as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, customers include approximately 245,800 and 208,400 customers, respectively, whose accounts were over 60 days past due, approximately 19,500 and 15,500 customers, respectively, whose accounts were over 90 days past due, and approximately 12,600 and 8,000 customers, respectively, whose accounts were over 120 days past due.
(b) In the second quarter of 2017, we conformed the seasonal customer program in the Legacy Bright House footprint to our program.
Prior to the plan change, Legacy Bright House customers enrolling in the seasonal plan were charged a onetime fee and counted as customer disconnects, and as new connects, when moving off the seasonal plan.
Under our seasonal plan, residential customers pay a reduced monthly fee while the seasonal plan is active and remain reported as customers.
Excluding the impact of customer activity related to Legacy Bright House's previous seasonal plan, residential customer relationships and video, Internet and voice PSUs at December 31, 2016 would have been higher by approximately 10,000, 8,000, 12,000 and 7,000 respectively.
(c) Customer relationships include the number of customers that receive one or more levels of service, encompassing video, Internet and voice services, without regard to which service(s) such customers receive.
Customers who reside in residential

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="6">Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">2017</td><td colspan="2">2016</td><td colspan="2">2015</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Shares</td><td>Weighted Average Grant Price</td><td>Shares</td><td>Weighted Average Grant Price</td><td>Shares</td><td>Weighted Average Grant Price</td></tr><tr><td>Outstanding, beginning of period</td><td>3,313</td><td>$192.41</td><td>337</td><td>$150.96</td><td>294</td><td>$115.01</td></tr><tr><td>Granted</td><td>285</td><td>$302.76</td><td>895</td><td>$213.09</td><td>148</td><td>$179.17</td></tr><tr><td>Converted TWC awards</td><td>—</td><td>$—</td><td>4,162</td><td>$224.90</td><td>—</td><td>$—</td></tr><tr><td>Vested</td><td>-1,159</td><td>$216.21</td><td>-1,739</td><td>$219.60</td><td>-90</td><td>$78.65</td></tr><tr><td>Canceled</td><td>-48</td><td>$234.99</td><td>-342</td><td>$219.91</td><td>-15</td><td>$155.43</td></tr><tr><td>Outstanding, end of period</td><td>2,391</td><td>$192.96</td><td>3,313</td><td>$192.41</td><td>337</td><td>$150.96</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Total</td><td>2018</td><td>2019</td><td>2020</td><td>2021</td><td>2022</td><td>Thereafter</td></tr><tr><td>Capital and Operating Lease Obligations<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>$1,512</td><td>$286</td><td>$235</td><td>$199</td><td>$165</td><td>$132</td><td>$495</td></tr><tr><td>Programming Minimum Commitments<sup>(b)</sup></td><td>164</td><td>103</td><td>39</td><td>22</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Other<sup>(c)</sup></td><td>13,626</td><td>1,917</td><td>1,031</td><td>839</td><td>653</td><td>499</td><td>8,687</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$15,302</td><td>$2,306</td><td>$1,305</td><td>$1,060</td><td>$818</td><td>$631</td><td>$9,182</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">Approximate as of December 31,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2017<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>2016<sup>(a)(b)</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Customer Relationships<sup>(c)</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Residential</td><td>25,639</td><td>24,801</td></tr><tr><td>Small and Medium Business</td><td>1,560</td><td>1,404</td></tr><tr><td>Total Customer Relationships</td><td>27,199</td><td>26,205</td></tr><tr><td>Residential Primary Service Units ("PSUs")</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Video</td><td>16,544</td><td>16,836</td></tr><tr><td>Internet</td><td>22,545</td><td>21,374</td></tr><tr><td>Voice</td><td>10,427</td><td>10,327</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>49,516</td><td>48,537</td></tr><tr><td>Monthly Residential Revenue per Residential Customer<sup>(d)</sup></td><td>$109.75</td><td>$109.57</td></tr><tr><td>Small and Medium Business PSUs</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Video</td><td>453</td><td>400</td></tr><tr><td>Internet</td><td>1,358</td><td>1,219</td></tr><tr><td>Voice</td><td>912</td><td>778</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2,723</td><td>2,397</td></tr><tr><td>Monthly Small and Medium Business Revenue per Customer<sup>(e)</sup></td><td>$207.36</td><td>$213.87</td></tr><tr><td>Enterprise PSUs<sup>(f)</sup></td><td>114</td><td>97</td></tr></table>

Question: Which year is Outstanding, beginning of period at Weighted Average Grant Price the lowest?
Answer: 2015