TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURINGS (TDRS) A TDR is a loan whose terms have been restructured in a manner that grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties.
TDRs result from our loss mitigation activities, and include rate reductions, principal forgiveness, postponement/reduction of scheduled amortization, and extensions, which are intended to minimize economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral.
Additionally, TDRs also result from borrowers that have been discharged from personal liability through Chapter 7 bankruptcy and have not formally reaffirmed their loan obligations to PNC.
In those situations where principal is forgiven, the amount of such principal forgiveness is immediately charged off.
Some TDRs may not ultimately result in the full collection of principal and interest, as restructured, and result in potential incremental losses.
These potential incremental losses have been factored into our overall ALLL estimate.
The level of any subsequent defaults will likely be affected by future economic conditions.
Once a loan becomes a TDR, it will continue to be reported as a TDR until it is ultimately repaid in full, the collateral is foreclosed upon, or it is fully charged off.
We held specific reserves in the ALLL of $.5 billion and $.6 billion at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, for the total TDR portfolio.
Table 70: Summary of Troubled Debt Restructurings
## Table 0 ##
(a) Accruing loans have demonstrated a period of at least six months of performance under the restructured terms and are excluded from nonperforming loans.
Loans where borrowers have been discharged from personal liability through Chapter 7 bankruptcy and have not formally reaffirmed their loan obligations to PNC are not returned to accrual status.
Table 71 quantifies the number of loans that were classified as TDRs as well as the change in the recorded investments as a result of the TDR classification during 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Additionally, the table provides information about the types of TDR concessions.
The Principal Forgiveness TDR category includes principal forgiveness and accrued interest forgiveness.
These types of TDRs result in a write down of the recorded investment and a charge-off if such action has not already taken place.
The Rate Reduction TDR category includes reduced interest rate and interest deferral.
The TDRs within this category would result in reductions to future interest income.
The Other TDR category primarily includes consumer borrowers that have been discharged from personal liability through Chapter 7 bankruptcy and have not formally reaffirmed their loan obligations to PNC, as well as postponement/reduction of scheduled amortization and contractual extensions for both consumer and commercial borrowers.
In some cases, there have been multiple concessions granted on one loan.
This is most common within the commercial loan portfolio.
When there have been multiple concessions granted in the commercial loan portfolio, the principal forgiveness TDR was prioritized for purposes of determining the inclusion in the table below.
For example, if there is principal forgiveness in conjunction with lower interest rate and postponement of amortization, the type of concession will be reported as Principal Forgiveness.
Second in priority would be rate reduction.
For example, if there is an interest rate reduction in conjunction with postponement of amortization, the type of concession will be reported as a Rate Reduction.
In the event that multiple concessions are granted on a consumer loan, concessions resulting from discharge from personal liability through Chapter 7 bankruptcy without formal affirmation of the loan obligations to PNC would be prioritized and included in the Other type of concession in the table below.
After that, consumer loan concessions would follow the previously discussed priority of concessions for the commercial loan portfolio.
December 31, 2012
## Table 1 ##
(a) Level 3 residential mortgage-backed non-agency and asset-backed securities with fair values as of December 31, 2013 totaling $4,672 million and $610 million, respectively, were priced by a third-party vendor using a discounted cash flow pricing model that incorporates consensus pricing, where available.
The comparable amounts as of December 31, 2012 were $5,363 million and $677 million, respectively.
The significant unobservable inputs for these securities were provided by the third-party vendor and are disclosed in the table.
Our procedures to validate the prices provided by the third-party vendor related to these securities are discussed further in the Fair Value Measurement section of this Note 9.
Certain Level 3 residential mortgage-backed non-agency and asset-backed securities with fair values as of December 31, 2013 of $686 million and $31 million, respectively, were valued using a pricing source, such as a dealer quote or comparable security price, for which the significant unobservable inputs used to determine the price were not reasonably available.
The comparable amounts as of December 31, 2012 were $744 million and $31 million, respectively.
(b) The assumed yield spread over the benchmark curve for each instrument is generally intended to incorporate non-interest-rate risks such as credit and liquidity risks.
(c) Consensus pricing refers to fair value estimates that are generally internally developed using information such as dealer quotes or other third-party provided valuations or comparable asset prices.
(d) The range on these indirect equity investments has not been disclosed since these investments are recorded at their net asset redemption values.
