THE AES CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2016, AND 2015 Income Tax Receivables and Payables — The current income taxes receivable and payable are included in Other Current Assets and Accrued and Other Liabilities, respectively, on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The noncurrent income taxes receivable and payable are included in Other Noncurrent Assets and Other Noncurrent Liabilities, respectively, on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following table summarizes the income taxes receivable and payable as of the periods indicated (in millions):
## Table 0 ##
Deferred Income Taxes — Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of (a) temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes and (b) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.
These items are stated at the enacted tax rates that are expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered.
As of December 31, 2017, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes of approximately $1.9 billion expiring in years 2027 to 2036.
The Company also had federal general business tax credit carryforwards of approximately $21 million expiring primarily from 2021 to 2037, and federal alternative minimum tax credits of approximately $5 million that may be fully recovered by 2021 under the 2017 Act.
The Company had state net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2017 of approximately $9.3 billion expiring in years 2018 to 2037.
As of December 31, 2017, the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $2.8 billion that expire at various times beginning in 2018 and some of which carry forward without expiration, and tax credits available in foreign jurisdictions of approximately $28 million, $18 million of which expire in 2021, $1 million of which expire in years 2023 to 2028, and $9 million of which carry forward without expiration.
Valuation allowances increased $112 million during 2017 to $988 million at December 31, 2017.
This net increase was primarily the result of valuation allowance activity at certain of our Brazil subsidiaries.
Valuation allowances decreased $18 million during 2016 to $876 million at December 31, 2016.
This net decrease was primarily the result of valuation allowance releases and foreign exchange gains at certain of our Brazil subsidiaries.
The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets as shown below will be realized when future taxable income is generated through the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and income that is expected to be generated by businesses that have long-term contracts or a history of generating taxable income.
The following table summarizes deferred tax assets and liabilities, as of the periods indicated (in millions):
## Table 1 ##
The Company considers undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the U. S.  Except for the one-time transition tax in the U. S. , no taxes have been recorded with respect to our indefinitely reinvested earnings in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance for income taxes.
Should the earnings be remitted as dividends, the Company may be subject to additional foreign withholding and state income taxes.
Under the 2017 Act, generally future distributions from foreign subsidiaries will be subject to a dividends received deduction in the U. S.  As of December 31, 2017, the cumulative amount of U. S.  GAAP foreign
The Company reported a loss from continuing operations of $0.77 and $0.04 per share for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
For purposes of measuring diluted loss per share under GAAP, common stock equivalents were excluded from weighted average shares as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
However, for purposes of computing Adjusted EPS, the Company has included the impact of dilutive common stock equivalents.
The table below reconciles the weighted average shares used in GAAP diluted loss per share to the weighted average shares used in calculating the non-GAAP measure of Adjusted EPS.
## Table 2 ##
## Table 3 ##
(1) Amount primarily relates to loss on sale of Kazakhstan CHPs of $49 million, or $0.07 per share, realized derivative losses associated with the sale of Sul of $38 million, or $0.06 per share, loss on sale of Kazakhstan Hydroelectric plants of $33 million, or $0.05 per share, costs associated with early plant closure of DPL of $24 million, or $0.04 per share; partially offset by gain on Masinloc contingent consideration of $23 million or $0.03 per share and gain on sale of Zimmer and Miami Fort of $13 million, or $0.02 per share.
(2) Amount primarily relates to the loss on deconsolidation of UK Wind of $20 million, or $0.03 per share, and losses associated with the sale of Sul of $10 million, or $0.02; partially offset by the gain on sale of DPLER of $22 million, or $0.03 per share.
(3) Amount primarily relates to the gains on the sale of Armenia Mountain of $22 million, or $0.03 per share and from the sale of Solar Spain and Solar Italy of $7 million, or $0.01 per share.
(4) Amount primarily relates to asset impairment at Kazakhstan CHPs of $94 million, or $0.14 per share, at Kazakhstan hydroelectric plants of $92 million, or $0.14 per share, at Laurel Mountain wind farm of $121 million, or $0.18 per share, at DPL of $175 million, or $0.27 per share and at Kilroot of $37 million, or $0.05 per share.
(5) Amount primarily relates to asset impairments at DPL of $859 million, or $1.30 per share; $159 million at Buffalo Gap II ($49 million, or $0.07 per share, net of NCI); and $77 million at Buffalo Gap I ($23 million, or $0.03 per share, net of NCI).
(6) Amount primarily relates to the goodwill impairment at DPL of $317 million, or $0.46 per share, and asset impairments at Kilroot of $121 million ($119 million, or $0.17 per share, net of NCI), at Buffalo Gap III of $116 million ($27 million, or $0.04 per share, net of NCI), and at U. K.  Wind (Development Projects) of $38 million ($30 million, or $0.04 per share, net of NCI).
(7) Amount primarily relates to losses on early retirement of debt at the Parent Company of $92 million, or $0.14 per share, at AES Gener of $20 million, or $0.02 per share, at IPALCO of $9 million or $0.01 per share; partially offset by a gain on early retirement of debt at Alicura of $65 million, or $0.10 per share.
(8) Amount primarily relates to the loss on early retirement of debt at the Parent Company of $19 million, or $0.03 per share.
(9) Amount primarily relates to the loss on early retirement of debt at the Parent Company of $116 million, or $0.17 per share and at IPL of $22 million ($17 million, or $0.02 per share, net of NCI).
(10) Amount relates to a one-time transition tax on foreign earnings of $675 million, or $1.02 per share and the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities to the lower corporate tax rate of $39 million, or $0.06 per share.
(11) Amount primarily relates to the income tax benefit associated with asset impairment losses of $148 million, or $0.22 per share in the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.
