Notes to consolidated financial statements 222 JPMorgan Chase & Co. /2015 Annual Report party service providers are predominantly expensed, such that asset management fees are recorded gross of payments made to third parties.
The following table presents Firmwide asset management, administration and commissions.
## Table 0 ##
(a) Represents fees earned from managing assets on behalf of the Firm’s clients, including investors in Firm-sponsored funds and owners of separately managed investment accounts.
(b) Represents fees for services that are ancillary to investment management services, such as commissions earned on the sales or distribution of mutual funds to clients.
(c) Predominantly includes fees for custody, securities lending, funds services and securities clearance.
Mortgage fees and related income This revenue category primarily reflects CCB’s Mortgage Banking production and servicing revenue, including fees and income derived from mortgages originated with the intent to sell; mortgage sales and servicing including losses related to the repurchase of previously sold loans; the impact of risk-management activities associated with the mortgage pipeline, warehouse loans and MSRs; and revenue related to any residual interests held from mortgage securitizations.
This revenue category also includes gains and losses on sales and lower of cost or fair value adjustments for mortgage loans held-for-sale, as well as changes in fair value for mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell and measured at fair value under the fair value option.
Changes in the fair value of CCB MSRs are reported in mortgage fees and related income.
Net interest income from mortgage loans is recorded in interest income.
For a further discussion of MSRs, see Note 17.
Card income This revenue category includes interchange income from credit and debit cards and net fees earned from processing credit card transactions for merchants.
Card income is recognized as earned.
Cost related to rewards programs is recorded when the rewards are earned by the customer and presented as a reduction to interchange income.
Annual fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over a 12-month period.
Credit card revenue sharing agreements The Firm has contractual agreements with numerous cobrand partners and affinity organizations (collectively, “partners”), which grant the Firm exclusive rights to market to the customers or members of such partners.
These partners endorse the credit card programs and provide their customer and member lists to the Firm, and they may also conduct marketing activities and provide awards under the various credit card programs.
The terms of these agreements generally range from three to ten years.
The Firm typically makes incentive payments to the partners based on new account originations, sales volumes and the cost of the partners’ marketing activities and awards.
Payments based on new account originations are accounted for as direct loan origination costs.
Payments to partners based on sales volumes are deducted from interchange income as the related revenue is earned.
Payments based on marketing efforts undertaken by the partners are expensed by the Firm as incurred and reported as noninterest expense.
Other income Other income on the Firm’s Consolidated statements of income included the following:
## Table 1 ##
Gains and losses For the Firm’s defined benefit pension plans, fair value is used to determine the expected return on plan assets.
Amortization of net gains and losses is included in annual net periodic benefit cost if, as of the beginning of the year, the net gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the PBO or the fair value of the plan assets.
Any excess is amortized over the average future service period of defined benefit pension plan participants, which for the U. S.  defined benefit pension plan is currently seven years and for the non-U.
S.  defined benefit pension plans is the period appropriate for the affected plan.
In addition, prior service costs are amortized over the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits under the plan when the prior service cost is first recognized.
The average remaining amortization period for the U. S.  defined benefit pension plan for current prior service costs is four years.
For the Firm’s OPEB plans, a calculated value that recognizes changes in fair value over a five-year period is used to determine the expected return on plan assets.
This value is referred to as the market related value of assets.
Amortization of net gains and losses, adjusted for gains and losses not yet recognized, is included in annual net periodic benefit cost if, as of the beginning of the year, the net gain or loss exceeds 10% of the greater of the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation or the market related value of assets.
Any excess net gain or loss is amortized over the average expected lifetime of retired participants, which is currently thirteen years; however, prior service costs resulting from plan changes are amortized over the average years of service remaining to full eligibility age, which is currently two years.
The following table presents pretax pension and OPEB amounts recorded in AOCI
## Table 2 ##
The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit costs reported in the Consolidated statements of income and other comprehensive income for the Firm’s U. S.  and non-U.
S.  defined benefit pension, defined contribution and OPEB plans.
## Table 3 ##
(a) Includes various defined benefit pension plans which are individually immaterial
Management’s discussion and analysis Net interest income excluding markets-based activities (formerly core net interest income) In addition to reviewing net interest income on a managed basis, management also reviews net interest income excluding CIB’s markets-based activities to assess the performance of the Firm’s lending, investing (including asset-liability management) and deposit-raising activities.