(e) Primarily includes a Non-agency securitization that PNC consolidated in the first quarter of 2013.
(f) Represents the aggregate amount of Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis that are individually and in the aggregate insignificant.
The amount includes certain financial derivative assets and liabilities and other assets.
For the period ended December 31, 2013, the amount also includes residential mortgage loans held for sale.
For additional information, please see commercial mortgage loan commitment assets and liabilities, residential mortgage loan commitment assets, interest rate option assets and liabilities and risk participation agreement assets and liabilities within the Financial Derivatives discussion, and the Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale and Other Assets and Liabilities discussions included in this Note 9.
(g) Consisted of total Level 3 assets of $10,635 million and total Level 3 liabilities of $623 million as of December 31, 2013 and $10,988 million and $376 million as of December 31, 2012, respectively.
pension assets, and certain other investments.
Fair values are based on listed market prices, when such prices are available.
To the extent that listed market prices are not available, fair value is determined based on other relevant factors, including dealer price quotations.
Certain financial instruments, including over-the-counter derivative instruments, are valued using pricing models that consider, among other factors, contractual and market prices, correlations, time value, credit spreads, and yield curve volatility factors.
Changes in the fixed income, equity, foreign exchange, and commodity markets will impact our estimates of fair value in the future, potentially affecting our results of operations.
A quantitative sensitivity analysis of our exposure to changes in commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, and equity prices is presented in the “Market Risk” section of this report.
Pension and Postretirement Medical Benefits As discussed in Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements, we maintain several single-employer defined benefit and postretirement benefit plans.
Our pension and other postretirement benefit costs are calculated using various actuarial assumptions and methodologies.
These assumptions include discount rates, health care cost trend rates, inflation, rates of compensation increase, expected return on plan assets, mortality rates, and other factors.
Actual results that differ from our assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, generally affect our recognized expense and recorded obligation in such future periods.
We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording the obligations under our plans are reasonable, and represent our best estimates, based on information as to historical experience and performance as well as other factors that might cause future expectations to differ from past trends.
Differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions may affect our pension and other postretirement obligations and future expense.
A 25 basis point change in the assumed discount rate, expected return on assets, and health care cost trend rate for the U. S.  pension and postretirement benefit plans would result in the following increases (decreases) on the Company’s costs and obligations for the year 2009 (in millions):
## Table 2 ##
Depreciation, Residual Value, and Impairment of Fixed Assets As of December 31, 2009, we had $17.979 billion of net fixed assets, the most significant category of which is aircraft.
In accounting for fixed assets, we make estimates about the expected useful lives and the expected residual values of the assets, and the potential for impairment based on the fair values of the assets and the cash flows generated by these assets.
In estimating the lives and expected residual values of aircraft, we have relied upon actual experience with the same or similar aircraft types.
Subsequent revisions to these estimates could be caused by changes to our
Management’s discussion and analysis 122 JPMorgan Chase & Co. /2016 Annual Report The Firm manages interest rate exposure related to its assets and liabilities on a consolidated, firmwide basis.
Business units transfer their interest rate risk to Treasury and CIO through a transfer-pricing system, which takes into account the elements of interest rate exposure that can be risk-managed in financial markets.
These elements include asset and liability balances and contractual rates of interest, contractual principal payment schedules, expected prepayment experience, interest rate reset dates and maturities, rate indices used for repricing, and any interest rate ceilings or floors for adjustable rate products.
All transfer-pricing assumptions are dynamically reviewed.
The Firm generates a baseline for net interest income and certain interest rate sensitive fees, and then conducts simulations of changes for interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities denominated in U. S.  dollar and other currencies (“non-U.
S.  dollar” currencies).
Earnings-at-risk scenarios estimate the potential change in this baseline, over the following 12 months utilizing multiple assumptions.
These scenarios consider the impact on exposures as a result of changes in interest rates from baseline rates, as well as pricing sensitivities of deposits, optionality and changes in product mix.
The scenarios include forecasted balance sheet changes, as well as modeled prepayment and reinvestment behavior, but do not include assumptions about actions that could be taken by the Firm in response to any such instantaneous rate changes.
Mortgage prepayment assumptions are based on scenario interest rates compared with underlying contractual rates, the time since origination, and other factors which are updated periodically based on historical experience.
The Firm’s earnings-at-risk scenarios are periodically evaluated and enhanced in response to changes in the composition of the Firm’s balance sheet, changes in market conditions, improvements in the Firm’s simulation and other factors.
