window.
Whether specific assets will be considered qualifying collateral and the amount that may be borrowed against the collateral, remain at the discretion of the Federal Reserve.
We had approximately $57.0 billion as of December 31, 2016 in U. S.  credit card loans and charge card receivables that could be sold over time through our securitization trusts or pledged in return for secured borrowings to provide further liquidity, subject in each case to applicable market conditions and eligibility criteria.
Committed Bank Credit Facility In addition to the secured borrowing facilities described earlier in this section, we maintained a committed syndicated bank credit facility as of December 31, 2016 of $3.0 billion, which expires on December 9, 2018.
The availability of this credit line is subject to our compliance with certain financial covenants, principally the maintenance by American Express Credit Corporation (Credco) of a certain ratio of combined earnings and fixed charges to fixed charges.
As of December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with each of our covenants.
As of December 31, 2016, no amounts were drawn on the committed credit facility.
The capacity of the facility mainly served to further enhance our contingent funding resources.
Our committed bank credit facility does not contain a material adverse change clause, which might otherwise preclude borrowing under the credit facility, nor is it dependent on our credit rating.
CASH FLOWS The following table summarizes our cash flow activity, followed by a discussion of the major drivers impacting operating, investing and financing cash flows.
TABLE 24: CASH FLOWS
## Table 0 ##
Cash Flows from Operating Activities Our cash flows from operating activities primarily include net income adjusted for (i) non-cash items included in net income and (ii) changes in the balances of operating assets and liabilities, which can vary significantly in the normal course of business due to the amount and timing of payments.
For December 31, 2016 and 2015, net cash provided by operating activities was $8.2 billion and $10.6 billion, respectively, driven by net income of $5.4 billion and $5.2 billion, respectively, adjusted for non-cash items including changes in provisions for losses, depreciation and amortization, deferred taxes, and stock-based compensation.
The current period net income includes gains of $1.2 billion on the sales of the HFS portfolios, which is presented in Net decrease (increase) in Card Member receivables and loans, including held for sale, within Cash flows from investing activities.
The decrease during the periods of comparison was also driven primarily by impacts from movements in Other assets as a result of normal business operating activities.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities Our cash flows from investing activities primarily include changes in Card Member receivables and loans, including Card Member loans and receivables HFS, along with gains on sales related thereto, as well as changes in our available for sale investment securities portfolio.
For the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, net cash provided by (used in) investing activities was $1.9 billion and ($8.2) billion, respectively.
The increase in the current period, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, was primarily driven by the sales of the HFS portfolios, partially offset by increases in Card Member receivables and loans held for investment.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities Our cash flows from financing activities primarily include issuing and repaying debt, changes in customer deposits, issuing and repurchasing our common shares, and paying dividends.
For the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, net cash used in financing activities was $7.5 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively.
The increase in the current period, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily resulted from a net decrease in customer deposits and short-term borrowings, partially offset by lower net repayments of long-term debt in the current year, as compared to the prior year.
FIDELITY NATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICES, INC.  AND SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued) expire between 2019 and 2024.
The Company anticipates fully utilizing these net operating losses prior to expiration.
The Company also has state net operating loss carryforwards resulting in a deferred tax asset of $5.3 million at December 31, 2007.
The Company has a full valuation allowance against this amount at December 31, 2007.
The Company has foreign net operating loss carryforwards resulting in deferred tax assets at December 31, 2007 and 2006 of $45.6 million and $24.4 million, respectively.
The Company has valuation allowances against these net operating losses at December 31, 2007 and 2006 of $5.2 million and $6.0 million, respectively.
At December 31, 2007 and 2006, the Company had foreign tax credit carryovers of $12.4 million and $12.7 million, respectively, which expire between 2010 and 2025.
As of December 31, 2007 and 2006, the Company has a valuation allowance against $2.3 million of foreign tax credits that the Company’s management believes it is more likely than not that it will not realize the benefit.
As of January 1, 2005, the IRS selected the Company to participate in the Compliance Assurance Process (CAP) which is a real-time audit for 2005 and future years.
