THE GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP, INC.  AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements The valuation allowance increased by $89 million during 2018 and increased by $41 million during 2017.
The increases in both 2018 and 2017 were primarily due to an increase in deferred tax assets from which the firm does not expect to realize any benefit.
The firm permanently reinvested eligible earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries.
As of December 2018, all U. S.  taxes were accrued on these subsidiaries’ distributable earnings, substantially all of which resulted from the Tax Legislation repatriation tax and GILTI.
As of December 2017, substantially all U. S.  taxes were accrued on these subsidiaries’ earnings and profits as a result of the Tax Legislation repatriation tax.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits The firm recognizes tax positions in the consolidated financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on examination by the relevant taxing authority based on the technical merits of the position.
A position that meets this standard is measured at the largest amount of benefit that will more likely than not be realized on settlement.
A liability is established for differences between positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements.
The accrued liability for interest expense related to income tax matters and income tax penalties was $107 million as of December 2018 and $81 million as of December 2017.
The firm recognized interest expense and income tax penalties of $18 million for 2018, $63 million for 2017 and $27 million for 2016.
It is reasonably possible that unrecognized tax benefits could change significantly during the twelve months subsequent to December 2018 due to potential audit settlements.
However, at this time it is not possible to estimate any potential change.
The table below presents the changes in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits, which is included in other liabilities.
## Table 0 ##
Regulatory Tax Examinations The firm is subject to examination by the IRS and other taxing authorities in jurisdictions where the firm has significant business operations, such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Hong Kong and various states, such as New York.
The tax years under examination vary by jurisdiction.
The firm does not expect completion of these audits to have a material impact on the firm’s financial condition but it may be material to operating results for a particular period, depending, in part, on the operating results for that period.
The table below presents the earliest tax years that remain subject to examination by major jurisdiction.
## Table 1 ##
U. S.  Federal examinations of 2011 and 2012 began in 2013.
The firm has been accepted into the Compliance Assurance Process program by the IRS for each of the tax years from 2013 through 2019.
This program allows the firm to work with the IRS to identify and resolve potential U. S.  Federal tax issues before the filing of tax returns.
The 2013 through 2017 tax years remain subject to post-filing review.
New York State and City examinations (excluding GS Bank USA) of 2011 through 2014 began in 2017.
New York State and City examinations for GS Bank USA have been completed through 2014.
All years including and subsequent to the years in the table above remain open to examination by the taxing authorities.
The firm believes that the liability for unrecognized tax benefits it has established is adequate in relation to the potential for additional assessments.
The Catlettsburg refinery multi-year improvement project was completed during early 2004.
At a cost of approximately $440 million, the project improves product yields and lowers overall refinery costs while making gasoline with less than 30 parts per million of sulfur, which allows MAP to meet Tier II gasoline regulations which became effective on January 1, 2004.
MAP is constructing approximately $300 million in new capital projects for its 74,000 bpd Detroit, Michigan refinery.
One of the projects, a $110 million expansion project, is expected to raise the crude oil capacity at the refinery by 35 percent to 100,000 bpd.
Other projects are expected to enable the refinery to produce new clean fuels and further control regulated air emissions.
Completion of the projects is scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2005.
Marketing In 2004 MAP’s refined product sales volumes (excluding matching buy/sell transactions) totaled 20.4 billion gallons (1,329,000 bpd).
The wholesale distribution of petroleum products to private brand marketers and to large commercial and industrial consumers, primarily located in the Midwest, the upper Great Plains and the Southeast, and sales in the spot market, accounted for approximately 70 percent of MAP’s refined product sales volumes in 2004, excluding sales related to matching buy/sell transactions.
Approximately 52 percent of MAP’s gasoline sales volumes and 92 percent of its distillate sales volumes were sold on a wholesale or spot market basis to independent unbranded customers or other wholesalers in 2004.
Approximately 55 percent of MAP’s propane is sold into the home heating markets and industrial consumers purchase the balance.
Propylene, cumene, aromatics, aliphatics, and sulfur are marketed to customers in the chemical industry.
Base lube oils and slack wax are sold throughout the United States.
Pitch is also sold domestically, but approximately 16 percent of pitch products are exported into growing markets in Canada, Mexico, India and South America.
MAP markets asphalt through owned and leased terminals throughout the Midwest, the upper Great Plains and the Southeast.