The Firm’s U. S.  dollar sensitivities are presented in the table below.
The non-U.
S.  dollar sensitivity scenarios are not material to the Firm’s earnings-at-risk at December 31, 2016 and 2015.
JPMorgan Chase’s 12-month earnings-at-risk sensitivity profiles
## Table 3 ##
(a) Given the current level of market interest rates, downward parallel 100 and 200 basis point earnings-at-risk scenarios are not considered to be meaningful.
The Firm’s benefit to rising rates on U. S.  dollar assets and liabilities is largely a result of reinvesting at higher yields and assets repricing at a faster pace than deposits.
The Firm’s net U. S.  dollar sensitivity to a 200 bps and 100 bps instantaneous increase in rates decreased by approximately $1.2 billion and $700 million, respectively, when compared to December 31, 2015.
The primary driver of that decrease was the updating of the Firm’s baseline to reflect higher interest rates.
As higher interest rates are reflected in the Firm’s baselines, the magnitude of the sensitivity to further increases in rates would be expected to be less significant.
The net change in mix in the Firm’s spot and forecasted balance sheet also contributed to a decrease in the net U. S.  dollar sensitivity when compared to December 31, 2015.
Separately, another U. S.  dollar interest rate scenario used by the Firm — involving a steeper yield curve with long-term rates rising by 100 basis points and short-term rates staying at current levels — results in a 12-month benefit to net interest income of approximately $800 million.
The increase under this scenario reflects the Firm reinvesting at the higher long-term rates, with funding costs remaining unchanged.
The result of the comparable non-U.
S.  dollar scenario was not material to the Firm.
Non-U.
S.  dollar foreign exchange risk Non-U.
S.  dollar FX risk is the risk that changes in foreign exchange rates affect the value of the Firm’s assets or liabilities or future results.
The Firm has structural non-U.
S.  dollar FX exposures arising from capital investments, forecasted expense and revenue, the investment securities portfolio and non-U.
S.  dollar-denominated debt issuance.
Treasury and CIO, working in partnership with the lines of business, primarily manage these risks on behalf of the Firm.
Treasury and CIO may hedge certain of these risks using derivatives within risk limits governed by the CTC Risk Committee.
Changes in fair value under the fair value option election The following table presents the changes in fair value included in the Consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, for items for which the fair value option was elected.
The profit and loss information presented below only includes the financial instruments that were elected to be measured at fair value; related risk management instruments, which are required to be measured at fair value, are not included in the table.
## Table 4 ##
(a) Effective January 1, 2016, unrealized gains/(losses) due to instrument-specific credit risk (DVA) for liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected is recorded in OCI, while realized gains/(losses) are recorded in principal transactions revenue.
DVA for 2015 and 2014 was included in principal transactions revenue, and includes the impact of the Firm’s own credit quality on the inception value of liabilities as well as the impact of changes in the Firm’s own credit quality subsequent to issuance.
See Notes 3 and 25 for further information.
(b) Long-term debt measured at fair value predominantly relates to structured notes containing embedded derivatives.
Although the risk associated with the structured notes is actively managed, the gains/(losses) reported in this table do not include the income statement impact of the risk management instruments used to manage such risk.
(c) Reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(d) Reported in other income.
Net interest income excluding CIB’s Markets businesses In addition to reviewing net interest income on a managed basis, management also reviews net interest income excluding net interest income arising from CIB’s Markets businesses to assess the performance of the Firm’s lending, investing (including asset-liability management) and deposit-raising activities.
CIB’s Markets businesses represent both Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets.
The data presented below are non-GAAP financial measures due to the exclusion of net interest income from CIB’s Markets businesses (“CIB Markets”).

