Lending-related commitments JPMorgan Chase uses lending-related financial instruments, such as commitments and guarantees, to meet the financing needs of its customers.
The contractual amount of these financial instruments represents the maximum possible credit risk should the counterparties draw down on these commitments or the Firm fulfills its obligation under these guarantees, and the counterparties subsequently fail to perform according to the terms of these contracts.
Wholesale lending-related commitments were $347.2 billion at December 31, 2009, compared with $379.9 billion at December 31, 2008, reflecting lower customer demand.
In the Firm’s view, the total contractual amount of these wholesale lending-related commitments is not representative of the Firm’s actual credit risk exposure or funding requirements.
In determining the amount of credit risk exposure the Firm has to wholesale lending-related commitments, which is used as the basis for allocating credit risk capital to these commitments, the Firm has established a “loanequivalent” amount for each commitment; this amount represents the portion of the unused commitment or other contingent exposure that is expected, based on average portfolio historical experience, to become drawn upon in an event of a default by an obligor.
The loan-equivalent amounts of the Firm’s lending-related commitments were $179.8 billion and $204.3 billion as of December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
Emerging markets country exposure The Firm has a comprehensive internal process for measuring and managing exposures to emerging markets countries.
There is no common definition of emerging markets, but the Firm generally includes in its definition those countries whose sovereign debt ratings are equivalent to “A+” or lower.
Exposures to a country include all credit-related lending, trading and investment activities, whether cross-border or locally funded.
In addition to monitoring country exposures, the Firm uses stress tests to measure and manage the risk of extreme loss associated with sovereign crises.
The table below presents the Firm’s exposure, by country, to the top ten emerging markets.
The selection of countries is based solely on the Firm’s largest total exposures by country and not the Firm’s view of any actual or potentially adverse credit conditions.
Exposure is reported based on the country where the assets of the obligor, counterparty or guarantor are located.
Exposure amounts are adjusted for collateral and for credit enhancements (e. g. , guarantees and letters of credit) provided by third parties; outstandings supported by a guarantor located outside the country or backed by collateral held outside the country are assigned to the country of the enhancement provider.
In addition, the effect of credit derivative hedges and other short credit or equity trading positions are reflected in the table below.
Total exposure includes exposure to both government and private-sector entities in a country.
Top 10 emerging markets country exposure At December 31, 2009
## Table 0 ##
At December 31, 2008
## Table 1 ##
a) Lending includes loans and accrued interest receivable, interest-bearing deposits with banks, acceptances, other monetary assets, issued letters of credit net of participations, and undrawn commitments to extend credit.
(b) Trading includes: (1) issuer exposure on cross-border debt and equity instruments, held both in trading and investment accounts and adjusted for the impact of issuer hedges, including credit derivatives; and (2) counterparty exposure on derivative and foreign exchange contracts as well as securities financing trades (resale agreements and securities borrowed).
(c) Other represents mainly local exposure funded cross-border, including capital investments in local entities.
(d) Local exposure is defined as exposure to a country denominated in local currency and booked locally.
Any exposure not meeting these criteria is defined as cross-border exposure.
Earnings-at-risk stress testing The VaR and stress-test measures described above illustrate the total economic sensitivity of the Firm’s Consolidated Balance Sheets to changes in market variables.
The effect of interest rate exposure on reported net income is also important.
Interest rate risk exposure in the Firm’s core nontrading business activities (i. e. , asset/liability management positions) results from on–and off–balance sheet positions and can occur due to a variety of factors, including: ?
Differences in the timing among the maturity or repricing of assets, liabilities and off–balance sheet instruments.
For example, if liabilities reprice quicker than assets and funding interest rates are declining, earnings will increase initially.  ?
Differences in the amounts of assets, liabilities and off–balance sheet instruments that are repricing at the same time.
For example, if more deposit liabilities are repricing than assets when general interest rates are declining, earnings will increase initially.  ?
Differences in the amounts by which short-term and long-term market interest rates change (for example, changes in the slope of the yield curve, because the Firm has the ability to lend at long-term fixed rates and borrow at variable or shortterm fixed rates).
