2015 vs.  2014 Marketing and midstream operating profit changes were largely driven by a full year of EnLink’s legacy asset operations compared to prior year and facility expansions coming online in late 2014, along with assets acquired during 2015.
The change was offset by a decrease in Devon’s marketing activities due to a decrease in commodity prices.2014 vs.  2013 Marketing and midstream operating profit largely increased as a result of higher prices and volumes, partially offset by higher operations and maintenance expenses.
Of the $339 million increase, $344 million was attributed to EnLink’s operations.
Higher profits from EnLink’s Texas segment, which includes the Bridgeport facility, and Louisiana segment were the largest drivers of the increase.
The Louisiana segment operating profit increased because of acquisitions and completions of additional pipelines.
Devon’s marketing activities were the primary driver of the increases in both operating revenues and product purchases.
The higher marketing revenues and product purchases are primarily due to commitments we entered into to secure capacity on downstream oil pipelines.
Marketing activities of EnLink also contributed to these increases.
Lease Operating Expenses
## Table 0 ##
2015 vs.  2014 LOE per Boe decreased during 2015 primarily as a result of higher Jackfish 3 volumes, our well optimization and cost reduction initiatives, lower royalties and changes in the Canadian to U. S.  foreign exchange rate.
As Canadian royalties decrease, our net production volumes increase, causing improvements to our per-unit operating costs.
The flat U. S.  rate is primarily related to our 2014 non-core natural gas asset divestitures and our oil production growth, where projects generate higher margins but generally require a higher cost to produce per unit than our retained and divested gas projects.2014 vs.  2013 Our absolute LOE changed largely as a result of our portfolio transformation initiatives, including our February 2014 purchase of Eagle Ford assets and our 2014 divestitures of non-core gas properties in the U. S.  and Canada.
Higher volumes from development of our Eagle Ford assets, as well as our Delaware Basin assets, caused U. S.  LOE to increase.
This increase was partially offset by the decrease resulting from the U. S.  divestitures.
The Canadian divestitures were the primary cause of the decrease in Canadian LOE.
Total LOE increased $0.52 per Boe primarily because of higher unit costs related to our Canadian operations.
The higher Canadian unit costs largely resulted from the divestiture of the conventional natural gas assets in the second quarter of 2014 which resulted in lower total volumes while retaining the relatively highercost thermal heavy oil operations.
Additionally, higher Jackfish royalties paid in 2014 also contributed to higher Canadian unit costs.
The higher unit cost in the U. S.  was primarily related to our liquids production growth, particularly in the Delaware Basin and Mississippian-Woodford Trend, where projects generate higher revenues but generally require a higher cost to produce per unit than our gas projects.
Additionally, we experienced inflationary pressures on costs in certain operating areas, which also contributed to the higher LOE per Boe.
DEVON ENERGY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued) Restricted Stock Awards and Units Restricted stock awards and units are subject to the terms, conditions, restrictions and limitations, if any, that the Compensation Committee deems appropriate, including restrictions on continued employment.
Generally, the service requirement for vesting ranges from zero to four years.
During the vesting period, recipients of restricted stock awards receive dividends that are not subject to restrictions or other limitations.
Devon estimates the fair values of restricted stock awards and units as the closing price of Devon’s common stock on the grant date of the award or unit, which is expensed over the applicable vesting period.
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Awards Performance-based restricted stock awards are granted to certain members of Devon’s senior management.
Vesting of the awards is dependent on Devon meeting certain internal performance targets and the recipient meeting certain service requirements.
Generally, the service requirement for vesting ranges from zero to four years.
In order for awards to vest, the performance target must be met in the first year, and if met, recipients are entitled to dividends on the awards over the remaining service vesting period.
If the performance target and service period requirements are not met, the award does not vest.
Devon estimates the fair values of the awards as the closing price of Devon’s common stock on the grant date of the award, which is expensed over the applicable vesting period.
Performance Share Units Performance share units are granted to certain members of Devon’s senior management.
Each unit that vests entitles the recipient to one share of Devon common stock.
The vesting of these units is based on comparing Devon’s TSR to the TSR of a predetermined group of fourteen peer companies over the specified two- or threeyear performance period.
The vesting of units may be between zero and 200% of the units granted depending on Devon’s TSR as compared to the peer group on the vesting date.
