Archer Daniels Midland Company Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Note 13.
Employee Benefit Plans The Company provides substantially all domestic employees and employees at certain international subsidiaries with pension benefits.
The Company also provides substantially all domestic salaried employees with postretirement health care and life insurance benefits.
The Company has savings and investment plans available to employees.
The Company also maintains stock ownership plans for qualifying employees.
The Company contributes shares of its stock to the plans to match qualifying employee contributions.
Employees have the choice of retaining Company stock in their accounts or diversifying the shares into other investment options.
Expense is measured and recorded based upon the fair market value of the stock contributed to the plans each month.
The number of shares designated for use in the plans is not significant compared to the shares outstanding for the periods presented.
Assets of the Company’s defined contribution savings plans consist primarily of listed common stocks and pooled funds.
The Company’s defined contribution savings plans held 19.1 million shares of Company common stock at June 30, 2007, with a market value of $631 million.
Cash dividends received on shares of Company common stock held by these plans during the year ended June 30, 2007 were $8 million.
## Table 0 ##
On June 30, 2007, the Company adopted the recognition and disclosure provisions of SFAS Number 158.
SFAS Number 158 required the Company to recognize the funded status of its pension plans in the June 30, 2007, consolidated balance sheet, with a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income.
The adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income at adoption represents the net unrecognized actuarial losses, unrecognized prior service costs, and unrecognized transition obligation remaining from the initial adoption of SFAS Number 87, Employers’ Accounting for Pensions, all of which were previously netted against the plans’ funded status in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet pursuant to the provisions of SFAS Number 87.
These amounts will be subsequently recognized as net periodic pension cost pursuant to the Company’s historical accounting policy for amortizing such amounts.
Further, actuarial gains and losses that arise in subsequent periods and are not recognized as net periodic pension cost in the same periods will be recognized as a component of other comprehensive income.
Those amounts will be subsequently recognized as a component of net periodic pension cost on the same basis as the amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income upon adoption of SFAS Number 158.
Archer-Daniels-Midland Company Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Note 13.
Income Taxes (Continued) Reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate on earnings is as follows:
## Table 1 ##
The foreign rate differential is primarily due to lower tax rates from the Company's operations in Switzerland, Asia, and the Caribbean.
The Company’s foreign earnings, which were taxed at rates lower than the U. S.  rate and were generated from these jurisdictions, were 56%, 59%, and 47% of its foreign earnings before taxes in fiscal years 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
Undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries and the Company’s share of the undistributed earnings of affiliated corporate joint venture companies accounted for on the equity method aggregated to approximately $10.5 billion at December 31, 2018.
Because the Company’s undistributed foreign earnings and outside basis differences inherent in foreign entities continue to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations, no income taxes, other than the transition tax and the minimum tax on Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI), have been provided.
It is not practicable to determine the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to any remaining undistributed foreign earnings not subject to the transition tax and additional outside basis differences in these entities.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted on December 22, 2017.
The income tax effects of changes in tax laws are recognized in the period when enacted.
The Act provides for numerous significant tax law changes and modifications with varying effective dates, which include reducing the U. S.  federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, creating a territorial tax system (with a one-time transition tax on previously deferred foreign earnings), broadening the tax base, and allowing for immediate capital expensing of certain qualified property.
As a result, the Company made a reasonable estimate of the effects on existing deferred tax balances and the one-time transition tax, and recognized a net provisional benefit of $379 million, which is included as a component of income tax expense in the year ended December 31, 2017.
The net provisional benefit consisted of a net tax benefit of $528 million related to the remeasurement of deferred tax balance and a beneficial impact of $220 million on reserves previously established under ASC Subtopic 740-30, Income Taxes - Other Considerations or Special Areas, partially offset by the $369 million provisional impact of the transition tax.
The Company performed a quarterly review of the provisional tax liability recorded in 2017 as new guidance on the Act was issued in 2018.
The Company finalized its calculation of the transition tax and recorded a tax benefit of $29 million in the fourth quarter of 2018.
The Company is currently assessing the impact of pending Treasury Regulations on the Company’s transition tax calculation, and will record any adjustment in 2019.
The Company has elected to pay the one-time transition tax over eight years.
containerboard, kraft papers and saturating kraft.
KapStone also owns Victory Packaging, a packaging solutions distribution company with facilities in the U. S. , Canada and Mexico.
We have included the financial results of KapStone in our Corrugated Packaging segment since the date of the acquisition.
On September 4, 2018, we completed the acquisition (the “Schlüter Acquisition”) of Schlüter Print Pharma Packaging (“Schlüter”).
Schlüter is a leading provider of differentiated paper and packaging solutions and a German-based supplier of a full range of leaflets and booklets.
The Schlüter Acquisition allowed us to further enhance our pharmaceutical and automotive platform and expand our geographical footprint in Europe to better serve our customers.
We have included the financial results of the acquired operations in our Consumer Packaging segment since the date of the acquisition.
On January 5, 2018, we completed the acquisition (the “Plymouth Packaging Acquisition”) of substantially all of the assets of Plymouth Packaging, Inc.  (“Plymouth”).
The assets we acquired included Plymouth’s “Box on Demand” systems, which are manufactured by Panotec, an Italian manufacturer of packaging machines.