The IRS has completed its review for years 2002-2006 which resulted in an immaterial adjustment for tax year 2004 related to a temporary difference and no changes to any other tax year.
Tax years 2007 and 2008 are currently under audit by the IRS.
Currently management believes the ultimate resolution of the 2007 and 2008 examinations will not result in a material adverse effect to the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
The Company provides for United States income taxes on earnings of foreign subsidiaries unless they are considered permanently reinvested outside the United States.
At December 31, 2007, the cumulative earnings on which United States taxes have not been provided for were $159.0 million.
If these earnings were repatriated to the United States, they would generate foreign tax credits that could reduce the federal tax liability associated with the foreign dividend.
The 2007 calendar year is the first year the Company is required to adopt FASB Interpretation No.48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (“FIN 48”).
As a result of the adoption, the Company had no change to reserves for uncertain tax positions.
Interest and penalties on accrued but unpaid taxes are classified in the consolidated financial statements as income tax expense.
The following table reconciles the gross amounts of unrecognized gross tax benefits at the beginning and end of the period (in thousands)
## Table 1 ##
Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2007 are potential benefits of $5.4 million that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate on income from continuing operations.
The total amount of interest expense recognized in the consolidated and combined statements of earnings for unpaid taxes is $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2007.
The total amount of interest and penalties recognized in the consolidated balance sheet is $8.4 million at December 31, 2007.
Due to the expiration of various statutes of limitation in the next twelve months, an estimated $3 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits may be recognized during that twelve month period.
MetLife, Inc.  Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements — (Continued) (1) During the year-ended December 31, 2009, the Company substantially liquidated, through assumption reinsurance (see Note 2), the portion of its Canadian operations that was being hedged in a net investment hedging relationship.
As a result, the Company reclassified losses of $133 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings.
During the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, there were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings.
(2) There was no ineffectiveness recognized for the Company’s hedges of net investments in foreign operations.
At December 31, 2009 and 2008, the cumulative foreign currency translation gain (loss) recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to hedges of net investments in foreign operations was ($40) million and $126 million, respectively.
Non-Qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging The Company enters into the following derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting or for purposes other than hedging: (i) interest rate swaps, implied volatility swaps, caps and floors and interest rate futures to economically hedge its exposure to interest rates; (ii) foreign currency forwards, swaps and option contracts to economically hedge its exposure to adverse movements in exchange rates; (iii) credit default swaps to economically hedge exposure to adverse movements in credit; (iv) equity futures, equity index options, interest rate futures, TRRs and equity variance swaps to economically hedge liabilities embedded in certain variable annuity products; (v) swap spreadlocks to economically hedge invested assets against the risk of changes in credit spreads; (vi) interest rate forwards to buy and sell securities to economically hedge its exposure to interest rates; (vii) credit default swaps and TRRs to synthetically create investments; (viii) basis swaps to better match the cash flows of assets and related liabilities; (ix) credit default swaps held in relation to trading portfolios; (x) swaptions to hedge interest rate risk; (xi) inflation swaps to reduce risk generated from inflation-indexed liabilities; (xii) covered call options for income generation; (xiii) interest rate lock commitments; (xiv) synthetic GICs and (xv) equity options to economically hedge certain invested assets against adverse changes in equity indices.
The following table presents the amount and location of gains (losses) recognized in income for derivatives that are not designated or qualifying as hedging instruments:
## Table 2 ##
(1) Changes in estimated fair value related to economic hedges of equity method investments in joint ventures, and changes in estimated fair value related to derivatives held in relation to trading portfolios.
(2) Changes in estimated fair value related to economic hedges of variable annuity guarantees included in future policy benefits.
(3) Changes in estimated fair value related to derivatives held in connection with the Company’s mortgage banking activities.
(4) Changes in estimated fair value related to economic hedges of foreign currency exposure associated with the Company’s international subsidiaries.
(9) Interest expense on Trading account liabilities of ICG is reported as a reduction of Interest revenue.