At the end of the vesting period, recipients receive dividend equivalents with respect to the number of units vested.
The fair value of each performance share unit is estimated as of the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation with the following assumptions used for all grants made under the plan: (i) a risk-free interest rate based on U. S.  Treasury rates as of the grant date; (ii) a volatility assumption based on the historical realized price volatility of Devon and the designated peer group; and (iii) an estimated ranking of Devon among the designated peer group.
The fair value of the unit on the date of grant is expensed over the applicable vesting period.
The following table presents the assumptions related to performance share units granted.
## Table 1 ##
Stock Options In accordance with Devon’s incentive plans, the exercise price of stock options granted may not be less than the market value of the stock at the date of grant.
In addition, options granted are exercisable during a period established for each grant, which may not exceed eight years from the date of grant.
The recipient must pay the exercise price in cash or in common stock, or a combination thereof, at the time that the option is exercised.
Generally, the service requirement for vesting ranges from zero to four years.
The fair value of stock options on
VORNADO REALTY TRUST NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED) 2.
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies – continued Income Taxes: We operate in a manner intended to enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856-860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
Under those sections, a REIT which distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income as a dividend to its shareholders each year and which meets certain other conditions will not be taxed on that portion of its taxable income which is distributed to its shareholders.
We distribute to our shareholders 100% of our taxable income and therefore, no provision for Federal income taxes is required.
Dividend distributions for the year ended December 31, 2007 were characterized for Federal income tax purposes as 61.6% ordinary income and 38.4% long-term capital gain income.
Dividend distributions for the year ended December 31, 2006 were characterized for Federal income tax purposes as 29% ordinary income, 14.8% long-term capital gain income and 56.2% return of capital.
Dividend distributions for the year ended December 31, 2005 were characterized for Federal income tax purposes as 93.6% ordinary income and 6.4% long-term capital gain income.
We have elected to treat certain of our consolidated subsidiaries, and may in the future elect to treat newly formed subsidiaries, as taxable REIT subsidiaries pursuant to an amendment to the Internal Revenue Code that became effective January 1, 2001.
Taxable REIT subsidiaries may participate in non-real estate related activities and/or perform noncustomary services for tenants and are subject to Federal and State income tax at regular corporate tax rates.
Other than the taxable REIT subsidiaries of AmeriCold, our taxable REIT subsidiaries had a combined current income tax liability of approximately $11,545,000 and $2,683,000 for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and have immaterial differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities.
AmeriCold’s taxable REIT subsidiaries are accounted for using the asset and liability method, under which deferred income taxes are recognized for (i) temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and (ii) operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards based on enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled.
Deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is more likely than not they will be realized based on consideration of available evidence, including tax planning strategies.
As of December 31, 2007 and 2006, AmeriCold has recorded deferred income tax assets of $8,254,000 and $14,274,000, respectively, and deferred income tax liabilities of $3,745,000 and $7,603,000, respectively.
The net amount of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are included in “Other Assets” on our consolidated balance sheets.
In connection with purchase accounting for H Street, in July 2005 and April 2007 we recorded an aggregate of $220,000,000 of deferred tax liabilities for the differences between the tax basis and the book basis of the acquired assets and liabilities.
We were required to record these deferred tax liabilities because H Street and its partially owned entities were operated as C Corporations at the time they were acquired.
As of February 2008, we have completed all of the actions necessary to enable these entities to elect REIT status effective for the tax year beginning on January 1, 2008.
Consequently, in the first quarter of 2008, the deferred tax liabilities will be eliminated and we will recognize $220,000,000 as an income tax benefit on our consolidated statement of income.
The following table reconciles net income to estimated taxable income for the years ended December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005.
## Table 2 ##
The net basis of our assets and liabilities for tax reporting purposes is approximately $3.4 billion lower than the amount reported in our consolidated financial statements.
Item 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Results of Operations – Boardwalk Pipeline – (Continued) Reduction of Operating Pressures on Expansion Pipelines; Applications for Special Permits from the Pipelines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (“PHMSA”) As discussed elsewhere in this Report, Boardwalk Pipeline has discovered anomalies in a small number of pipe segments on its East Texas to Mississippi segment of its Gulf South pipeline system (the “East Texas Pipeline”).