The data presented below are non-GAAP financial measures due to the exclusion of CIB’s markets-based net interest income and related assets.
Management believes this exclusion provides investors and analysts with another measure by which to analyze the non-markets-related business trends of the Firm and provides a comparable measure to other financial institutions that are primarily focused on lending, investing and deposit-raising activities.
Net interest income excluding CIB markets-based activities data
## Table 4 ##
(a) Interest includes the effect of related hedging derivatives.
Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(b) For a reconciliation of net interest income on a reported and managed basis, see reconciliation from the Firm’s reported U. S.  GAAP results to managed basis on page 80.2015 compared with 2014 Net interest income excluding CIB’s markets-based activities increased by $740 million in 2015 to $39.8 billion, and average interest-earning assets increased by $56.2 billion to $1.6 trillion.
The increase in net interest income in 2015 predominantly reflected higher average loan balances and lower interest expense on deposits.
The increase was partially offset by lower loan yields and lower investment securities net interest income.
The increase in average interest-earning assets largely reflected the impact of higher average deposits with banks.
These changes in net interest income and interest-earning assets resulted in the net interest yield decreasing by 4 basis points to 2.50% for 2015.2014 compared with 2013 Net interest income excluding CIB’s markets-based activities increased by $543 million in 2014 to $39.1 billion, and average interest-earning assets increased by $72.8 billion to $1.5 trillion.
The increase in net interest income in 2014 predominantly reflected higher yields on investment securities, the impact of lower interest expense, and higher average loan balances.
The increase was partially offset by lower yields on loans due to the run-off of higher-yielding loans and new originations of lower-yielding loans.
The increase in average interest-earning assets largely reflected the impact of higher average balance of deposits with banks.
These changes in net interest income and interestearning assets resulted in the net interest yield decreasing by 9 basis points to 2.54% for 2014.

<table><tr><td>Year ended December 31,(in millions)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Asset management fees</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Investment management fees<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>$9,403</td><td>$9,169</td><td>$8,044</td></tr><tr><td>All other asset management fees<sup>(b)</sup></td><td>352</td><td>477</td><td>505</td></tr><tr><td>Total asset management fees</td><td>9,755</td><td>9,646</td><td>8,549</td></tr><tr><td>Total administration fees<sup>(c)</sup></td><td>2,015</td><td>2,179</td><td>2,101</td></tr><tr><td>Commissions and other fees</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brokerage commissions</td><td>2,304</td><td>2,270</td><td>2,321</td></tr><tr><td>All other commissions and fees</td><td>1,435</td><td>1,836</td><td>2,135</td></tr><tr><td>Total commissions and fees</td><td>3,739</td><td>4,106</td><td>4,456</td></tr><tr><td>Total asset management, administration and commissions</td><td>$15,509</td><td>$15,931</td><td>$15,106</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Year ended December 31, (in millions)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Operating lease income</td><td>$2,081</td><td>$1,699</td><td>$1,472</td></tr><tr><td>Gain from sale of Visa B shares</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1,310</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">Defined benefit pension plans</td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>December 31,</td><td colspan="2">U.S.</td><td colspan="2">Non-U.S.</td><td colspan="2">OPEB plans</td></tr><tr><td>(in millions)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td>Net gain/(loss)</td><td>$-3,096</td><td>$-3,346</td><td>$-513</td><td>$-628</td><td>$109</td><td>$130</td></tr><tr><td>Prior service credit/(cost)</td><td>68</td><td>102</td><td>9</td><td>11</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), pretax, end of year</td><td>$-3,028</td><td>$-3,244</td><td>$-504</td><td>$-617</td><td>$109</td><td>$130</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="8">Pension plans</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">U.S.</td><td colspan="5">Non-U.S.