Interest revenue and Interest expense on cash collateral positions are reported in interest on Trading account assets and Trading account liabilities, respectively.
(10) Includes brokerage payables.
(11) Excludes hybrid financial instruments and beneficial interests in consolidated VIEs that are classified as Long-term debt, as these obligations are accounted for in changes in fair value recorded in Principal transactions.
(9) Interest expense on Trading account liabilities of ICG is reported as a reduction of Interest revenue.
Interest revenue and Interest expense on cash collateral positions are reported in interest on Trading account assets and Trading account liabilities, respectively.
(10) Includes brokerage payables.
(11) Excludes hybrid financial instruments and beneficial interests in consolidated VIEs that are classified as Long-term debt, as these obligations are accounted for in changes in fair value recorded in Principal transactions.
(12) Includes stockholdersâ€™ equity from discontinued operations.
(13) Includes allocations for capital and funding costs based on the location of the asset.
Analysis of Changes in Interest Revenue(1)(2)(3)
## Table 3 ##
(1) The taxable equivalent adjustment is related to the tax-exempt bond portfolio based on the U. S.  federal statutory tax rate of 35% and is included in this presentation.
(2) Rate/volume variance is allocated based on the percentage relationship of changes in volume and changes in rate to the total net change.
(3) Detailed average volume, Interest revenue and Interest expense exclude Discontinued operations.
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
(4) Changes in average rates reflect changes in prevailing local interest rates, including inflationary effects and monetary corrections in certain countries.
(5) Interest expense on Trading account liabilities of ICG is reported as a reduction of Interest revenue.
Interest revenue and Interest expense on cash collateral positions are reported in interest on Trading account assets and Trading account liabilities, respectively.
(6) Includes cash-basis loans.
(7) Includes brokerage receivables.
Table of Contents 41 Segment EBIT In 2016, we recorded additional charges of $138 million for an existing loss contingency in addition to the $60 million recorded in 2015.
In 2015, we also incurred an impairment charge of $202 million for our light-duty diesel assets and incurred a restructuring charge of $17 million for actions primarily in the form of professional voluntary and involuntary employee separation programs in response to the continued deterioration in our global markets.
Engine segment EBIT increased $50 million versus 2015, primarily due to an impairment of light-duty diesel assets in 2015, lower selling, general and administrative expenses, lower research, development and engineering expenses and restructuring actions and other charges in 2015, partially offset by lower gross margin and higher loss contingency charges in 2016.

<table><tr><td><i>(Billions)</i></td><td> 2016</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td>Total cash provided by (used in):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating activities</td><td>$8.2</td><td>$10.6</td><td>$11.0</td></tr><tr><td>Investing activities</td><td>1.9</td><td>-8.2</td><td>-8.0</td></tr><tr><td>Financing activities</td><td>-7.5</td><td>-1.7</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Effect of foreign currency exchange rateson cash and cash equivalents and other</td><td>-0.2</td><td>-0.2</td><td>-0.2</td></tr><tr><td>Net increase in cash and cashequivalents</td><td>$2.4</td><td>$0.5</td><td>$2.8</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Gross Amount</td></tr><tr><td>Amounts of unrecognized tax benefits at January 1, 2007</td><td>$11,825</td></tr><tr><td>Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in a prior period</td><td>-3,749</td></tr><tr><td>Increases as a result of tax positions taken in a prior period</td><td>15,667</td></tr><tr><td>Amount of unrecognized tax benefit at December 31, 2007</td><td>$23,743</td></tr><tr><td>Amount of decreases due to lapse of the applicable statute of limitations</td><td>$-3,429</td></tr><tr><td>Amount of decreases due to change of position</td><td>$-320</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Net Investment Gains (Losses)</td><td>Net Investment Income -1</td><td>Policyholder Benefits and Claims -2</td><td>Other Revenues -3</td><td>Other Expenses -4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">(In