Earnings Summary The following table presents a summary of Ameren’s earnings for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011:
## Table 0 ##
2013 versus 2012 Net income attributable to Ameren Corporation from continuing operations in 2013 decreased $4 million, or $0.03 per diluted share, from 2012.
Net income attributable to Ameren Corporation decreased in the Ameren Missouri segment by $21 million, partially offset by an increase in the Ameren Illinois segment of $19 million.
Compared with 2012 earnings per share from continuing operations, 2013 earnings per share from continuing operations were unfavorably affected by: ‰ the cost of the Callaway energy center’s scheduled refueling and maintenance outage in 2013.
There was no Callaway refueling and maintenance outage in 2012 (10 cents per share); ‰ a reduction in Ameren Missouri revenues resulting from a July 2013 MoPSC order that required a refund to customers for the earnings associated with certain long-term partial requirements sales recognized from October 1, 2009, to May 31, 2011 (7 cents per share); ‰ the absence in 2013 of a reduction in Ameren Missouri’s purchased power expense and an increase in interest income, each as a result of a FERC-ordered refund received in 2012 from Entergy for a power purchase agreement that expired in 2009 (7 cents per share); ‰ decreased electric demand resulting from summer temperatures in 2013 that were cooler than the warmer-than-normal temperatures in 2012, partially offset by increased electric and natural gas demand resulting from winter temperatures in 2013 that were colder than winter temperatures in 2012 (6 cents per share); ‰ the ICC’s December 2013 orders disallowing recovery from customers of a portion of the premium paid by Ameren Illinois for a tender offer in August 2012 to repurchase outstanding senior secured notes (4 cents per share); and ‰ increased depreciation primarily due to infrastructure additions at Ameren Missouri and Ameren Illinois and Ameren Illinois’ new electric depreciation rates (3 cents per share).
Compared with 2012 earnings per share from continuing operations, 2013 earnings per share from continuing operations were favorably affected by: ‰ higher Ameren Missouri utility rates pursuant to an order issued by the MoPSC, which became effective in January 2013, partially offset by increased regulatory asset amortization as directed by the rate order.
This excludes MEEIA impacts, which are discussed separately below (12 cents per share); ‰ higher revenues associated with Ameren Missouri’s MEEIA program cost and projected lost revenue recovery mechanism (9 cents per share), which were partially offset by lower revenues resulting from reduced demand due to energy efficiency programs; ‰ higher electric transmission rates at Ameren Illinois and ATXI (8 cents per share); and ‰ an increase in Ameren Illinois’ electric delivery service earnings under formula ratemaking, favorably affected primarily by an increased rate base, a higher allowed return on equity, and lower required contributions pursuant to the IEIMA (8 cents per share).
The cents per share information presented above is based on diluted average shares outstanding in 2012.2012 versus 2011 Net income attributable to Ameren Corporation from continuing operations in 2012 increased $85 million, or $0.34 per diluted share, from 2011.
Net income attributable to Ameren Corporation increased in the Ameren Missouri segment by $129 million, which was partially offset by a decrease in the Ameren Illinois segment of $52 million.
Compared with 2011 earnings per share from continuing operations, 2012 earnings per share from continuing operations were favorably affected by: ‰ the absence in 2012 of a 2011 charge for the MoPSC’s July 2011 disallowance of costs of enhancements relating to the rebuilding of Ameren Missouri’s Taum Sauk energy center in excess of amounts recovered from property insurance (23 cents per share); ‰ higher utility rates at Ameren Missouri and Ameren Illinois.
Ameren Missouri’s electric rates increased pursuant to an order issued by the MoPSC, which became effective in July 2011.
The favorable impact of the Ameren Missouri rate increase on earnings was reduced by the increased regulatory asset amortization directed by the rate order.
Ameren Illinois’ natural gas rates increased pursuant to an order issued by the ICC, which became effective in midJanuary 2012 (22 cents per share); ‰ the absence in 2012 of a Callaway energy center refueling and maintenance outage (11 cents per share); ‰ the impact of fewer major storms on operations and maintenance expenses (9 cents per share); ‰ a reduction in Ameren Missouri’s purchased power expense and an increase in interest income, each as a result of a FERC-ordered refund received in 2012 from Entergy for a power purchase agreement that expired in 2009 (7 cents per share);
We also continually assess the strategic fit of our existing businesses and may divest businesses that are deemed not to fit with our strategic plan or are not achieving the desired return on investment.
Danaher Corporation, originally DMG, Inc. , was organized in 1969 as a Massachusetts real estate investment trust.
In 1978 it was reorganized as a Florida corporation under the name Diversified Mortgage Investors, Inc.  which in a second reorganization in 1980 became a subsidiary of a newly created holding company named DMG, Inc.  DMG, Inc.  adopted the name Danaher in 1984 and was reincorporated as a Delaware corporation in 1986.
