general market conditions affecting trust asset performance, future discount rates based on average yields of high quality corporate bonds and our decisions regarding certain elective provisions of the PPA.
We currently project that we will make total U. S.  and foreign benefit plan contributions in 2014 of approximately $57 million.
Actual 2014 contributions could be different from our current projections, as influenced by our decision to undertake discretionary funding of our benefit trusts versus other competing investment priorities, future changes in government requirements, trust asset performance, renewals of union contracts, or higher-than-expected health care claims cost experience.
We measure cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities reduced by expenditures for property additions.
We use this non-GAAP financial measure of cash flow to focus management and investors on the amount of cash available for debt repayment, dividend distributions, acquisition opportunities, and share repurchases.
Our cash flow metric is reconciled to the most comparable GAAP measure, as follows:
## Table 0 ##
The decrease in cash flow (as defined) in 2013 compared to 2012 was due primarily to higher capital expenditures.
The increase in cash flow in 2012 compared to 2011 was driven by improved performance in working capital resulting from the one-time benefit derived from the Pringles acquisition, as well as changes in the level of capital expenditures during the three-year period.
Investing activities Our net cash used in investing activities for 2013 amounted to $641 million, a decrease of $2,604 million compared with 2012 primarily attributable to the $2,668 million acquisition of Pringles in 2012.
Capital spending in 2013 included investments in our supply chain infrastructure, and to support capacity requirements in certain markets, including Pringles.
In addition, we continued the investment in our information technology infrastructure related to the reimplementation and upgrade of our SAP platform.
Net cash used in investing activities of $3,245 million in 2012 increased by $2,658 million compared with 2011, due to the acquisition of Pringles in 2012.
Cash paid for additions to properties as a percentage of net sales has increased to 4.3% in 2013, from 3.8% in 2012, which was a decrease from 4.5% in 2011.  Financing activities Our net cash used by financing activities was $1,141 million for 2013, compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $1,317 million for 2012 and net cash used in financing activities of $957 million for 2011.
The increase in cash provided from financing activities in 2012 compared to 2013 and 2011, was primarily due to the issuance of debt related to the acquisition of Pringles.
Total debt was $7.4 billion at year-end 2013 and $7.9 billion at year-end 2012.
In February 2013, we issued $250 million of two-year floating-rate U. S.  Dollar Notes, and $400 million of ten-year 2.75% U. S.  Dollar Notes, resulting in aggregate net proceeds after debt discount of $645 million.
The proceeds from these Notes were used for general corporate purposes, including, together with cash on hand, repayment of the $750 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.25% U. S.  Dollar Notes due March 2013.
In May 2012, we issued $350 million of three-year 1.125% U. S.  Dollar Notes, $400 million of five-year 1.75% U. S.  Dollar Notes and $700 million of ten-year 3.125% U. S.  Dollar Notes, resulting in aggregate net proceeds after debt discount of $1.442 billion.
The proceeds of these Notes were used for general corporate purposes, including financing a portion of the acquisition of Pringles.
In May 2012, we issued Cdn.
$300 million of two-year 2.10% fixed rate Canadian Dollar Notes, using the proceeds from these Notes for general corporate purposes, which included repayment of intercompany debt.
This repayment resulted in cash available to be used for a portion of the acquisition of Pringles.
In December 2012, we repaid $750 million five-year 5.125% U. S.  Dollar Notes at maturity with commercial paper.
In April 2011, we repaid $945 million ten-year 6.60% U. S.  Dollar Notes at maturity with commercial paper.
In May 2011, we issued $400 million of seven-year 3.25% fixed rate U. S.  Dollar Notes, using the proceeds of $397 million for general corporate purposes and repayment of commercial paper.
In November 2011, we issued $500 million of five-year 1.875% fixed rate U.  S.  Dollar Notes, using the proceeds of $498 million for general corporate purposes and repayment of commercial paper.
Net gains on derivative instruments were $38.7 million in 2011, compared to net gains of $9.5 million in 2010 and net losses of $0.8 million in 2009.