<table><tr><td>In millions</td><td>Dec. 312013</td><td>Dec. 312012</td></tr><tr><td>Total consumer lending</td><td>$2,161</td><td>$2,318</td></tr><tr><td>Total commercial lending</td><td>578</td><td>541</td></tr><tr><td>Total TDRs</td><td>$2,739</td><td>$2,859</td></tr><tr><td>Nonperforming</td><td>$1,511</td><td>$1,589</td></tr><tr><td>Accruing (a)</td><td>1,062</td><td>1,037</td></tr><tr><td>Credit card</td><td>166</td><td>233</td></tr><tr><td>Total TDRs</td><td>$2,739</td><td>$2,859</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Level 3 Instruments Only Dollars in millions</td><td>Fair Value</td><td> Valuation Techniques</td><td> Unobservable Inputs</td><td>Range (Weighted Average)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Residential mortgage-backed non-agency securities</td><td>$6,107</td><td>Priced by a third-party vendor using a discounted cash flow pricing model (a)</td><td>Constant prepayment rate (CPR)Constant default rate (CDR)Loss severitySpread over the benchmark curve (b)</td><td>1.0%-30.0% -5.0% 0%-24.0% (7.0%)10.0%-95.0% (52.0%)315bps weighted average</td><td>(a) (a)(a)(a)</td></tr><tr><td>Asset-backed securities</td><td>708</td><td>Priced by a third-party vendor using a discounted cash flow pricing model (a)</td><td>Constant prepayment rate (CPR)Constant default rate (CDR)LossseveritySpread over the benchmark curve (b)</td><td>1.0%-11.0% -3.0% 1.0%-25.0% (9.0%)10.0%-100% (70.0%)511bps weightedaverage</td><td>(a) (a)(a)(a)</td></tr><tr><td>State and municipal securities</td><td>130 209</td><td>Discounted cash flowConsensuspricing (c)</td><td>Spread over the benchmark curve (b)Credit and Liquidity discount</td><td>100bps-280bps (119bps) 0%-30.0% (8.0%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other debt securities</td><td>48</td><td>Consensus pricing (c)</td><td>Credit and Liquidity discount</td><td>7.0%-95.0% -86.0%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Residential mortgage loan commitments</td><td>85</td><td>Discounted cash flow</td><td>Probability of fundingEmbedded servicing value</td><td>8.5%-99.0% -71.1% .5%-1.2% (.9%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trading securities – Debt</td><td>32</td><td>Consensus pricing (c)</td><td>Credit and Liquidity discount</td><td>8.0%-20.0% -12.0%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Residential mortgage loans held for sale</td><td>27</td><td>Consensus pricing (c)</td><td>Cumulative default rateLossseverityGross discount rate</td><td>2.6%-100% -76.1% 0%-92.7% (55.8%)14.0%-15.3% (14.9%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Residential mortgage servicing rights</td><td>650</td><td>Discounted cash flow</td><td>Constant prepayment rate (CPR)Spread over the benchmark curve (b)</td><td>3.9%-57.3% -18.8% 939bps-1,929bps (1,115bps)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Commercial mortgage loans held for sale</td><td>772</td><td>Discounted cash flow</td><td>Spread over the benchmark curve (b)</td><td>485bps-4,155bps (999bps)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity investments – Direct investments</td><td>1,171</td><td>Multiple of adjusted earnings</td><td>Multiple of earnings</td><td>4.5x-10.0x (7.1x)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity investments – Indirect (d)</td><td>642</td><td>Net asset value</td><td>Net asset value</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Loans – Residential real estate</td><td>127</td><td>Consensus pricing (c)</td><td>Cumulative default rateLossseverityGross discount rate</td><td>2.6%-100% -76.3% 0%-99.4% (61.1%)12.0%-12.5% (12.2%)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Loans – Home equity</td><td>7</td><td>Consensus pricing (c)</td><td>Credit and Liquidity discount</td><td>37.0%-97.0% -65.0%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BlackRock Series C Preferred Stock</td><td>243</td><td>Consensus pricing (c)</td><td>Liquidity discount</td><td>22.5%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BlackRock LTIP</td><td>-243</td><td>Consensus pricing (c)</td><td>Liquidity discount</td><td>22.5%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other derivative contracts</td><td>-72</td><td>Discounted cash flow</td><td>Credit and Liquidity discountSpread over the benchmark curve (b)</td><td>37.0%-99.0% -46.0% 79bps</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Swaps related to sales of certain Visa Class B common shares</td><td>-43</td><td>Discounted cash flow</td><td>Estimated conversion factor ofClass B shares into Class A shares Estimated growth rate of VisaClass A share price</td><td>41.5% 12.6%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insignificant Level 3 assets, net of liabilities (f)</td><td>12</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total Level 3 assets, net of liabilities (g)</td><td>$10,612</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>25 Basis Point Increase</td><td>25 Basis Point Decrease</td></tr><tr><td> Pension Plans</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Discount Rate:</i></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Effect on net periodic benefit cost</td><td>$-43</td><td>$77</td></tr><tr><td>Effect on projected benefit obligation</td><td>-631</td><td>656</td></tr><tr><td><i>Return on Assets:</i></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Effect on net periodic benefit cost</td><td>-41</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td> Postretirement Medical Plans</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Discount Rate:</i></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Effect on net periodic benefit