Based on these scenarios, the Firm’s earnings would be affected negatively by a sudden and unanticipated increase in short-term rates paid on its liabilities (e. g. , deposits) without a corresponding increase in long-term rates received on its assets (e. g. , loans).
Conversely, higher long-term rates received on assets generally are beneficial to earnings, particularly when the increase is not accompanied by rising short-term rates paid on liabilities.  ?
The impact of changes in the maturity of various assets, liabilities or off–balance sheet instruments as interest rates change.
For example, if more borrowers than forecasted pay down higher-rate loan balances when general interest rates are declining, earnings may decrease initially.
The Firm manages interest rate exposure related to its assets and liabilities on a consolidated, corporate-wide basis.
Business units transfer their interest rate risk to Treasury through a transferpricing system, which takes into account the elements of interest rate exposure that can be risk-managed in financial markets.
These elements include asset and liability balances and contractual rates of interest, contractual principal payment schedules, expected prepayment experience, interest rate reset dates and maturities, rate indices used for repricing, and any interest rate ceilings or floors for adjustable rate products.
All transfer-pricing assumptions are dynamically reviewed.
The Firm conducts simulations of changes in net interest income from its nontrading activities under a variety of interest rate scenarios.
Earnings-at-risk tests measure the potential change in the Firm’s net interest income, and the corresponding impact to the Firm’s pretax earnings, over the following 12 months.
These tests highlight exposures to various rate-sensitive factors, such as the rates themselves (e. g. , the prime lending rate), pricing strategies on deposits, optionality and changes in product mix.
The tests include forecasted balance sheet changes, such as asset sales and securitizations, as well as prepayment and reinvestment behavior.
Immediate changes in interest rates present a limited view of risk, and so a number of alternative scenarios are also reviewed.
These scenarios include the implied forward curve, nonparallel rate shifts and severe interest rate shocks on selected key rates.
These scenarios are intended to provide a comprehensive view of JPMorgan Chase’s earnings at risk over a wide range of outcomes.
JPMorgan Chase’s 12-month pretax earnings sensitivity profile as of December 31, 2009 and 2008, is as follows.
## Table 2 ##
(a) Down 100- and 200-basis-point parallel shocks result in a Fed Funds target rate of zero, and negative three- and six-month Treasury rates.
The earningsat-risk results of such a low-probability scenario are not meaningful.
The change in earnings at risk from December 31, 2008, results from a higher level of AFS securities and an updated baseline scenario that uses higher short-term interest rates.
The Firm’s risk to rising rates is largely the result of increased funding costs on assets, partially offset by widening deposit margins, which are currently compressed due to very low short-term interest rates.
Additionally, another interest rate scenario, involving a steeper yield curve with long-term rates rising 100 basis points and shortterm rates staying at current levels, results in a 12-month pretax earnings benefit of $449 million.
The increase in earnings is due to reinvestment of maturing assets at the higher long-term rates, with funding costs remaining unchanged.
Risk identification for large exposures Individuals who manage risk positions, particularly those that are complex, are responsible for identifying potential losses that could arise from specific, unusual events, such as a potential tax change, and estimating the probabilities of losses arising from such events.
This information is entered into the Firm’s RIFLE database.
Management of trading businesses control RIFLE entries, thereby permitting the Firm to monitor further earnings vulnerability not adequately covered by standard risk measures.
Risk monitoring and control Limits Market risk is controlled primarily through a series of limits.
Limits reflect the Firm’s risk appetite in the context of the market environment and business strategy.
In setting limits, the Firm takes into consideration factors such as market volatility, product liquidity, business trends and management experience.
Notes to consolidated financial statements 274 JPMorgan Chase & Co. /2015 Annual Report Note 17 – Goodwill and other intangible assets Goodwill Goodwill is recorded upon completion of a business combination as the difference between the purchase price and the fair value of the net assets acquired.
Subsequent to initial recognition, goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more often if events or circumstances, such as adverse changes in the business climate, indicate there may be impairment.
The goodwill associated with each business combination is allocated to the related reporting units, which are determined based on how the Firm’s businesses are managed and how they are reviewed by the Firm’s Operating Committee.