The increase of $29.2 million in 2011 was primarily due to the following: Net gains on equity warrant assets of $37.4 million in 2011, compared to net gains of $6.6 million in 2010.
The net gains of $37.4 million in 2011 reflect the strength of IPO and M&A activity within the technology industry.
These gains were driven by gains of $21.4 million from valuation increases in our equity warrant assets and gains of $17.9 million from the exercise of equity warrant assets, partially offset by losses of $1.8 million from warrant cancellations and expirations.  ?
Net gains of $2.0 million on foreign exchange forward contracts hedging our foreign currency denominated loans in 2011, compared to net gains of $0.7 million in 2010.
The net gains of $2.0 million in 2011 were primarily due to the strengthening of the U. S.  dollar against the Pound Sterling and Euro, and were partially offset by net losses of $1.8 million from the revaluation of foreign currency denominated loans that are included in the line item “Other” as part of noninterest income (as discussed below).
The increase of $10.3 million in 2010 was primarily due to the following: Net gains on equity warrant assets of $6.6 million in 2010, compared to net losses of $0.1 million in 2009.
The net gains of $6.6 million in 2010 were primarily driven by gains of $5.5 million from the exercise of equity warrant assets and gains of $4.5 million from valuation increases in our equity warrant assets, partially offset by losses of $3.5 million from warrant cancellations and expirations.  ?
Net gains from foreign exchange forward contracts hedging our foreign currency denominated loans of $0.7 million, compared to net losses of $2.3 million in 2009.
The net gains of $0.7 million in 2010 were primarily due to the strengthening of the U. S.  dollar against the Pound Sterling and Euro, and were partially offset by net losses of $0.4 million from revaluation of foreign currency denominated loans that are included in the line item “Other” as part of noninterest income.
Credit Card Fees Credit card fees were $18.7 million in 2011, compared to $12.7 million in 2010 and $9.3 million in 2009.
The increases were primarily due to the addition of new credit card clients, as well as an increase in client activity.
Client Investment Fees We offer a variety of investment products on which we earn fees.
These products include money market mutual funds, overnight repurchase agreements, sweep money market funds and fixed income securities available through client-directed accounts offered through SVB Securities, our broker dealer subsidiary, and fixed income management services offered through SVB Asset Management, our investment advisory subsidiary.
Client investment fees were $12.4 million in 2011, compared to $18.0 million in 2010 and $21.7 million in 2009.
The decreases were primarily attributable to lower margins earned on certain products owing to historically low rates in the short-term fixed income markets.
In 2011, this decrease was partially offset by an increase in average client investment funds.
The following table summarizes average client investment funds for 2011, 2010 and 2009:
## Table 1 ##
(1) Comprised of mutual funds and Repurchase Agreement Program assets.
(2) Client investment funds are maintained at third party financial institutions and are not recorded on our balance sheet.
Table of Contents The following table provides a reconciliation of non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests and non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests and excluding net losses on SVBIF sale transaction, each to GAAP noninterest income:
## Table 2 ##
(1) During the second quarter of 2015 we adopted new accounting guidance related to our consolidated variable interest entities (ASU 2015-02).
Amounts prior to January 1, 2015 have not been revised for the adoption of this guidance.
See Note 2— "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” under Part II, Item 8 of this report for additional details.
(2) Pre-tax net losses of $13.9 million on the then-pending sale of SVBIF are included in other noninterest income at December 31, 2014.
Gains on Investment Securities, Net Net gains on investment securities include both gains and losses from our non-marketable and other securities, as well as gains and losses from sales of our available-for-sale securities portfolio, when applicable.
Our available-for-sale securities portfolio is primarily a fixed income investment portfolio that is managed with the objective of earning an appropriate portfolio yield over the long-term while maintaining sufficient liquidity and credit diversification as well as addressing our asset/liability management objectives.
Sales of equity securities held as a result of our exercised warrants, result in net gains or losses on investment securities.
