In 2017, cash flows provided by operations increased $160 million, primarily due to an increase in net income after non-cash adjustments, including the impact of the enactment of the TCJA, and an increase in cash flows from working capital.
The main factors contributing to the net income increase are described in the “Consolidated Results of Operations” section and include higher operating revenues, partially offset by higher income taxes due to a $125 million re-measurement charge resulting from the impact of the change in the federal tax rate on the Company’s deferred income taxes from the enactment of the TCJA.
The increase in non-cash activities was mainly attributable to the increase in deferred income taxes, as mentioned above, and an increase in depreciation and amortization due to additional utility plant placed in service.
The change in working capital was principally due to (i) the timing of accounts payable and accrued liabilities, including the accrual recorded during 2016 for the binding global agreement in principle to settle claims associated with the Freedom Industries chemical spill in West Virginia, (ii) a decrease in unbilled revenues as a result of our Military Services Group achieving significant capital project milestones during 2016, and (iii) a change in other current assets and liabilities, including the decrease in other current assets associated with the termination of our four forward starting swap agreements and timing of payments clearing our cash accounts.
The Company expects to make pension contributions to the plan trusts of up to $31 million in 2019.
In addition, we estimate that contributions will amount to $32 million, $29 million, $29 million and $29 million in 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Actual amounts contributed could change materially from these estimates as a result of changes in assumptions and actual investment returns, among other factors.
Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities The following table provides a summary of the major items affecting our cash flows used in investing activities:
## Table 0 ##
(a) Includes removal costs from property, plant and equipment retirements and proceeds from sale of assets.
In 2018 and 2017, cash flows used in investing activities increased primarily due to an increase in our regulated capital expenditures, principally from incremental investments associated with the replacement and renewal of our transmission and distribution infrastructure in our Regulated Businesses, as well as acquisitions in both our Regulated Businesses and Market-Based Businesses, as discussed below.
Our infrastructure investment plan consists of both infrastructure renewal programs, where we replace infrastructure, as needed, and major capital investment projects, where we construct new water and wastewater treatment and delivery facilities to meet new customer growth and water quality regulations.
Our projected capital expenditures and other investments are subject to periodic review and revision to reflect changes in economic conditions and other factors.
Food Care applications are largely sold direct to customers by our sales, marketing and customer service personnel throughout the world.
Product Care Segment Product Care packaging solutions are utilized across many global markets and are especially valuable to e-Commerce, electronics and industrial manufacturing.
Product Care solutions are designed to protect valuable goods in shipping, and drive Operational Excellence for our customers, increasing their order fulfillment velocity while minimizing material usage, dimensional weight and packaging labor requirements.
The breadth of Product Care’s solutions portfolio, extensive packaging engineering and technical services, and global reach uniquely supports the needs of multinational customers who require performance excellence, consistency and reliability of supply wherever they operate around the globe.
The acquisition of Fagerdala in 2017 and AFP, Inc. , a leading, privately held fabricator of foam, corrugated, molded pulp and wood packaging solutions, in 2018 enabled us to further expand our protective packaging solutions in electronics, transportation and industrial markets with turnkey, custom-engineered, fabricated solutions.
Product Care benefits from the continued expansion of e-Commerce, increasing freight costs, scarcity of labor, and increasing demand for more sustainable packaging.
Product Care solutions are largely sold through supply distributors that sell to business/industrial end-users.
Product Care solutions are additionally sold directly to fabricators, original equipment manufacturers, contract manufacturers, third-party logistics partners, e-commerce/fulfillment operations, and at various retail centers.
Product Care solutions are marketed under industry-leading brands including Bubble Wrap?
packaging, Cryovac?
performance shrink films, Instapak?
polyurethane foam packaging systems, and Korrvu?
suspension and retention packaging.
Solutions are sold globally and supported by a network of 41 American Society for Testing and Materials International (“ASTM”) approved Product Care design and testing centers, and one of the industry’s largest sales and service teams.
Global Operations We operate through our subsidiaries and have a presence in the U. S.  and the 47 other countries/regions listed below, enabling us to distribute our products to our customers in 123 countries/regions.
## Table 1 ##
We face risks inherent in these international operations, such as currency fluctuations, inflation and political instability.
Information on currency exchange risk appears in Part II, Item 7A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Other risks attendant to our international operations are set forth in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Information on the impact of currency exchange on our Consolidated Financial Statements appears in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
” Financial information showing net sales and total long-lived assets by geographic region for each of the two years ended December 31, 2018 appears in Note 5, “Segments,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.
We maintain programs to comply with the various laws, rules and regulations related to the protection of the environment that we may be subject to in the many countries/regions in which we operate.
See
Allocation of Goodwill to Reporting Segment The following table shows our goodwill balances by reportable segment:
## Table 2 ##
As noted above, it was determined under a qualitative assessment that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of any reporting unit was less than its carrying amount.
Therefore, there was no impairment of goodwill.
However, if events or circumstances change in future periods, the Company may be required to perform a quantitative test.
If we were required to perform a quantitative test, the amount of the impairment charge to be recognized would be the amount by which the carrying value exceeded the estimated fair value at a reporting unit level.