The following table presents goodwill attributed to the business segments.
## Table 3 ##
The following table presents changes in the carrying amount of goodwill.

<table><tr><td> At December 31, 2009</td><td colspan="4">Cross-border</td><td></td><td rowspan="2"> Total  exposure</td></tr><tr><td>(in billions)</td><td>Lending<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>Trading (b)</td><td>Other<sup>(c)</sup></td><td>Total</td><td>Local<sup>(d)</sup></td></tr><tr><td>South Korea</td><td>$2.7</td><td>$1.7</td><td>$1.3</td><td>$5.7</td><td>$3.3</td><td>$9.0</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>1.5</td><td>2.7</td><td>1.1</td><td>5.3</td><td>0.3</td><td>5.6</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>1.8</td><td>-0.5</td><td>1.0</td><td>2.3</td><td>2.2</td><td>4.5</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>3.0</td><td>—</td><td>3.0</td></tr><tr><td>Taiwan</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.8</td><td>3.0</td></tr><tr><td>Hong Kong</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.3</td><td>2.6</td><td>—</td><td>2.6</td></tr><tr><td>Mexico</td><td>1.2</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.4</td><td>2.4</td><td>—</td><td>2.4</td></tr><tr><td>Chile</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.5</td><td>1.9</td><td>—</td><td>1.9</td></tr><tr><td>Malaysia</td><td>0.1</td><td>1.3</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.9</td></tr><tr><td>South Africa</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.5</td><td>1.7</td><td>—</td><td>1.7</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>At December 31, 2008</td><td colspan="4">Cross-border</td><td></td><td rowspan="2"> Total  exposure</td></tr><tr><td>(in billions)</td><td>Lending<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>Trading<sup>(b)</sup></td><td>Other<sup>(c)</sup></td><td>Total</td><td>Local<sup>(d)</sup></td></tr><tr><td>South Korea</td><td>$2.9</td><td>$1.6</td><td>$0.9</td><td>$5.4</td><td>$2.3</td><td>$7.7</td></tr><tr><td>India</td><td>2.2</td><td>2.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>5.9</td><td>0.6</td><td>6.5</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>1.8</td><td>1.6</td><td>0.3</td><td>3.7</td><td>0.8</td><td>4.5</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>1.8</td><td>—</td><td>0.5</td><td>2.3</td><td>1.3</td><td>3.6</td></tr><tr><td>Taiwan</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.6</td><td>2.5</td><td>3.1</td></tr><tr><td>Hong Kong</td><td>1.3</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.2</td><td>2.8</td><td>—</td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.7</td><td>—</td><td>2.5</td><td>—</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><td>Mexico</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.3</td><td>2.5</td><td>—</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><td>South Africa</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.4</td><td>1.8</td><td>—</td><td>1.8</td></tr><tr><td>Russia</td><td>1.3</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.8</td><td>—</td><td>1.8</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Immediate change in rates</td></tr><tr><td>(in millions)</td><td>+200bp</td><td>+100bp</td><td>-100bp</td><td>-200bp</td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2009</td><td>$-1,594</td><td>$-554</td><td>NM<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>NM<sup>(a)</sup></td></tr><tr><td>December 31, 2008</td><td>$336</td><td>$672</td><td>NM<sup>(a)</sup></td><td>NM<sup>(a)</sup></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>December 31, (in millions)</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Consumer & Community Banking</td><td>$30,769</td><td>$30,941</td><td>$30,985</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate & Investment Bank</td><td>6,772</td><td>6,780</td><td>6,888</td></tr><tr><td>Commercial Banking</td><td>2,861</td><td>2,861</td><td>2,862</td></tr><tr><td>Asset Management</td><td>6,923</td><td>6,964</td><td>6,969</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate</td><td>—</td><td>101</td><td>377</td></tr><tr><td>Total goodwill</td><td>$47,325</td><td>$47,647</td><td>$48,081</td></tr></table>

Question: What was the average of the Hong Kong in the year where Taiwan is positive for Lending(a) for Cross-border? (in billion)