millions)</td></tr><tr><td> For the Year Ended December 31, 2009:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest rate swaps</td><td>$-1,700</td><td>$-5</td><td>$-13</td><td>$-161</td><td>$—</td></tr><tr><td>Interest rate floors</td><td>-907</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Interest rate caps</td><td>33</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Interest rate futures</td><td>-366</td><td>2</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Equity futures</td><td>-681</td><td>-38</td><td>-363</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency swaps</td><td>-405</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency forwards</td><td>-102</td><td>-24</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Currency options</td><td>-36</td><td>-1</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-3</td></tr><tr><td>Equity options</td><td>-1,713</td><td>-68</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Interest rate options</td><td>-379</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Interest rate forwards</td><td>-7</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-4</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Variance swaps</td><td>-276</td><td>-13</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Swap spreadlocks</td><td>-38</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Credit default swaps</td><td>-243</td><td>-11</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Total rate of return swaps</td><td>63</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$-6,757</td><td>$-158</td><td>$-376</td><td>$-165</td><td>$-3</td></tr><tr><td> For the Year Ended December 31, 2008</td><td>$6,688</td><td>$240</td><td>$331</td><td>$146</td><td>$—</td></tr><tr><td> For the Year Ended December 31, 2007</td><td>$-227</td><td>$31</td><td>$7</td><td>$—</td><td>$—</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">2017 vs. 2016 Increase (decrease)due to change in:</td><td colspan="3">2016 vs. 2015 Increase (decrease)due to change in:</td></tr><tr><td>In millions of dollars</td><td>Averagevolume</td><td>Averagerate</td><td>Netchange</td><td>Averagevolume</td><td>Averagerate</td><td>Netchange</td></tr><tr><td>Deposits with banks<sup>-4</sup></td><td>$317</td><td>$347</td><td>$664</td><td>$-11</td><td>$255</td><td>$244</td></tr><tr><td>Federal funds sold and securities borrowed orpurchased under agreements to resell</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>In U.S. offices</td><td>$-67</td><td>$506</td><td>$439</td><td>$-21</td><td>$289</td><td>$268</td></tr><tr><td>In offices outside the U.S.<sup>-4</sup></td><td>267</td><td>-1</td><td>266</td><td>17</td><td>-258</td><td>-241</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$200</td><td>$505</td><td>$705</td><td>$-4</td><td>$31</td><td>$27</td></tr><tr><td>Trading account assets<sup>-5</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>In U.S. offices</td><td>$-139</td><td>$-121</td><td>$-260</td><td>$-354</td><td>$200</td><td>$-154</td></tr><tr><td>In offices outside the U.S.<sup>-4</sup></td><td>203</td><td>-181</td><td>22</td><td>-38</td><td>-7</td><td>-45</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$64</td><td>$-302</td><td>$-238</td><td>$-392</td><td>$193</td><td>$-199</td></tr><tr><td>Investments<sup>-1</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>In U.S. offices</td><td>$-9</td><td>$561</td><td>$552</td><td>$188</td><td>$230</td><td>$418</td></tr><tr><td>In offices outside the U.S.<sup>-4</sup></td><td>-4</td><td>156</td><td>152</td><td>113</td><td>-27</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$-13</td><td>$717</td><td>$704</td><td>$301</td><td>$203</td><td>$504</td></tr><tr><td>Loans (net of unearned income)<sup>(6)</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>In U.S. offices</td><td>$734</td><td>$969</td><td>$1,703</td><td>$455</td><td>$-1,297</td><td>$-842</td></tr><tr><td>In offices outside the U.S.<sup>-4</sup></td><td>297</td><td>-346</td><td>-49</td><td>-598</td><td>711</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$1,031</td><td>$623</td><td>$1,654</td><td>$-143</td><td>$-586</td><td>$-729</td></tr><tr><td>Other interest-earning assets<sup>-7</sup></td><td>$80</td><td>$54</td><td>$134</td><td>$-182</td><td>$-628</td><td>$-810</td></tr><tr><td>Total interest revenue</td><td>$1,679</td><td>$1,944</td><td>$3,623</td><td>$-431</td><td>$-532</td><td>$-963</td></tr></table>

Question: What was the average value of the Equity options in the years where Interest rate caps is positive? (in million)