These sales are conducted pursuant to the guidelines of our investment policy related to the management of our liquidity position and interest rate risk.
Though infrequent, sales of investment securities in our AFS securities portfolio may result in net gains or losses and are also conducted pursuant to the guidelines of our investment policy.
Our non-marketable and other securities portfolio primarily represents investments in venture capital and private equity funds, venture debt funds and private and public portfolio companies.
We experience variability in the performance of our non-marketable and other securities from period to period, which results in net gains or losses on investment securities (both realized and unrealized).
This variability is due to a number of factors, including unrealized changes in the values of our investments, changes in the amount of realized gains from distributions, changes in liquidity events and general economic and market conditions.
Unrealized gains from non-marketable and other securities for any single period are typically driven by valuation changes, and are therefore subject to potential increases or decreases in future periods.
Such variability may lead to volatility in the gains or losses from investment securities and as such our results for a particular period are not necessarily indicative of our expected performance in a future period.
The extent to which any unrealized gains or losses will become realized is subject to a variety of factors, including, among other things, the expiration of certain sales restrictions to which these equity securities may be subject to (i. e.  lock-up agreements), changes in prevailing market prices, market conditions, the actual sales or distributions of securities, the timing of such actual sales or distributions, which, to the extent such securities are managed by our managed funds, are subject to our funds' separate discretionary sales/distributions and governance processes.
In 2015 , we had net gains on investment securities of $89.4 million , compared to $267.0 million and $419.4 million in 2014 and 2013 , respectively.
NonGAAP net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests were $57.3 million in 2015 , compared to $30.7 million and $77.3 million in 2014 and 2013 , respectively.
Net gains on investment securities, net of noncontrolling interests of $57.3 million in 2015 were driven by the following: ?
Gains of $30.2 million from our strategic and other investments, primarily driven by strong distributions from our strategic venture capital fund investments reflective of IPO and M&A activity as well as unrealized valuation increases from certain investments.  ?
Gains of $17.0 million from our managed funds of funds, primarily related to unrealized valuation increases.
Compensation and Benefits Expense The following table provides a summary of our compensation and benefits expense:
## Table 3 ##
(1) Other employee benefits includes employer payroll taxes, group health and life insurance, share-based compensation, 401(k), warrant incentive and retention program plans, agency fees and other employee related expenses.
Compensation and benefits expense was $473.8 million in 2015 , compared to $409.5 million in 2014 and $366.8 million in 2013 .
The key factors driving the increase in compensation and benefits expense in 2015 were as follows: ?
An increase of $27.5 million in salaries and wages expense, primarily due to an increase in the number of average FTEs, as well as from market adjustments.
Average FTEs increased by 189 to 2,004 in 2015 , compared to 1,815 in 2014 , primarily to support our product development, operations, sales and advisory functions, as well as to support our commercial banking initiatives.  ?
An increase of $23.0 million in incentive compensation and ESOP expense, primarily reflective of the increase in average FTEs eligible for our incentive compensation plan and ESOP, and stronger financial performance compared to 2014.  ?
An increase of $13.8 million in other employee benefits, primarily due to an increase of $5.2 million in the warrant incentive program plan expense resulting from an increase in realized gains recorded on our equity warrant assets during the year.
The remaining increases related to various other employee benefits, particularly employer payroll taxes, 401(k) expenses, and share-based plan expenses, which in total, contributed to an $8.6 million increase compared to 2014, primarily reflective of the increase in average FTEs noted above.
The increase in compensation and benefits expense of $42.7 million in 2014 as compared to 2013 was primarily due to the following: ?
An increase of $27.3 million in salaries and wages expense, primarily due to an increase in the number of average FTEs, as well as from market adjustments.
Average FTEs increased by 146 to 1,815 in 2014, compared to 1,669 in 2013, primarily to support our product development, operational and sales and advisory, as well as to support our commercial banking operations and initiatives.  ?