As a result, and as a prudent operator, Boardwalk Pipeline has elected to reduce operating pressure on that pipeline to 20.0% below its previous operating level, which was below the pipeline’s maximum non-special permit operating pressure.
Operating at lower pressure reduces the amount of gas that can flow through a pipeline and therefore will reduce expected revenues and cash flow.
Boardwalk Pipeline does not expect to return to normal operating pressure, or to operate at higher pressure under the special permit discussed below, until after it has completed its investigation and remediation measures, as appropriate, and PHMSA has concurred with Boardwalk Pipeline’s determination to increase pressure.
Boardwalk Pipeline will also incur costs to replace defective pipe segments on the East Texas Pipeline, some of which may be reimbursable from vendors, and expects to temporarily shut down that pipeline when performing the necessary remedial measures, up to and including replacing certain pipe segments.
Boardwalk Pipeline will work with PHMSA to return the East Texas Pipeline to its previous status under the special permit after Boardwalk Pipeline has completed its investigation and remediation.
Boardwalk Pipeline cannot determine at this time the amount of costs it will incur or when it may raise operating pressure.
Boardwalk Pipeline has not completed testing on all of its expansion pipelines and could find anomalies on other pipelines which could have similar impacts with respect to those pipelines.
Boardwalk Pipeline’s ability to transport a portion of the expected maximum capacity on each of its expansion project pipelines is contingent upon Boardwalk Pipeline’s receipt of authority to operate these pipelines at higher operating pressures under special permits issued by PHMSA.
Boardwalk Pipeline has received authority to operate the East Texas Pipeline under a special permit and has received the special permits for the Southeast and Gulf Crossing pipeline expansions and Fayetteville and Greenville Laterals, but Boardwalk Pipeline has not received authority to operate under these permits.
PHMSA retains discretion as to whether to grant, or to maintain in force, authority to operate any of Boardwalk Pipeline’s pipelines at higher operating pressures.
Absent such authority, Boardwalk Pipeline will not be able to transport all of the contracted for quantities of natural gas on these pipelines and its transportation revenues, results of operations and cash flows would be reduced.
See Item 1A, Risk Factors – Boardwalk Pipeline Partners, LP – A portion of the expected maximum daily capacity of Boardwalk Pipeline’s pipeline expansion projects is contingent on receiving and maintaining authority from PHMSA to operate at higher operating pressures.
Results of Operations The following table summarizes the results of operations for Boardwalk Pipeline for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 as presented in Note 25 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8:
## Table 3 ##
The following table sets forth certain consolidated quarterly income statement data for the eight quarters ended December 31, 2007.
In our opinion, this unaudited information has been prepared on a basis consistent with our annual financial statements and includes all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair statement of the unaudited quarterly data.
This information should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The results of operations for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results that we may achieve for any subsequent periods.
## Table 4 ##
(1) Of these amounts, $5,553, $5,417, $6,064, $6,667, $5,964, $6,177, $4,756 and $4,944, respectively, were from related parties.
(2) Of these amounts, $1,878, $1,778, $1,401, $1,573, $1,355, $1,180, $1,235 and $1,191, respectively, were from related parties.
Financial Assurance We must provide financial assurance to governmental agencies and a variety of other entities under applicable environmental regulations relating to our landfill operations for capping, closure and post-closure costs, and related to our performance under certain collection, landfill and transfer station contracts.
We satisfy these financial assurance requirements by providing surety bonds, letters of credit, or insurance policies (Financial Assurance Instruments), or trust deposits, which are included in restricted cash and marketable securities and other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
The amount of the financial assurance requirements for capping, closure and post-closure costs is determined by applicable state environmental regulations.
The financial assurance requirements for capping, closure and post-closure costs may be associated with a portion of the landfill or the entire landfill.
Generally, states require a third-party engineering specialist to determine the estimated capping, closure and post-closure costs that are used to determine the required amount of financial assurance for a landfill.
The amount of financial assurance required can, and generally will, differ from the obligation determined and recorded under U. S.  GAAP.
The amount of the financial assurance requirements related to contract performance varies by contract.
Additionally, we must provide financial assurance for our insurance program and collateral for certain performance obligations.
We do not expect a material increase in financial assurance requirements during 2015, although the mix of Financial Assurance Instruments may change.
These Financial Assurance Instruments are issued in the normal course of business and are not considered indebtedness.