In this Annual Report, the terms “Danaher” or the “Company” refer to either Danaher Corporation or to Danaher Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, as the context requires.2013 sales by geographic destination (geographic destination refers to the geographic area where the final sale to the Company’s customer is made) were: North America, 45% (including 42% in the United States); Europe, 27%; Asia/Australia, 20% and all other regions, 8%.
For additional information regarding sales by geography, please refer to Note 20 in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.
Reportable Segments The table below describes the percentage of our total annual revenues attributable to each of our five segments over each of the last three years ended December 31, 2013.
For additional information regarding sales, operating profit and identifiable assets by segment, please refer to Note 20 in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.
## Table 1 ##
TEST & MEASUREMENT Our Test & Measurement segment is a leading global provider of electronic measurement instruments, professional test tools, thermal imaging and calibration equipment used in electrical, industrial, electronic and calibration applications.
We offer test, measurement and monitoring products that are used in electronic design, manufacturing and advanced technology development; network monitoring, management and optimization tools; and security solutions for communications and enterprise networks.
Customers for these products and services include manufacturers of electronic instruments; service, installation and maintenance professionals; manufacturers who design, develop, manufacture and deploy network equipment; and service providers who implement, maintain and manage communications networks and services.2013 sales for this segment by geographic destination were: North America, 56%; Europe, 18%; Asia/Australia, 20% and all other regions, 6%.
We established our Test & Measurement business in 1998 through the acquisition of Fluke Corporation, and have expanded the business through numerous subsequent acquisitions, including the acquisition of Tektronix in 2007 and Keithley Instruments in 2010.
Our Test & Measurement segment consists of the following lines of business.
Instruments ?
Professional test tools.
Our instruments business designs, manufactures, and markets a variety of compact professional test tools, thermal imaging and calibration equipment for electrical, industrial, electronic and calibration applications.
These test products measure voltage, current, resistance, power quality, frequency, pressure, temperature and air quality.
Typical users of these products include electrical engineers, electricians, electronic technicians, medical technicians, and industrial maintenance professionals.  ?
General purpose test instruments.
Our instruments business also offers general purpose test products and video test, measurement and monitoring products used in electronic design, manufacturing and advanced technology development.
The business’ general purpose test products, including oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, signal sources and spectrum analyzers, are used to capture, display and analyze streams of electrical data.
We sell these products into a variety of industries with significant electronic content, including the communications, computer, consumer electronics, education, military/aerospace and semiconductor industries.
Typical users of these products include research and development engineers who use our general purpose test products to design,
Wholesale revenues are impacted by, among other factors, demand, cost and availability of fuel and purchased power, price volatility, available generation capacity, transmission availability and weather.
The Evergy Companies primarily use coal and uranium for the generation of electricity for their customers and also purchase power on the open market.
The prices for these commodities can fluctuate significantly due to a variety of factors including supply, demand, weather and the broader economic environment.
Westar Energy, KCP&L and GMO have fuel recovery mechanisms in their Kansas and Missouri jurisdictions, as applicable, that allow them to defer and subsequently recover or refund, through customer rates, substantially all of the variance in net energy costs from the amount set in base rates without a general rate case proceeding.
Weather significantly affects the amount of electricity that Evergy's customers use as electricity sales are seasonal.
As summer peaking utilities, the third quarter typically accounts for the greatest electricity sales by the Evergy Companies.
Hot summer temperatures and cold winter temperatures prompt more demand, especially among residential and commercial customers, and to a lesser extent, industrial customers.
Mild weather reduces customer demand.
Energy efficiency investments by customers and the Evergy Companies also can affect the demand for electric service.
Through the Missouri Energy Efficiency Investment Act (MEEIA), KCP&L and GMO offer energy efficiency and demand side management programs to their Missouri retail customers and recover program costs, throughput disincentive, and as applicable, certain performance incentives in retail rates through a rider mechanism.
The following table summarizes Evergy's comparative results of operations.
## Table 2 ##
Evergy Utility Gross Margin and MWh Sales Utility gross margin is a financial measure that is not calculated in accordance with GAAP.
Utility gross margin, as used by the Evergy Companies, is defined as operating revenues less fuel and purchased power costs and amounts billed by the SPP for network transmission costs.
Expenses for fuel and purchased power costs, offset by wholesale sales margin, are subject to recovery through cost adjustment mechanisms.
As a result, changes in fuel and purchased power costs are offset in operating revenues with minimal impact on net income.
In addition, SPP network transmission costs fluctuate primarily due to investments by SPP members for upgrades to the transmission grid within the SPP RTO.
