CBRE GROUP, INC.  NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) Our foreign subsidiaries have accumulated $1.4 billion of undistributed earnings for which we have not recorded a deferred tax liability.
Although tax liabilities might result from dividends being paid out of these earnings, or as a result of a sale or liquidation of non-U.
S.  subsidiaries, these earnings are permanently reinvested outside of the U. S.  and we do not have any plans to repatriate them or to sell or liquidate any of our non-U.
S.  subsidiaries.
To the extent that we are able to repatriate the earnings in a tax efficient manner, we would be required to accrue and pay U. S.  taxes to repatriate these funds, net of foreign tax credits.
Determining our tax liability upon repatriation is not practicable.
Cash and cash equivalents owned by non-U.
S.  subsidiaries totaled $315.5 million at December 31, 2015.
In 2013, we repatriated $196.2 million.
Tax benefits associated with the release of valuation allowances on foreign tax credits of $14.5 million and $4.9 million were recorded in 2013 and 2014, respectively.
The total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was approximately $92.5 million and $67.0 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would affect our effective tax rate, if recognized, is $43.8 million ($40.7 million, net of federal benefit received from state positions) and $37.6 million ($35.8 million, net of federal benefit received from state positions) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 is as follows (dollars in thousands)
## Table 0 ##
l be settled during the next twelve months due to filing amended returns and settling ongoing exams.
Our continuing practice is to recognize potential accrued interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters within income tax expense.
During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we accrued an additional $3.2 million, $3.0 million and $2.6 million, respectively, in interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, we reversed $10.5 million of accrued interest and penalties related to settled positions.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, we have recognized a liability for interest and penalties of $28.8 million ($22.1 million, net of related federal benefit received from interest expense) and $25.5 million ($19.8 million, net of related federal benefit received from interest expense), respectively.
We conduct business globally and, as a result, one or more of our subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U. S.  federal jurisdiction and in multiple state, local and foreign jurisdictions.
We are no longer open to assessment by the U. S.  Internal Revenue Service for years prior to 2005.
With limited exception, our significant state and foreign tax jurisdictions are no longer subject to audit by the various tax authorities for tax years prior to 2007.
Operating, administrative and other expenses increased by $8.6 million, or 3.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily driven by higher payrollrelated costs (including bonuses) as well as $4.4 million of costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2015 in connection with our cost-elimination project.
The increase was also partly driven by costs associated with the GWS Acquisition.
These increases were largely offset by foreign currency translation, which had a $28.8 million positive impact on total operating expenses during the year ended December 31, 2015.
Global Investment Management Revenue decreased by $8.2 million, or 1.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily driven by foreign currency translation, which had a $38.5 million negative impact on total revenue during the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily driven by weakness in the British pound sterling and euro when converting to U. S.  dollars during the year ended December 31, 2015 versus the year ended December 31, 2014.
Higher carried interest revenue was more than offset by lower asset management, disposition and acquisition fees during the year ended December 31, 2015.
Operating, administrative and other expenses decreased by $27.0 million, or 7.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily driven by foreign currency translation, which had a $26.3 million positive impact on total operating expenses during the year ended December 31, 2015.
A rollforward of our AUM by product type for the year ended December 31, 2015 is as follows (dollars in billions):
## Table 1 ##
We describe above how we calculate AUM.
Also as noted above, our calculation of AUM may differ from the calculations of other asset managers, and as a result, this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers.
Development Services Revenue was relatively consistent at $65.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $65.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Operating, administrative and other expenses increased by $17.1 million, or 17.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014.
This increase was primarily driven by higher bonuses during the year ended December 31, 2015 as a result of significantly improved operating performance due to property sales.
As of December 31, 2015, development projects in process totaled $6.7 billion, up $1.3 billion from the end of 2014, and the inventory of pipeline deals totaled $3.6 billion, down $0.4 billion from year-end 2014.
Liquidity and Capital Resources We believe that we can satisfy our working capital and funding requirements with internally generated cash flow and, as necessary, borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
Our expected capital requirements for
Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016 Revenue increased by $254.0 million, or 14.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016.
The revenue increase reflects strong organic growth, fueled by higher occupier outsourcing and property management revenue as well as improved sales and leasing activity.
In addition, foreign currency translation had a $13.2 million positive impact on total revenue during the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily driven by strength in the Australian dollar and Indian rupee, partially offset by weakness in the Chinese yuan and Japanese yen.
Cost of services increased by $183.0 million, or 14.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016, driven by higher costs associated with our occupier outsourcing business.
Also contributing to the variance was higher commission expense resulting from improved sales and lease transaction revenue.
In addition, foreign currency translation had a $9.9 million negative impact on cost of services during the year ended December 31, 2017.
These items were partially offset by the impact of $6.4 million of costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2016 in connection with our cost-elimination project that did not recur during the year ended December 31, 2017.
The absence of such costs contributed to cost of services as a percentage of revenue decreasing from 75.3% for the year ended December 31, 2016 to 74.9% for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Operating, administrative and other expenses increased by $18.1 million, or 6.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016.
We incurred higher payroll-related costs (including increased stock compensation and bonus expense due to improved operating performance) during the year ended December 31, 2017.
