The following table provides a summary of non-consolidated VIEs with which we have significant continuing involvement but are not the primary beneficiary.
We do not consider our continuing involvement to be significant when it relates to a VIE where we only invest in securities issued by the VIE and were not involved in the design of the VIE or where no transfers have occurred between us and the VIE.
We have excluded certain transactions with non-consolidated VIEs from the balances presented in Table 36 where we have determined that our continuing involvement is not significant.
In addition, where we only have lending arrangements in the normal course of business with entities that could be VIEs, we have excluded these transactions with non-consolidated entities from the balances presented in Table 36.
These loans are included as part of the asset quality disclosures that we make in Note 3 Asset Quality.
Table 36: Non-Consolidated VIEs
## Table 0 ##
(a) This represents loans, investments and other assets related to non-consolidated VIEs, net of collateral (if applicable).
(b) Amounts for December 31, 2016 reflect the first quarter 2016 adoption of ASU 2015-02.
(c) Amounts reflect involvement with securitization SPEs where we transferred to and/or services loans for an SPE and we hold securities issued by that SPE.
Values disclosed in the PNC Risk of Loss column represent our maximum exposure to loss for those securities’ holdings.
(d) Included in Trading securities, Investment securities, Other intangible assets and Other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(e) Included in Loans, Equity investments and Other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
(f) Included in Deposits and Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Mortgage-Backed Securitizations In connection with each Agency and Non-agency residential and commercial mortgage-backed securitization discussed above, we evaluate each SPE utilized in these transactions for consolidation.
In performing these assessments, we evaluate our level of continuing involvement in these transactions as the nature of our involvement ultimately determines whether or not we hold a variable interest and/or are the primary beneficiary of the SPE.
Factors we consider in our consolidation assessment include the significance of (i) our role as servicer, (ii) our holdings of mortgage-backed securities issued by the securitization SPE, and (iii) the rights of third-party variable interest holders.
The first step in our assessment is to determine whether we hold a variable interest in the securitization SPE.
We hold variable interests in Agency and Non-agency securitization SPEs through our holding of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by the SPEs and/or our recourse obligations.
Each SPE in which we hold a variable interest is evaluated to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary of the entity.
For Agency securitization transactions, our contractual role as servicer does not give us the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of the SPEs.
Thus, we are not the primary beneficiary of these entities.
For Non-agency securitization transactions, we would be the primary beneficiary to the extent our servicing activities give us the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of the SPE and we hold a more than insignificant variable interest in the entity.
Details about the Agency and Non-agency securitization SPEs where we hold a variable interest and are not the primary beneficiary are included in Table 36.
Our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with these SPEs is the carrying value of the mortgage-backed securities, servicing assets, servicing advances, and our liabilities associated with our recourse obligations.
Creditors of the securitization SPEs have no recourse to our assets or general credit.
PART IIITEM 5 – MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES(a) (1) Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is traded under the symbol “PNC.
” At the close of business on February 15, 2019, there were 53,986 common shareholders of record.
Holders of PNC common stock are entitled to receive dividends when declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available for this purpose.
Our Board of Directors may not pay or set apart dividends on the common stock until dividends for all past dividend periods on any series of outstanding preferred stock and certain outstanding capital securities issued by the parent company have been paid or declared and set apart for payment.
The Board of Directors presently intends to continue the policy of paying quarterly cash dividends.
The amount of any future dividends will depend on economic and market conditions, our financial condition and operating results, and other factors, including contractual restrictions and applicable government regulations and policies (such as those relating to the ability of bank and non-bank subsidiaries to pay dividends to the parent company and regulatory capital limitations).
The amount of our dividend is also currently subject to the results of the supervisory assessment of capital adequacy and capital planning processes undertaken by the Federal Reserve and our primary bank regulators as part of the Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) process as described in the Supervision and Regulation section in Item 1 of this Report.
The Federal Reserve has the power to prohibit us from paying dividends without its approval.
For further information concerning dividend restrictions and other factors that could limit our ability to pay dividends, as well as restrictions on loans, dividends or advances from bank subsidiaries to the parent company, see the Supervision and Regulation section in Item 1, Item 1A Risk Factors, the Liquidity and Capital Management portion of the Risk Management section in Item 7, and Note 10 Borrowed Funds, Note 15 Equity and Note 18 Regulatory Matters in the Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report, which we include here by reference.