The MAP customer base includes approximately 800 asphalt-paving contractors, government entities (states, counties, cities and townships) and asphalt roofing shingle manufacturers.
The following table sets forth the volume of MAP’s consolidated refined product sales by product group for each of the last three years: Refined Product Sales
## Table 2 ##
MAP sells reformulated gasoline in parts of its marketing territory, primarily Chicago, Illinois; Louisville, Kentucky; northern Kentucky; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
MAP also sells low-vapor-pressure gasoline in nine states.
As of December 31, 2004, MAP supplied petroleum products to about 3,900 Marathon and Ashland branded retail outlets located primarily in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Illinois.
Branded retail outlets are also located in Florida, Georgia, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Tennessee, Minnesota, Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Alabama, and South Carolina.
SSA sells gasoline and diesel fuel through company-operated retail outlets.
As of December 31, 2004, SSA had 1,669 retail outlets in nine states that sold petroleum products and convenience store merchandise and services, primarily under the brand names ‘‘Speedway’’ and ‘‘SuperAmerica.
’’ SSA’s revenues from the sale of non-petroleum merchandise totaled $2.3 billion in 2004, compared with $2.2 billion in 2003.
Profit levels from the sale of such merchandise and services tend to be less volatile than profit levels from the retail sale of gasoline and diesel fuel.
Pilot Travel Centers LLC (‘‘PTC’’), a joint venture with Pilot Corporation (‘‘Pilot’’), is the largest operator of travel centers in the United States with approximately 250 locations in 35 states at December 31, 2004.
The travel centers
## Table 3 ##
N/A - not applicable.
(1) Due to the immaterial impact of the discontinued operations, the balance sheet has not been presented on a continuing operations basis.
(2) See Table 2 for GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliations.
(3) The 2018 return on average common stockholders' equity, return on average tangible stockholders' equity and return on average assets were 11.64%, 17.57%, and 1.43%, respectively, including discontinued operations.
(4) Regions' regulatory capital ratios for years prior to 2015 have not been revised to reflect the retrospective application of new accounting guidance related to investments in qualified affordable housing projects.
(5) Current year Basel III common equity Tier 1, Tier 1 capital, Total capital, and Leverage capital ratios are estimated.
(6) Beginning in 2015, Regions' regulatory capital ratios are calculated pursuant to the phase-in provisions of the Basel III Rules.
All prior period ratios were calculated pursuant to the Basel I capital rules.
NON-GAAP MEASURES The table below presents computations of earnings and certain other financial measures, which exclude certain significant items that are included in the financial results presented in accordance with GAAP.
These non-GAAP financial measures include “adjusted average total loans”, “adjusted net interest margin”, “adjusted efficiency ratio”, “adjusted fee income ratio”, “return on average tangible common stockholders’ equity”, on a consolidated and continuing operations basis, and end of period “tangible common stockholders’equity”, and “Basel III CET1, on a fully phased-in basis” and related ratios.
Regions believes that expressing earnings and certain other financial measures excluding these significant items provides a meaningful base for period-to-period comparisons, which management believes will assist investors in analyzing the operating results of the Company and predicting future performance.
These non-GAAP financial measures are also used by management to assess the performance of Regions’ business because management does not consider the activities related to the adjustments to be indications of ongoing operations.
Regions believes that presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures will permit investors to assess the performance of the Company on the same basis as that applied by management.
Management and the Board utilize these non-GAAPfinancial measures as follows: ?
Preparation of Regions’ operating budgets ?
Monthly financial performance reporting ?
Monthly close-out reporting of consolidated results (management only) ?
Presentations to investors of Company performance Total average loans is presented excluding the impact of the first quarter 2018 residential first mortgage loan sale and the indirect vehicles third-party exit portfolio to arrive at adjusted average total loans (non-GAAP).
Regions believes adjusting average total loans provides a meaningful calculation of loan growth rates and presents them on the same basis as that applied by management.
The adjusted efficiency ratio (non-GAAP), which is a measure of productivity, is generally calculated as adjusted non-interest expense divided by adjusted total revenue on a taxable-equivalent basis.
The adjusted fee income ratio (non-GAAP) is generally calculated as adjusted non-interest income divided by adjusted total revenue on a taxable-equivalent basis.