Because we currently have no liability for the Financial Assurance Instruments, they are not reflected in our consolidated balance sheets; however, we record capping, closure and post-closure liabilities and insurance liabilities as they are incurred.
The underlying obligations of the Financial Assurance Instruments, in excess of those already reflected in our consolidated balance sheets, would be recorded if it is probable that we would be unable to fulfill our related obligations.
We do not expect this to occur.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet debt or similar obligations, other than operating leases and financial assurances, which are not classified as debt.
We have no transactions or obligations with related parties that are not disclosed, consolidated into or reflected in our reported financial position or results of operations.
We have not guaranteed any third-party debt.
Free Cash Flow We define free cash flow, which is not a measure determined in accordance with U. S.  GAAP, as cash provided by operating activities less purchases of property and equipment, plus proceeds from sales of property and equipment, as presented in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="5"> Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 2015</td><td> Change</td><td> 2014</td><td> Change</td><td> 2013</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="5"> (Millions, except per Boe amounts)</td></tr><tr><td>LOE:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U.S.</td><td>$1,551</td><td>-0%</td><td>$1,559</td><td>+24%</td><td>$1,257</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>553</td><td>-28%</td><td>773</td><td>-24%</td><td>1,011</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$2,104</td><td>-10%</td><td>$2,332</td><td>+3%</td><td>$2,268</td></tr><tr><td>LOE per Boe:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U.S.</td><td>$7.52</td><td>+0%</td><td>$7.52</td><td>+13%</td><td>$6.65</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>$13.18</td><td>-34%</td><td>$20.10</td><td>+27%</td><td>$15.78</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$8.48</td><td>-11%</td><td>$9.49</td><td>+6%</td><td>$8.97</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2013</td></tr><tr><td>Grant-date fair value</td><td>$81.99 – $85.05</td><td>$70.18 – $81.05</td><td>$61.27 – $63.48</td></tr><tr><td>Risk-free interest rate</td><td>1.06%</td><td>0.54%</td><td>0.26% – 0.36%</td></tr><tr><td>Volatility factor</td><td>26.2%</td><td>28.8%</td><td>30.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Contractual term (years)</td><td>2.89</td><td>2.89</td><td>3.0</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>(Amounts in thousands)</td><td>2007</td><td>2006</td><td>2005</td></tr><tr><td>Net income applicable to common shares</td><td>$511,729</td><td>$502,629</td><td>$493,103</td></tr><tr><td>Book to tax differences (unaudited):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization</td><td>145,131</td><td>118,364</td><td>93,301</td></tr><tr><td>Derivatives</td><td>131,711</td><td>-25,726</td><td>-31,144</td></tr><tr><td>Stock options expense</td><td>-88,752</td><td>-220,043</td><td>-35,088</td></tr><tr><td>Straight-line rent adjustments</td><td>-70,450</td><td>-56,690</td><td>-44,787</td></tr><tr><td>Net gains on sale of real estate</td><td>-57,386</td><td>-22,699</td><td>-28,282</td></tr><tr><td>Earnings of partially owned entities</td><td>12,093</td><td>72,534</td><td>31,591</td></tr><tr><td>Compensation deduction for units held in Rabbi Trust</td><td>—</td><td>-171,356</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Sears Canada dividend</td><td>—</td><td>-72,706</td><td>75,201</td></tr><tr><td>Other, net</td><td>37,571</td><td>-21,048</td><td>16,269</td></tr><tr><td>Estimated taxable income</td><td>$621,647</td><td>$103,259</td><td>$570,164</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Year Ended December 31</td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td><td>2006</td></tr><tr><td>(In millions)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Revenues:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other revenue, primarily operating</td><td>$845</td><td>$650</td><td>$614</td></tr><tr><td>Net investment