We include here by reference the information regarding our compensation plans under which PNC equity securities are authorized for issuance as of December 31, 2018 in the table (with introductory paragraph and notes) in Item 12 of this Report.
Our stock transfer agent and registrar is:Computershare Trust Company, N. A.250 Royall StreetCanton, MA 02021800-982-7652www.
computershare.
com/pncRegistered shareholders may contact Computershare regarding dividends and other shareholder services.
We include here by reference the information that appears under the Common Stock Performance Graph caption at the end of this Item 5.
(a)(2) None.
(b) Not applicable.
(c) Details of our repurchases of PNC common stock during the fourth quarter of 2018 are included in the following table:In thousands, except per share data
## Table 1 ##
(a) Includes PNC common stock purchased in connection with our various employee benefit plans generally related to forfeitures of unvested restricted stock awards and shares used to cover employee payroll tax withholding requirements.
Note 11 Employee Benefit Plans and Note 12 Stock Based Compensation Plans in the Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report include additional information regarding our employee benefit and equity compensation plans that use PNC common stock.
(b) On March 11, 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program authorization in the amount of 100 million shares of PNC common stock, effective April 1, 2015.
Repurchases are made in open market or privately negotiated transactions and the timing and exact amount of common stock repurchases will depend on a number of factors including, among others, market and general economic conditions, regulatory capital considerations, alternative uses of capital, the potential impact on our credit ratings, and contractual and regulatory limitations, including the results of the supervisory assessment of capital adequacy and capital planning processes undertaken by the Federal Reserve as part of the CCAR process.
In June 2018, we announced share repurchase programs of up to $2.0 billion for the four quarter period beginning with the third quarter of 2018, including repurchases of up to $300 million related to stock issuances under employee benefit plans, in accordance with PNC's 2018 capital plan.
In November 2018, we announced an increase to these previously announced programs in the amount of up to $900 million in additional common share repurchases.
The aggregate repurchase price of shares repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2018 was $.8 billion.
See the Liquidity and Capital Management portion of the Risk Management section in Item 7 of this Report for more information on the authorized share repurchase programs for the period July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019.
ITEM 6 – SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA This Selected Financial Data should be reviewed in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in Item 8 of this Report as well as the other disclosures in this Report concerning our historical financial performance, our future prospects and the risks associated with our business and financial performance.
## Table 2 ##
(a) The effective tax rates are generally lower than the statutory rate due to the relationship of pretax income to tax credits and earnings that are not subject to tax.
(b) The 2018 results reflected the change in the statutory federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, as a result of the new federal tax legislation.
The 2017 results reflected an income tax benefit from the new federal tax legislation primarily attributable to revaluation of deferred tax liabilities at the lower statutory tax rate.
(c) Net interest margin is the total yield on interest-earning assets minus the total rate on interest-bearing liabilities and includes the benefit from use of noninterest-bearing sources.
To provide more meaningful comparisons of net interest margins, we use net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis in calculating average yields used in the calculation of net interest margin by increasing the interest income earned on tax-exempt assets to make it fully equivalent to interest income earned on taxable investments.
This adjustment is not permitted under GAAP in the Consolidated Income Statement.
For additional information, see Reconciliation of Taxable-Equivalent Net Interest Income (Non-GAAP) Statistical Information (Unaudited) in Item 8 of this Report.
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation, which we believe is more meaningful to readers of our consolidated financial statements.