This was partially offset by a decrease of $6.0 million in integration and other costs related to the GWS Acquisition incurred during the year ended December 31, 2017 as well as the impact of $2.9 million of costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2016 as part of our cost-elimination project, which did not recur during the year ended December 31, 2017.
Foreign currency activity also had an overall net positive impact of $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, due to $11.1 million of favorable foreign currency transaction activity over the year ended December 31, 2016 (part of which related to net hedging activity in 2016, which did not recur in 2017), partially offset by a $1.8 million negative impact from foreign currency translation.
Global Investment Management The following table summarizes our results of operations for our Global Investment Management operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands):
## Table 2 ##
(1) We adopted new revenue recognition guidance in the first quarter of 2018.
Certain restatements have been made to the 2017 and 2016 financial statements to conform with the 2018 presentation.
See Notes 2 and 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Item 8 of this Annual Report for more information.
be resolved, we cannot reasonably determine the probability of an adverse claim or reasonably estimate any adverse liability or the total maximum exposure under these indemnification arrangements.
We do not have any reason to believe that we will be required to make any material payments under these indemnity provisions.
Income Taxes – As discussed in note 4, the IRS has completed its examinations and issued notices of deficiency for tax years 1995 through 2004, and we are in different stages of the IRS appeals process for these years.
The IRS is examining our tax returns for tax years 2005 and 2006.
In the third quarter of 2007, we believe that we reached an agreement in principle with the IRS to resolve all of the issues, except interest, related to tax years 1995 through 1998, including the previously reported dispute over certain donations of property.
We anticipate signing a closing agreement in 2008.
At December 31, 2007, we have recorded a current liability of $140 million for tax payments in 2008 related to federal and state income tax examinations.
We do not expect that the ultimate resolution of these examinations will have a material adverse effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements.11.
Other Income Other income included the following for the years ended December 31:

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance, unrecognized tax benefits</td><td>$-66,984</td><td>$-95,664</td></tr><tr><td>Gross increases—tax positions in prior period</td><td>-17,545</td><td>-8,864</td></tr><tr><td>Gross decreases—tax positions in prior period</td><td>92</td><td>20,823</td></tr><tr><td>Gross increases—current-period tax positions</td><td>-8,792</td><td>-4,431</td></tr><tr><td>Decreases relating to settlements</td><td>—</td><td>17,747</td></tr><tr><td>Reductions as a result of lapse of statute of limitations</td><td>688</td><td>2,857</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign exchange movement</td><td>3</td><td>548</td></tr><tr><td>Ending balance, unrecognized tax benefits</td><td>$-92,538</td><td>$-66,984</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Funds</td><td>Separate Accounts</td><td>Securities</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at January 1, 2015</td><td>$28.8</td><td>$37.0</td><td>$24.8</td><td>$90.6</td></tr><tr><td>Inflows</td><td>5.7</td><td>6.3</td><td>3.6</td><td>15.6</td></tr><tr><td>Outflows</td><td>-6.2</td><td>-4.7</td><td>-7.3</td><td>-18.2</td></tr><tr><td>Market appreciation (depreciation)</td><td>—</td><td>1.3</td><td>-0.3</td><td>1.0</td></tr><tr><td>Balance at December 31, 2015</td><td>$28.3</td><td>$39.9</td><td>$20.8</td><td>$89.0</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="6">Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">2018</td><td colspan="2">2017 (As Adjusted) (1)</td><td colspan="2">2016 (As Adjusted) (1)</td></tr><tr><td>Revenue</td><td>$434,405</td><td>100.0%</td><td>$377,644</td><td>100.0%</td><td>$369,800</td><td>100.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Costs and expenses:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating, administrative and other</td><td>344,312</td><td>79.3%</td><td>285,831</td><td>75.7%</td><td>297,194</td><td>80.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization</td><td>23,017</td><td>5.3%</td><td>24,123</td><td>6.4%</td><td>25,911</td><td>7.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Operating income</td><td>$67,076</td><td>15.4%</td><td>$67,690</td><td>17.9%</td><td>$46,695</td><td>12.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Equity income from unconsolidated subsidiaries</td><td>6,131</td><td>1.4%</td><td>7,923</td><td>2.1%</td><td>7,243</td><td>1.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Other (loss) income</td><td>-10,840</td><td>-2.5%</td><td>9,435</td><td>2.5%</td><td>4,756</td><td>1.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Net income attributable to non-controllingInterests</td><td>2,360</td><td>0.5%</td><td>6,280</td><td>1.7%</td><td>7,174</td><td>1.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Add-back: Depreciation and amortization</td><td>23,017</td><td>5.3%</td><td>24,123</td><td>6.4%</td><td>25,911</td><td>7.0%</td></tr><tr><td>EBITDA</td><td>$83,024</td><td>19.1%</td><td>$102,891</td><td>27.2%</td><td>$77,431</td><td>20.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Adjusted EBITDA</td><td>$78,469</td><td>18.1%</td><td>$94,373</td><td>25.0%</td><td>$83,150</td><td>22.5%</td></tr></table>

Question: If Revenue develops with the same increasing rate in 2018, what will it reach in 2019?