An increase of $11.3 million in other employee benefits, primarily due to share-based plan expense primarily as a result of the increase in the valuation of the SVB Financial's common stock and to various other employee benefits that increased due to the increase in average FTEs.  ?
An increase of $4.1 million in incentive compensation and ESOP expense, primarily reflective of an increase in average FTEs.
Our variable compensation plans primarily consist of our Incentive Compensation Plan, Direct Drive Incentive Compensation Plan, 401(k) and ESOP Plan, Retention Program and Warrant Incentive Plan.
Total costs incurred under these plans were $155.5 million in 2015 , compared to $125.3 million in 2014 and $123.2 million in 2013 .
These amounts are included in total compensation and benefits expense discussed above.

<table><tr><td>(dollars in millions)</td><td>2013</td><td>2012</td><td>2011</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash provided by operating activities</td><td>$1,807</td><td>$1,758</td><td>$1,595</td></tr><tr><td>Additions to properties</td><td>-637</td><td>-533</td><td>-594</td></tr><tr><td>Cash flow</td><td>$1,170</td><td>$1,225</td><td>$1,001</td></tr><tr><td><i>year-over-year change</i></td><td>-4.5%</td><td>22.4%</td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">Year ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td> (Dollars in millions)</td><td> 2011</td><td> 2010</td><td>% Change 2011/2010</td><td> 2009</td><td>% Change 2010/2009</td></tr><tr><td>Client directed investment assets -1</td><td>$8,683</td><td>$9,279</td><td>-6.4%</td><td>$10,879</td><td>-14.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Client investment assets under management</td><td>8,803</td><td>6,432</td><td>36.9</td><td>5,659</td><td>13.7</td></tr><tr><td>Sweep money market funds</td><td>250</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>56</td><td>-100.0</td></tr><tr><td>Total average client investment funds -2</td><td>$17,736</td><td>$15,711</td><td>12.9</td><td>$16,594</td><td>-5.3</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">Year ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests(Dollars in thousands)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>% Change 2015/2014</td><td>2013</td><td>% Change 2014/2013</td></tr><tr><td>GAAP noninterest income</td><td>$472,794</td><td>$572,239</td><td>-17.4%</td><td>$673,206</td><td>-15.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Less: income attributable to noncontrolling interests, including carried interest -1</td><td>31,736</td><td>233,624</td><td>-86.4</td><td>342,904</td><td>-31.9</td></tr><tr><td>Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests</td><td>441,058</td><td>338,615</td><td>30.3</td><td>330,302</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><td>Less: net losses on SVBIF sale transaction -2</td><td>—</td><td>13,934</td><td>-100.0</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Non-GAAP noninterest income, net of noncontrolling interests and excluding net losses on SVBIF sale transaction</td><td>$441,058</td><td>$352,549</td><td>25.1</td><td>$330,302</td><td>6.7</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">Year ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>(Dollars in thousands, except employees)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>% Change 2015/2014</td><td>2013</td><td>% Change 2014/2013</td></tr><tr><td>Compensation and benefits</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Salaries and wages</td><td>$214,310</td><td>$186,763</td><td>14.7%</td><td>$159,455</td><td>17.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Incentive compensation & ESOP</td><td>130,533</td><td>107,564</td><td>21.4</td><td>103,494</td><td>3.9</td></tr><tr><td>Other employee compensation and benefits -1</td><td>128,998</td><td>115,159</td><td>12.0</td><td>103,852</td><td>10.9</td></tr><tr><td>Total compensation and benefits</td><td>$473,841</td><td>$409,486</td><td>15.7</td><td>$366,801</td><td>11.6</td></tr><tr><td>Period-end full-time equivalent employees</td><td>2,089</td><td>1,914</td><td>9.1</td><td>1,704</td><td>12.3</td></tr><tr><td>Average full-time equivalent employees</td><td>2,004</td><td>1,815</td><td>10.4</td><td>1,669</td><td>8.7</td></tr></table>

Question: by what percent did cash provided by operations increase between 2011 and 2013?