As with fuel and purchased power costs, changes in SPP network transmission costs are mostly reflected in the prices charged to customers with minimal impact on net income.
See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the manner in which Evergy reflects SPP revenues and expenses.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet under the captions Deferred income tax assets, Deferred charges and other assets, Other accrued liabilities and Deferred income taxes.
The decrease in 2009 in deferred tax assets principally relates to the tax impact of changes in recorded qualified pension liabilities, minimum tax credit utilization and an increase in the valuation allowance.
The decrease in deferred income tax liabilities principally relates to less tax depreciation taken on the Company’s assets purchased in 2009.
The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2008 was $72 million.
The net change in the total valuation allowance for the year ended December 31, 2009, was an increase of $274 million.
The increase of $274 million consists primarily of: (1) $211 million related to the Company’s French operations, including a valuation allowance of $55 million against net deferred tax assets from current year operations and $156 million recorded in the second quarter of 2009 for the establishment of a valuation allowance against previously recorded deferred tax assets, (2) $10 million for net deferred tax assets arising from the Company’s United Kingdom current year operations, and (3) $47 million related to a reduction of previously recorded U. S.  state deferred tax assets, including $15 million recorded in the fourth quarter of 2009 for Louisiana recycling credits.
The effect on the Company’s effective tax rate of the aforementioned $211 million and $10 million is included in the line item “Tax rate and permanent differences on non-U.
S.  earnings.
” International Paper adopted the provisions of new guidance under ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” on January 1, 2007 related to uncertain tax positions.
As a result of the implementation of this new guidance, the Company recorded a charge to the beginning balance of retained earnings of $94 million, which was accounted for as a reduction to the January 1, 2007 balance of retained earnings.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the year ending December 31, 2009 and 2008 is as follows:

<table><tr><td></td><td>2013</td><td>2012</td><td>2011</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss) attributable to Ameren Corporation</td><td>$289</td><td>$-974</td><td>$519</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings (loss) per common share - diluted</td><td>1.18</td><td>-4.01</td><td>2.15</td></tr><tr><td>Net income attributable to Ameren Corporation - continuing operations</td><td>512</td><td>516</td><td>431</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings per common share - diluted - continuing operations</td><td>2.10</td><td>2.13</td><td>1.79</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>2013</td><td>2012</td><td>2011</td></tr><tr><td>Test & Measurement</td><td>18%</td><td>19%</td><td>21%</td></tr><tr><td>Environmental</td><td>17%</td><td>17%</td><td>18%</td></tr><tr><td>Life Sciences & Diagnostics</td><td>36%</td><td>35%</td><td>29%</td></tr><tr><td>Dental</td><td>11%</td><td>11%</td><td>13%</td></tr><tr><td>Industrial Technologies</td><td>18%</td><td>18%</td><td>19%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>2018</td><td>Change</td><td>2017</td><td>Change</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">(millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Operating revenues</td><td>$4,275.9</td><td>$1,704.9</td><td>$2,571.0</td><td>$8.9</td><td>$2,562.1</td></tr><tr><td>Fuel and purchased power</td><td>1,078.7</td><td>537.2</td><td>541.5</td><td>32.0</td><td>509.5</td></tr><tr><td>SPP network transmission costs</td><td>259.9</td><td>12.0</td><td>247.9</td><td>15.1</td><td>232.8</td></tr><tr><td>Other operating expenses</td><td>1,384.9</td><td>653.8</td><td>731.1</td><td>-47.8</td><td>778.9</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization</td><td>618.8</td><td>247.1</td><td>371.7</td><td>33.2</td><td>338.5</td></tr><tr><td>Income from operations</td><td>933.6</td><td>254.8</td><td>678.8</td><td>-23.6</td><td>702.4</td></tr><tr><td>Other income (expense), net</td><td>-54.4</td><td>-27.6</td><td>-26.8</td><td>-25.3</td><td>-1.5</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>279.6</td><td>108.6</td><td>171.0</td><td>9.3</td><td>161.7</td></tr><tr><td>Income tax expense</td><td>59.0</td><td>-92.2</td><td>151.2</td><td>-33.3</td><td>184.5</td></tr><tr><td>Equity in earnings of equity method investees, net of income taxes</td><td>5.4</td><td>-1.3</td><td>6.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>6.5</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>546.0</td><td>209.5</td><td>336.5</td><td>-24.7</td><td>361.2</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests</td><td>10.2</td><td>-2.4</td><td>12.6</td><td>-2.0</td><td>14.6</td></tr><tr><td>Net income attributable to Evergy, Inc.</td><td>$535.8</td><td>$211.9</td><td>$323.9</td><td>$-22.7</td><td>$346.6</td></tr></table>

Question: what was the percentage change in the deffered tax asset balance in 2009 from 2008