cost</td><td>-6</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation</td><td>-83</td><td>85</td></tr><tr><td><i>Health Care Cost Trend Rate:</i></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Effect on net periodic benefit cost</td><td>4</td><td>-4</td></tr><tr><td>Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligation</td><td>21</td><td>-22</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>U.S. dollar</td><td colspan="5">Instantaneous change in rates</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(in billions)</td><td>+200 bps</td><td>+100 bps</td><td colspan="2">-100 bps</td><td colspan="2">-200 bps</td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2016</td><td>$4.0</td><td>$2.4</td><td>NM</td><td><sup>(a)</sup></td><td>NM</td><td><sup>(a)</sup></td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2015</td><td>$5.2</td><td>$3.1</td><td>NM</td><td><sup>(a)</sup></td><td>NM</td><td><sup>(a)</sup></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">2016</td><td colspan="4">2015</td><td colspan="4">2014</td></tr><tr><td>December 31, (in millions)</td><td>Principal transactions</td><td colspan="2">All other income</td><td>Total changes in fair value recorded</td><td>Principal transactions</td><td colspan="2">All other income</td><td>Total changes in fair value recorded</td><td>Principal transactions</td><td colspan="2">All other income</td><td>Total changes in fair value recorded</td></tr><tr><td>Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements</td><td>$-76</td><td>$—</td><td></td><td>$-76</td><td>$-38</td><td>$—</td><td></td><td>$-38</td><td>$-15</td><td>$—</td><td></td><td>$-15</td></tr><tr><td>Securities borrowed</td><td>1</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>-6</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-6</td><td>-10</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-10</td></tr><tr><td>Trading assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debt and equity instruments, excluding loans</td><td>120</td><td>-1</td><td><sup>(c)</sup></td><td>119</td><td>756</td><td>-10</td><td><sup>(c)</sup></td><td>746</td><td>639</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>639</td></tr><tr><td>Loans reported as tradingassets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Changes in instrument-specific credit risk</td><td>461</td><td>43</td><td><sup>(c)</sup></td><td>504</td><td>138</td><td>41</td><td><sup>(c)</sup></td><td>179</td><td>885</td><td>29</td><td><sup>(c)</sup></td><td>914</td></tr><tr><td>Other changes in fair value</td><td>79</td><td>684</td><td><sup>(c)</sup></td><td>763</td><td>232</td><td>818</td><td><sup>(c)</sup></td><td>1,050</td><td>352</td><td>1,353</td><td><sup>(c)</sup></td><td>1,705</td></tr><tr><td>Loans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Changes in instrument-specific credit risk</td><td>13</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>13</td><td>35</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>35</td><td>40</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Other changes in fair value</td><td>-7</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-7</td><td>4</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>4</td><td>34</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Other assets</td><td>20</td><td>62</td><td><sup>(d)</sup></td><td>82</td><td>79</td><td>-1</td><td><sup>(d)</sup></td><td>78</td><td>24</td><td>6</td><td><sup>(d)</sup></td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Deposits<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>-134</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-134</td><td>93</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>93</td><td>-287</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-287</td></tr><tr><td>Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>19</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>19</td><td>8</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>8</td><td>-33</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-33</td></tr><tr><td>Other borrowed funds<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>-236</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-236</td><td>1,996</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>1,996</td><td>-891</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-891</td></tr><tr><td>Trading liabilities</td><td>6</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>-20</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-20</td><td>-17</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-17</td></tr><tr><td>Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs</td><td>23</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>23</td><td>49</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>49</td><td>-233</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-233</td></tr><tr><td>Other liabilities</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>-27</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-27</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DVA on fair value option elected liabilities<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>300</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>300</td><td>101</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>101</td></tr><tr><td>Other changes in fair value<sup>(b)</sup></td><td>-773</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-773</td><td>1,088</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>1,088</td><td>-615</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-615</td></tr></table>

Question: In the year with lowest amount of Changes in instrument-specific credit risk, what's the increasing rate of Other changes in fair value?
Answer: 1.57143