The addition of the Box on Demand systems enhanced our platform, differentiation and innovation.
These systems, which are located on customers’ sites under multi-year exclusive agreements, use fanfold corrugated to produce custom, on-demand corrugated packaging that is accurately sized for any product type according to the customer’s specifications.
Fanfold corrugated is continuous corrugated board, folded periodically to form an accordion-like stack of corrugated material.
As part of the transaction, WestRock acquired Plymouth’s equity interest in Panotec and Plymouth’s exclusive right from Panotec to distribute Panotec’s equipment in the U. S.  and Canada.
We have fully integrated the approximately 60,000 tons of containerboard used by Plymouth annually.
We have included the financial results of Plymouth in our Corrugated Packaging segment since the date of the acquisition.
See “Note 3.
Acquisitions and Investment” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
See also Item 1A.
“Risk Factors — We May Be Unsuccessful in Making and Integrating Mergers, Acquisitions and Investments, and Completing Divestitures”.
Business
## Table 2 ##
In fiscal 2019, we continued to pursue our strategy of offering differentiated paper and packaging solutions that help our customers win.
We successfully executed this strategy in fiscal 2019 in a rapidly changing cost and price environment.
Net sales of $18,289.0 million for fiscal 2019 increased $2,003.9 million, or 12.3%, compared to fiscal 2018.
The increase was primarily due to the KapStone Acquisition and higher selling price/mix in our Corrugated Packaging and Consumer Packaging segments.
These increases were partially offset by the absence of recycling net sales in fiscal 2019 as a result of conducting the operations primarily as a procurement function beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2019, lower volumes, unfavorable foreign currency impacts across our segments compared to the prior year and decreased Land and Development net sales.
Segment income increased $82.6 million in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018, primarily due to increased Corrugated Packaging segment income that was partially offset by lower Consumer Packaging and Land and Development segment income.
The impact of the contribution from the acquired KapStone operations, higher selling price/mix across our segments and productivity improvements was largely offset by lower volumes across our segments, economic downtime, cost inflation, increased maintenance and scheduled strategic outage expense (including projects at our Mahrt, AL and Covington, VA mills) and lower Land and Development segment income due to the wind-down of sales.
With respect to segment income, we experienced higher levels of cost inflation in both our Corrugated Packaging and Consumer Packaging segments during fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 that were partially offset by recovered fiber deflation.
The primary inflationary items were virgin fiber, freight, energy and wage and other costs.
We generated $2,310.2 million of net cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2019, compared to $1,931.2 million in fiscal 2018.
We remained committed to our disciplined capital allocation strategy during fiscal

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">Pension Benefits</td><td colspan="3">Postretirement Benefits</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2007</td><td>2006</td><td>2005</td><td>2007</td><td>2006</td><td>2005</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">(In millions)</td><td colspan="3">(In millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Retirement plan expense</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Defined benefit plans:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Service cost (benefits earned during the period)</td><td>$62</td><td>$59</td><td>$58</td><td>$7</td><td>$6</td><td>$6</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost</td><td>94</td><td>87</td><td>79</td><td>10</td><td>9</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Expected return on plan assets</td><td>-102</td><td>-81</td><td>-68</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailment</td><td>–</td><td>10</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of actuarial loss</td><td>19</td><td>35</td><td>33</td><td>1</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>Other amortization</td><td>6</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>-1</td><td>–</td><td>-1</td></tr><tr><td>Net periodic defined benefit plan expense</td><td>79</td><td>114</td><td>106</td><td>17</td><td>15</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Defined contribution plans</td><td>29</td><td>27</td><td>25</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>Total retirement plan expense</td><td>$108</td><td>$141</td><td>$131</td><td>$17</td><td>$15</td><td>$13</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">Year Ended December 31</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Statutory rate</td><td>21.0%</td><td>35.0%</td><td>35.0%</td></tr><tr><td>State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.4</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign earnings taxed at rates other than the U.S. statutory rate</td><td>-1.5</td><td>-4.7</td><td>-4.4</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency effects/remeasurement</td><td>-1.9</td><td>-0.7</td><td>2.2</td></tr><tr><td>Income tax adjustment to filed returns</td><td>-1.9</td><td>-3.0</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tax benefit on U.S. biodiesel credits</td><td>-2.3</td><td>—</td><td>-3.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tax benefit on U.S. qualified production activity deduction</td><td>—</td><td>-2.2</td><td>-1.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tax on global intangible low-taxed income</td><td>1.0</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Tax benefit on foreign derived intangible income deduction</td><td>-1.0</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. tax reform impacts</td><td>-1.1</td><td>-23.9</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Valuation allowances</td><td>—</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>-0.7</td><td>-2.1</td><td>-1.6</td></tr><tr><td>Effective income tax rate</td><td>11.9%</td><td>0.4%</td><td>29.3%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Year Ended September 30,</td></tr><tr><td>(In millions)</td><td>2019</td><td>2018</td></tr><tr><td>Net sales</td><td>$18,289.0</td><td>$16,285.1</td></tr><tr><td>Segment income</td><td>$1,790.2</td><td>$1,707.6</td></tr></table>

Question: Which year is Interest cost the most in Pension Benefits?