income</td><td>3</td><td>21</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>848</td><td>671</td><td>618</td></tr><tr><td>Expenses:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating</td><td>498</td><td>381</td><td>358</td></tr><tr><td>Interest</td><td>58</td><td>61</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>556</td><td>442</td><td>420</td></tr><tr><td>Income before income tax and minority interest</td><td>292</td><td>229</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>Income tax expense</td><td>79</td><td>68</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>Minority interest</td><td>88</td><td>55</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$125</td><td>$106</td><td>$103</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="8"> Three Months Ended</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Mar 31,   2006</td><td> Jun 30,   2006</td><td> Sep 30,   2006</td><td> Dec 31,   2006</td><td> Mar 31,   2007</td><td> Jun 30,   2007</td><td> Sep 30,   2007</td><td> Dec 31,   2007</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="8"> (In thousands) </td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="8"> (Unaudited)</td></tr><tr><td> Revenues</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Commissions</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U.S. high-grade-1</td><td>$11,029</td><td>$10,975</td><td>$12,250</td><td>$13,498</td><td>$13,682</td><td>$14,532</td><td>$11,982</td><td>$12,345</td></tr><tr><td>European high-grade-2</td><td>4,338</td><td>4,089</td><td>3,290</td><td>3,651</td><td>4,754</td><td>4,456</td><td>4,889</td><td>4,729</td></tr><tr><td>Other-3</td><td>2,120</td><td>2,194</td><td>2,057</td><td>1,939</td><td>2,257</td><td>2,468</td><td>2,107</td><td>2,013</td></tr><tr><td>Total commissions</td><td>17,487</td><td>17,258</td><td>17,597</td><td>19,088</td><td>20,693</td><td>21,456</td><td>18,978</td><td>19,087</td></tr><tr><td>Information and user access fees-4</td><td>1,359</td><td>1,323</td><td>1,426</td><td>1,369</td><td>1,354</td><td>1,468</td><td>1,535</td><td>1,520</td></tr><tr><td>License fees</td><td>281</td><td>214</td><td>247</td><td>124</td><td>239</td><td>329</td><td>90</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Interest income-5</td><td>962</td><td>1,084</td><td>1,266</td><td>1,283</td><td>1,222</td><td>1,258</td><td>1,332</td><td>1,430</td></tr><tr><td>Other-6</td><td>251</td><td>243</td><td>238</td><td>216</td><td>257</td><td>793</td><td>263</td><td>309</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenues</td><td>20,340</td><td>20,122</td><td>20,774</td><td>22,080</td><td>23,765</td><td>25,304</td><td>22,198</td><td>22,376</td></tr><tr><td> Expenses</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Employee compensation and benefits</td><td>10,283</td><td>10,498</td><td>10,483</td><td>10,814</td><td>11,503</td><td>11,010</td><td>10,258</td><td>10,280</td></tr><tr><td>Depreciation and amortization</td><td>1,685</td><td>1,637</td><td>1,703</td><td>1,703</td><td>1,911</td><td>1,879</td><td>1,686</td><td>1,694</td></tr><tr><td>Technology and communications</td><td>2,052</td><td>1,791</td><td>1,956</td><td>1,905</td><td>1,763</td><td>1,935</td><td>1,897</td><td>1,868</td></tr><tr><td>Professional and consulting fees</td><td>2,551</td><td>2,488</td><td>1,883</td><td>1,150</td><td>1,836</td><td>1,786</td><td>1,883</td><td>2,134</td></tr><tr><td>Occupancy</td><td>830</td><td>663</td><td>777</td><td>763</td><td>749</td><td>805</td><td>869</td><td>852</td></tr><tr><td>Marketing and advertising</td><td>378</td><td>477</td><td>338</td><td>576</td><td>353</td><td>530</td><td>481</td><td>541</td></tr><tr><td>General and administrative</td><td>1,162</td><td>1,182</td><td>1,404</td><td>1,580</td><td>1,181</td><td>1,320</td><td>1,481</td><td>1,907</td></tr><tr><td>Total expenses</td><td>18,941</td><td>18,736</td><td>18,544</td><td>18,491</td><td>19,296</td><td>19,265</td><td>18,555</td><td>19,276</td></tr><tr><td>Income before income taxes</td><td>1,399</td><td>1,386</td><td>2,230</td><td>3,589</td><td>4,469</td><td>6,039</td><td>3,643</td><td>3,100</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for income taxes</td><td>313</td><td>586</td><td>933</td><td>1,351</td><td>2,019</td><td>2,487</td><td>1,233</td><td>1,192</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$1,086</td><td>$800</td><td>$1,297</td><td>$2,238</td><td>$2,450</td><td>$3,552</td><td>$2,410</td><td>$1,908</td></tr></table>

Question: What was the average of the U.S. in the years where Canada is positive for LOE:? (in Million)