</td><td></td><td colspan="3">OPEB plans</td></tr><tr><td>Year ended December 31, (in millions)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td><td>2015</td><td></td><td>2014</td><td></td><td>2013</td><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Components of net periodic benefit cost</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benefits earned during the year</td><td>$340</td><td>$281</td><td>$314</td><td>$37</td><td></td><td>$33</td><td></td><td>$34</td><td></td><td>$1</td><td>$—</td><td>$1</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost on benefit obligations</td><td>498</td><td>534</td><td>447</td><td>112</td><td></td><td>137</td><td></td><td>125</td><td></td><td>31</td><td>38</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Expected return on plan assets</td><td>-929</td><td>-985</td><td>-956</td><td>-150</td><td></td><td>-172</td><td></td><td>-142</td><td></td><td>-106</td><td>-101</td><td>-92</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net (gain)/loss</td><td>247</td><td>25</td><td>271</td><td>35</td><td></td><td>47</td><td></td><td>49</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Prior service cost/(credit)</td><td>-34</td><td>-41</td><td>-41</td><td>-2</td><td></td><td>-2</td><td></td><td>-2</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>-1</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Special termination benefits</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Net periodic defined benefit cost</td><td>122</td><td>-186</td><td>35</td><td>33</td><td></td><td>43</td><td></td><td>64</td><td></td><td>-74</td><td>-64</td><td>-55</td></tr><tr><td>Other defined benefit pension plans<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>15</td><td>10</td><td></td><td>6</td><td></td><td>14</td><td></td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Total defined benefit plans</td><td>136</td><td>-172</td><td>50</td><td>43</td><td></td><td>49</td><td></td><td>78</td><td></td><td>-74</td><td>-64</td><td>-55</td></tr><tr><td>Total defined contribution plans</td><td>449</td><td>438</td><td>447</td><td>320</td><td></td><td>329</td><td></td><td>321</td><td></td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>Total pension and OPEB cost included in compensation expense</td><td>$585</td><td>$266</td><td>$497</td><td>$363</td><td></td><td>$378</td><td></td><td>$399</td><td></td><td>$-74</td><td>$-64</td><td>$-55</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Net (gain)/loss arising during the year</td><td>$-3</td><td>$1,645</td><td>$-1,817</td><td>$-47</td><td></td><td>$57</td><td></td><td>$19</td><td></td><td>$21</td><td>$-5</td><td>$-257</td></tr><tr><td>Prior service credit arising during the year</td><td>—</td><td>53</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of net loss</td><td>-247</td><td>-25</td><td>-271</td><td>-35</td><td></td><td>-47</td><td></td><td>-49</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-1</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service (cost)/credit</td><td>34</td><td>41</td><td>41</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>—</td><td>1</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange impact and other</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-33</td><td><sup>(a)</sup></td><td>-39</td><td><sup>(a)</sup></td><td>14</td><td><sup>(a)</sup></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Total recognized in other comprehensive income</td><td>$-216</td><td>$1,714</td><td>$-2,047</td><td>$-113</td><td></td><td>$-27</td><td></td><td>$-14</td><td></td><td>$21</td><td>$-4</td><td>$-258</td></tr><tr><td>Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income</td><td>$-94</td><td>$1,528</td><td>$-2,012</td><td>$-80</td><td></td><td>$16</td><td></td><td>$50</td><td></td><td>$-53</td><td>$-68</td><td>$-313</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Year ended December 31,(in millions, except rates)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Net interest income – managed basis<sup>(a)(b)</sup></td><td>$44,620</td><td>$44,619</td><td>$44,016</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Markets-based net interest income</td><td>4,813</td><td>5,552</td><td>5,492</td></tr><tr><td>Net interest income excluding markets<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>$39,807</td><td>$39,067</td><td>$38,524</td></tr><tr><td>Average interest-earning assets</td><td>$2,088,242</td><td>$2,049,093</td><td>$1,970,231</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Average markets-based interest-earning assets</td><td>493,225</td><td>510,261</td><td>504,218</td></tr><tr><td>Average interest-earning assets excluding markets</td><td>$1,595,017</td><td>$1,538,832</td><td>$1,466,013</td></tr><tr><td>Net interest yield on average interest-earning assets – managed basis</td><td>2.14%</td><td>2.18%</td><td>2.23%</td></tr><tr><td>Net interest yield on average markets-based interest-earning assets</td><td>0.97</td><td>1.09</td><td>1.09</td></tr><tr><td>Net interest yield on average interest-earning assets excluding markets</td><td>2.50%</td><td>2.54%</td><td>2.63%</td></tr></table>

Question: in 2015 what was the percentage change in the net interest income excluding cib 2019s markets-based activities from 2014
Answer: 18.59296