<table><tr><td>In millions</td><td>PNC Riskof Loss (a)</td><td>Carrying Value ofAssets Owned by PNC</td><td>Carrying Value of Liabilities Owned by PNC</td></tr><tr><td> December 31, 2016 (b)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mortgage-Backed Securitizations (c)</td><td>$8,003</td><td>$8,003(d)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tax Credit Investments and Other</td><td>3,083</td><td>3,043(e)</td><td>$823(f)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$11,086</td><td>$11,046</td><td>$823</td></tr><tr><td> December 31, 2015</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mortgage-Backed Securitizations (c)</td><td>$8,178</td><td>$8,178(d)</td><td>$2</td></tr><tr><td>Tax Credit Investments and Other</td><td>2,551</td><td>2,622(e)</td><td>836(f)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$10,729</td><td>$10,800</td><td>$838</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>2018 period</td><td>Total shares purchased (a)</td><td>Average price paid per share</td><td>Total shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs (b)</td><td>Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the programs (b)</td></tr><tr><td>October 1 – 31</td><td>1,204</td><td>$128.43</td><td>1,189</td><td>25,663</td></tr><tr><td>November 1 – 30</td><td>1,491</td><td>$133.79</td><td>1,491</td><td>24,172</td></tr><tr><td>December 1 – 31</td><td>3,458</td><td>$119.43</td><td>3,458</td><td>20,714</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>6,153</td><td>$124.67</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">Year ended December 31</td></tr><tr><td>Dollars in millions, except per share data</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td>Summary of Operations</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest income</td><td>$12,582</td><td>$10,814</td><td>$9,652</td><td>$9,323</td><td>$9,431</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>2,861</td><td>1,706</td><td>1,261</td><td>1,045</td><td>906</td></tr><tr><td>Net interest income</td><td>9,721</td><td>9,108</td><td>8,391</td><td>8,278</td><td>8,525</td></tr><tr><td>Noninterest income</td><td>7,411</td><td>7,221</td><td>6,771</td><td>6,947</td><td>6,850</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenue</td><td>17,132</td><td>16,329</td><td>15,162</td><td>15,225</td><td>15,375</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for credit losses</td><td>408</td><td>441</td><td>433</td><td>255</td><td>273</td></tr><tr><td>Noninterest expense</td><td>10,296</td><td>10,398</td><td>9,476</td><td>9,463</td><td>9,488</td></tr><tr><td>Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interests</td><td>6,428</td><td>5,490</td><td>5,253</td><td>5,507</td><td>5,614</td></tr><tr><td>Income taxes</td><td>1,082</td><td>102</td><td>1,268</td><td>1,364</td><td>1,407</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>5,346</td><td>5,388</td><td>3,985</td><td>4,143</td><td>4,207</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests</td><td>45</td><td>50</td><td>82</td><td>37</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Preferred stock dividends</td><td>236</td><td>236</td><td>209</td><td>220</td><td>232</td></tr><tr><td>Preferred stock discount accretion and redemptions</td><td>4</td><td>26</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Net income attributable to common shareholders</td><td>$5,061</td><td>$5,076</td><td>$3,688</td><td>$3,881</td><td>$3,947</td></tr><tr><td>Per Common Share</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic earnings</td><td>$10.79</td><td>$10.49</td><td>$7.42</td><td>$7.52</td><td>$7.44</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted earnings</td><td>$10.71</td><td>$10.36</td><td>$7.30</td><td>$7.39</td><td>$7.30</td></tr><tr><td>Book value</td><td>$95.72</td><td>$91.94</td><td>$85.94</td><td>$81.84</td><td>$77.61</td></tr><tr><td>Cash dividends declared</td><td>$3.40</td><td>$2.60</td><td>$2.12</td><td>$2.01</td><td>$1.88</td></tr><tr><td>Effective tax rate(a) (b)</td><td>16.8%</td><td>1.9%</td><td>24.1%</td><td>24.8%</td><td>25.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Performance Ratios</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net interest margin (c)</td><td>2.97%</td><td>2.87%</td><td>2.73%</td><td>2.74%</td><td>3.08%</td></tr><tr><td>Noninterest income to total revenue</td><td>43%</td><td>44%</td><td>45%</td><td>46%</td><td>45%</td></tr><tr><td>Efficiency</td><td>60%</td><td>64%</td><td>62%</td><td>62%</td><td>62%</td></tr><tr><td>Return on:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Average common shareholders' equity (b)</td><td>11.83%</td><td>12.09%</td><td>8.85%</td><td>9.50%</td><td>9.91%</td></tr><tr><td>Average assets (b)</td><td>1.41%</td><td>1.45%</td><td>1.10%</td><td>1.17%</td><td>1.28%</td></tr></table>

Question: What's the average of the Total revenue for Summary of Operations in the years where Mortgage-Backed Securitizations (c) for PNC Riskof Loss (a) is positive? (in million)
Answer: 15193.5