Management uses these ratios to monitor performance and believes these measures provide meaningful information to investors.
Non-interest expense (GAAP) is presented excluding adjustments to arrive at adjusted non-interest expense (non-GAAP), which is the numerator for the adjusted efficiency ratio.
Non-interest income (GAAP) is presented excluding adjustments to arrive at adjusted non-interest income (non-GAAP), which is the numerator for the adjusted fee income ratio.
Net interest income and other financing income on a taxableequivalent basis (GAAP) is presented excluding certain adjustments related to Tax Reform to arrive at adjusted net interest income and other financing income on a taxable-equivalent basis (non-GAAP).
Net interest income and other financing income on a taxableequivalent basis and non-interest income are added together to arrive at total revenue on a taxable-equivalent basis.
Adjustments are made to arrive at adjusted total revenue on a taxable-equivalent basis (non-GAAP), which is the denominator for the adjusted efficiency and adjusted fee income ratios.

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">Year Ended or as of December</td></tr><tr><td><i>$ in millions</i></td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Beginning balance</td><td>$ 665</td><td>$ 852</td><td>$ 825</td></tr><tr><td>Increases based on tax positions related to the current year</td><td>197</td><td>94</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td>Increases based on tax positions related to prior years</td><td>232</td><td>101</td><td>188</td></tr><tr><td>Decreases based on tax positions related to prior years</td><td>-39</td><td>-128</td><td>-88</td></tr><tr><td>Decreases related to settlements</td><td>-3</td><td>-255</td><td>-186</td></tr><tr><td>Exchange rate fluctuations</td><td>-1</td><td>1</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td> Ending balance</td><td>$1,051</td><td>$ 665</td><td>$ 852</td></tr><tr><td>Related deferred income taxasset</td><td>152</td><td>75</td><td>231</td></tr><tr><td> Net unrecognized tax benefit</td><td>$ 899</td><td>$ 590</td><td>$ 621</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td> Jurisdiction</td><td> As of December 2018</td></tr><tr><td>U.S. Federal</td><td> 2011</td></tr><tr><td>New York State and City</td><td> 2011</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td> 2014</td></tr><tr><td>Japan</td><td> 2014</td></tr><tr><td>Hong Kong</td><td> 2011</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td><i>(Thousands of Barrels per Day) </i></td><td>2004</td><td>2003</td><td>2002</td></tr><tr><td>Gasoline</td><td>807</td><td>776</td><td>773</td></tr><tr><td>Distillates</td><td>373</td><td>365</td><td>346</td></tr><tr><td>Propane</td><td>22</td><td>21</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Feedstocks and Special Products</td><td>92</td><td>97</td><td>82</td></tr><tr><td>Heavy Fuel Oil</td><td>27</td><td>24</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Asphalt</td><td>79</td><td>74</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td>1,400</td><td>1,357</td><td>1,318</td></tr><tr><td>Matching Buy/Sell Volumes included in above</td><td>71</td><td>64</td><td>71</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">(In millions, except per share data)</td></tr><tr><td>COMMON STOCK DATA</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Common equity book value per share</td><td>$13.92</td><td>$13.55</td><td>$13.04</td><td>$12.35</td><td>$11.81</td></tr><tr><td>Tangible common book value per share (non-GAAP)<sup>(2)</sup></td><td>9.19</td><td>9.16</td><td>8.95</td><td>8.52</td><td>8.18</td></tr><tr><td>Market value at year-end</td><td>13.38</td><td>17.28</td><td>14.36</td><td>9.60</td><td>10.56</td></tr><tr><td>Total trading volume (shares)</td><td>3,044</td><td>3,704</td><td>5,241</td><td>4,243</td><td>3,689</td></tr><tr><td>Dividend payout ratio</td><td>29.90%</td><td>31.48%</td><td>29.25%</td><td>30.76%</td><td>22.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Stockholders of record at year-end (actual)</td><td>42,087</td><td>46,143</td><td>48,958</td><td>51,270</td><td>57,529</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic</td><td>1,092</td><td>1,186</td><td>1,255</td><td>1,325</td><td>1,375</td></tr><tr><td>Diluted</td><td>1,102</td><td>1,198</td><td>1,261</td><td>1,334</td><td>1,387</td></tr></table>

Question: Which year has the greatest proportion of Common equity book value per share?