(12) Amount primarily relates to the income tax benefit associated with asset impairment of $332 million, or $0.50 per share in the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.
(13) Amount primarily relates to the income tax benefit associated with losses on extinguishment of debt of $55 million, or $0.08 per share in the twelve months ended December 31, 2015.
us in a position to handle demand changes.
We will also continue utilizing industrial engineering techniques to improve productivity.  ?
Fuel Prices – Uncertainty about the economy makes fuel price projections difficult, and we could see volatile fuel prices during the year, as they are sensitive to global and U. S.  domestic demand, refining capacity, geopolitical events, weather conditions and other factors.
To reduce the impact of fuel price on earnings, we will continue to seek recovery from our customers through our fuel surcharge programs and to expand our fuel conservation efforts.  ?
Capital Plan – In 2011, we plan to make total capital investments of approximately $3.2 billion, including expenditures for Positive Train Control (PTC), which may be revised if business conditions warrant or if new laws or regulations affect our ability to generate sufficient returns on these investments.
(See further discussion in this Item 7 under Liquidity and Capital Resources – Capital Plan. )
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Positive Train Control – In response to a legislative mandate to implement PTC by the end of 2015, we expect to spend approximately $250 million during 2011 on developing PTC.
We currently estimate that PTC will cost us approximately $1.4 billion to implement by the end of 2015, in accordance with rules issued by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA).
This includes costs for installing the new system along our tracks, upgrading locomotives to work with the new system, and adding digital data communication equipment so all the parts of the system can communicate with each other.
During 2011, we plan to begin testing the technology to evaluate its effectiveness.  ?
Financial Expectations – We remain cautious about economic conditions, but anticipate volume to increase from 2010 levels.
In addition, we expect volume, price, and productivity gains to offset expected higher costs for fuel, labor inflation, depreciation, casualty costs, and property taxes to drive operating ratio improvement.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Operating Revenues

<table><tr><td>December 31,</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Income taxes receivable—current</td><td>$147</td><td>$136</td></tr><tr><td>Total income taxes receivable</td><td>$147</td><td>$136</td></tr><tr><td>Income taxes payable—current</td><td>$129</td><td>$149</td></tr><tr><td>Income taxes payable—noncurrent</td><td>17</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Total income taxes payable</td><td>$146</td><td>$171</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>December 31,</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Differences between book and tax basis of property</td><td>$-1,424</td><td>$-1,926</td></tr><tr><td>Other taxable temporary differences</td><td>-143</td><td>-335</td></tr><tr><td>Total deferred tax liability</td><td>-1,567</td><td>-2,261</td></tr><tr><td>Operating loss carryforwards</td><td>1,439</td><td>2,088</td></tr><tr><td>Capital loss carryforwards</td><td>63</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>Bad debt and other book provisions</td><td>66</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>Tax credit carryforwards</td><td>51</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Other deductible temporary differences</td><td>60</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Total gross deferred tax asset</td><td>1,679</td><td>2,560</td></tr><tr><td>Less: valuation allowance</td><td>-988</td><td>-876</td></tr><tr><td>Total net deferred tax asset</td><td>691</td><td>1,684</td></tr><tr><td>Net deferred tax (liability)</td><td>$-876</td><td>$-577</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Reconciliation of Denominator Used For Adjusted Earnings Per Share</td><td colspan="3">Years Ended December 31, 2017</td><td colspan="3">Years Ended December 31, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>(in millions, except per share data)</td><td>Loss</td><td>Shares</td><td>$ per share</td><td>Loss</td><td>Shares</td><td>$ per share</td></tr><tr><td>GAAP DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Loss from continuing operations attributable to The AES Corporation common stockholders</td><td>$-507</td><td>660</td><td>$-0.77</td><td>$-25</td><td>660</td><td>$-0.04</td></tr><tr><td>EFFECT OF DILUTIVE SECURITIES</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Restricted stock units</td><td>—</td><td>2</td><td>0.01</td><td>—</td><td>2</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>NON-GAAP DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE</td><td>$-507</td><td>662</td><td>$-0.76</td><td>$-25</td><td>662</td><td>$-0.04</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Reconciliation of Adjusted EPS</td><td colspan="5">Years Ended December 31,</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2017</td><td></td><td>2016</td><td></td><td>2015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diluted earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations</td><td>$-0.76</td><td></td><td>$-0.04</td><td></td><td>$0.46</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized derivative gains</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>-0.01</td><td></td><td>-0.24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unrealized foreign currency (gains) losses</td><td>-0.10</td><td></td><td>0.03</td><td></td><td>0.15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposition/acquisition (gains) losses</td><td>0.19</td><td><sup>-1</sup></td><td>0.01</td><td><sup>-2</sup></td><td>-0.06</td><td><sup>-3</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Impairment losses</td><td>0.82</td><td><sup>-4</sup></td><td>1.41</td><td><sup>-5</sup></td><td>0.73</td><td><sup>-6</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Loss on extinguishment of debt</td><td>0.09</td><td><sup>-7</sup></td><td>0.05</td><td><sup>-8</sup></td><td>0.26</td><td><sup>-9</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Restructuring costs</td><td>0.05</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Tax Law Reform Impact</td><td>1.08</td><td><sup>-10</sup></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Less: Net income tax benefit on adjustments</td><td>-0.29</td><td><sup>-11</sup></td><td>-0.51</td><td><sup>-12</sup></td><td>-0.06</td><td><sup>-13</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Adjusted EPS</td><td>$1.08</td><td></td><td>$0.94</td><td></td><td>$1.24</td><td></td></tr></table>

Question: Which year is Loss from continuing operations attributable to The AES Corporation common stockholders the most?
Answer: 2016