The future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment, such as a decrease in expected net earnings, adverse equity market conditions, a decline in current market multiples, a decline in our common stock price, a significant adverse change in legal factors or business climates, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, strategic decisions made in response to economic or competitive conditions, or a more likely than not expectation that a reporting unit or a significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or disposed of, could require an interim assessment for some or all of the reporting units before the next required annual assessment.
In the event of significant adverse changes of the nature described above, we might have to recognize a non-cash impairment of goodwill, which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.
Identifiable Intangible Assets, net The following tables summarize our identifiable intangible assets, net with definite and indefinite useful lives:
## Table 3 ##

<table><tr><td></td><td>For the Years Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td>(In millions)</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Net capital expenditures</td><td>$-1,586</td><td>$-1,434</td><td>$-1,311</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisitions</td><td>-398</td><td>-177</td><td>-204</td></tr><tr><td>Other investing activities, net(a)</td><td>-52</td><td>-61</td><td>-75</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash flows used in investing activities</td><td>$-2,036</td><td>$-1,672</td><td>$-1,590</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Argentina</td><td>Denmark</td><td>Israel</td><td>Philippines</td><td>Taiwan</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td>Finland</td><td>Italy</td><td>Poland</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>France</td><td>Japan</td><td>Portugal</td><td>Turkey</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>Germany</td><td>Luxembourg</td><td>Russia</td><td>Ukraine</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>Greece</td><td>Malaysia</td><td>Singapore</td><td>United Arab Emirates</td></tr><tr><td>Chile</td><td>Guatemala</td><td>Mexico</td><td>South Africa</td><td>United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><td>China</td><td>Hong Kong</td><td>Netherlands</td><td>South Korea</td><td>Uruguay</td></tr><tr><td>Colombia</td><td>Hungary</td><td>New Zealand</td><td>Spain</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Costa Rica</td><td>India</td><td>Norway</td><td>Sweden</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Czech Republic</td><td>Ireland</td><td>Peru</td><td>Switzerland</td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>(In millions)</td><td>Food Care</td><td>Product Care</td><td>Total</td></tr><tr><td>Gross Carrying Value at December 31, 2016</td><td>$560.3</td><td>$1,513.0</td><td>$2,073.3</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated impairment</td><td>-49.5</td><td>-140.9</td><td>-190.4</td></tr><tr><td>Carrying Value at December 31, 2016</td><td>$510.8</td><td>$1,372.1</td><td>$1,882.9</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition and divestiture</td><td>10.1</td><td>39.3</td><td>49.4</td></tr><tr><td>Currency translation</td><td>6.0</td><td>1.5</td><td>7.5</td></tr><tr><td>Gross Carrying Value at December 31, 2017</td><td>$576.5</td><td>$1,554.1</td><td>$2,130.6</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated impairment</td><td>-49.6</td><td>-141.2</td><td>-190.8</td></tr><tr><td>Carrying Value at December 31, 2017</td><td>$526.9</td><td>$1,412.9</td><td>$1,939.8</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition, purchase price and other adjustments</td><td>-0.6</td><td>18.2</td><td>17.6</td></tr><tr><td>Currency translation</td><td>-6.6</td><td>-3.2</td><td>-9.8</td></tr><tr><td>Gross Carrying Value at December 31, 2018</td><td>$568.9</td><td>$1,568.9</td><td>$2,137.8</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated impairment</td><td>-49.2</td><td>-141.0</td><td>-190.2</td></tr><tr><td>Carrying Value at December 31, 2018</td><td>$519.7</td><td>$1,427.9</td><td>$1,947.6</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">December 31, 2018</td><td colspan="3">December 31, 2017</td></tr><tr><td>(In millions)</td><td>GrossCarryingValue</td><td>AccumulatedAmortization</td><td>Net<sup>-1</sup></td><td>GrossCarryingValue</td><td>AccumulatedAmortization</td><td>Net</td></tr><tr><td>Customer relationships</td><td>$72.4</td><td>$-22.3</td><td>$50.1</td><td>$59.7</td><td>$-19.7</td><td>$40.0</td></tr><tr><td>Trademarks and tradenames</td><td>15.1</td><td>-1.6</td><td>13.5</td><td>11.6</td><td>-0.5</td><td>11.1</td></tr><tr><td>Capitalized software</td><td>62.2</td><td>-49.8</td><td>12.4</td><td>50.6</td><td>-40.0</td><td>10.6</td></tr><tr><td>Technology</td><td>37.2</td><td>-23.5</td><td>13.7</td><td>39.2</td><td>-27.5</td><td>11.7</td></tr><tr><td>Contracts</td><td>13.2</td><td>-10.1</td><td>3.1</td><td>10.9</td><td>-9.6</td><td>1.3</td></tr><tr><td>Total intangible assets with definite lives</td><td>200.1</td><td>-107.3</td><td>92.8</td><td>172.0</td><td>-97.3</td><td>74.7</td></tr><tr><td>Trademarks and tradenames with indefinite lives</td><td>8.9</td><td>—</td><td>8.9</td><td>8.9</td><td>—</td><td>8.9</td></tr><tr><td>Total identifiable intangible assets, net</td><td>$209.0</td><td>$-107.3</td><td>$101.7</td><td>$180.9</td><td>$-97.3</td><td>$83.6</td></tr></table>

Question: Which year is Accumulated impairment greater than -50 in Food Care?