Net sales in Japan remained flat during 2002 versus 2001, with a slight decline in unit sales of 2%.
Consistent with the Company’s other geographic operating segments, during 2002 Japan showed growth in unit sales of consumer systems and a decline in unit sales of Power Macintosh systems.
Japan’s iMac unit sales increased 85% in 2002.
However, in the case of Japan the increase in iMac unit shipments in 2002 versus 2001 was primarily the result of the unusually depressed level of net sales experienced by the Company in the first quarter of 2001 as discussed above.
Additionally, net sales in Japan on a sequential and year-over-year comparative basis generally worsened as 2002 progressed reflecting particularly poor economic conditions in Japan.
Retail The Company opened 25 new retail stores during 2003, bringing the total number of open stores to 65 as of September 27, 2003, which compares to 40 open stores as of September 28, 2002 and 8 open stores as of September 29, 2001.
During the first quarter of fiscal 2004, the Company opened 9 additional stores including its first international store in the Ginza in Tokyo, Japan.
The Retail segment’s net sales grew to $621 million during 2003 from $283 million in 2002 and from $19 million in 2001.
The $338 million or 119% increase in net sales during 2003 reflects the impact from opening 25 new stores in 2003, the full year impact of 2002 store openings, as well as an increase in average revenue per store.
Total Macintosh sales increased by approximately $170 million of which $108 million related to year-over-year increases in PowerBook sales.
The Retail segment has also contributed strongly to the increases in net sales of peripherals, software and services experienced by the Company during 2003.
During 2003, approximately 45% of the Retail segment’s net sales came from the sale of Apple-branded and third-party peripherals, software and services as compared to 28% for the Company as a whole.
With an average of 54 stores open during 2003, the Retail segment achieved annualized revenue per store of approximately $11.5 million, as compared to approximately $10.2 million based on an average of 28 stores open in 2002.
As measured by the Company’s operating segment reporting, the Retail segment improved from a loss of $22 million during 2002 to a loss of $5 million during 2003.
This improvement is primarily attributable to the segment’s year-over-year increase in net sales, which resulted in higher leverage on occupancy, depreciation and other fixed costs.
Expansion of the Retail segment has required and will continue to require a substantial investment in fixed assets and related infrastructure, operating lease commitments, personnel, and other operating expenses.
Capital expenditures associated with the Retail segment since its inception totaled approximately $290 million through the end of fiscal 2003, $92 million of which was incurred during 2003.
As of September 27, 2003, the Retail segment had approximately 1,300 employees and had outstanding operating lease commitments associated with retail store space and related facilities of $354 million.
The Company would incur substantial costs should it choose to terminate its Retail segment or close individual stores.
Such costs could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
Investment in a new business model such as the Retail segment is inherently risky, particularly in light of the significant investment involved, the current economic climate, and the fixed nature of a substantial portion of the Retail segment’s operating expenses.
Gross Margin Gross margin for the three fiscal years ended September 27, 2003 are as follows (in millions, except gross margin percentages):
## Table 0 ##
Gross margin decreased to 27.5% of net sales in 2003 from 27.9% of net sales in 2002.
This decline in gross margin reflects relatively aggressive pricing actions on several Macintosh models instituted by the Company beginning in late fiscal 2002 as a result of continued pricing pressure throughout the personal computer industry, lower sales of relatively higher margin Power Macintosh systems during the first three fiscal quarters of 2003, and increased air freight and manufacturing costs associated with the production ramp-up of the new Power Mac G5 and 15-inch PowerBook, both of which began shipping in volume during September 2003.
This decline is also attributable to a rise in certain component costs as the year progressed.
The aforementioned negative factors affecting gross margins during 2003 were partially offset by the increase in higher margin software and direct sales.
The Company anticipates that its gross margin and the gross margin of the overall personal computer industry will remain under pressure throughout fiscal 2004 in light of weak economic conditions, price competition in the personal computer industry, and potential increases in component pricing.
The Company also expects to continue to incur air freight charges on the Power Mac G5 and other products during 2004.
The foregoing statements regarding the Company’s expected gross margin during 2004, general demand for personal computers, anticipated industry component pricing, anticipated air freight charges, and future economic conditions are forward-looking.
There can be no assurance that current gross margins will be maintained, targeted gross margin levels will be achieved, or current margins on existing individual products will be maintained.
In general, gross margins and margins on individual products will remain
not be able to adjust our future pricing consistent with our profitability objectives to fully offset the impact of investing at lower rates.
However, we will continue to maintain pricing discipline and risk selection.
In addition, for our Commercial Insurance segment and run-off insurance lines reported within the Legacy Portfolio, sustained low interest rates may unfavorably affect the net loss reserve discount for workers’ compensation, and to a lesser extent could favorably impact assumptions about future medical costs; the combined net effect of which could result in higher net loss reserves.
Additionally, sustained low interest rates on discounting of projected benefit cash flows for our pension plans may result in higher pension expense.
Department of Labor Fiduciary Rule Our Individual Retirement and Group Retirement operating segments provide products and services to certain employee benefit plans that are subject to restrictions imposed by ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code, including the requirements of the DOL Fiduciary Rule.
For additional information about the DOL Fiduciary Rule, see Part I, Item 1.  Business – Regulation.
We have been analyzing the DOL Fiduciary Rule’s potential impact on our customers, distribution partners, financial advisors and our Individual Retirement and Group Retirement businesses, and preparing to implement the necessary adjustments to achieve compliance with the DOL Fiduciary Rule.
Overall, the DOL Fiduciary Rule as currently promulgated would result in increased compliance costs and, as currently promulgated, may create increased exposure to legal claims under certain circumstances, including class actions.
The DOL has also issued interpretive guidance on the DOL Fiduciary Rule, and we are evaluating whether or not this guidance would affect the actions we would need to take to comply with the DOL Fiduciary Rule.
On February 3, 2017, the new administration issued a memo requiring the DOL to review the DOL Fiduciary Rule and determine whether the DOL Fiduciary Rule will adversely impact the ability of retirement savers to access information and financial advice.
Accordingly, the DOL announced that it would consider legal options for postponing the applicability date of the DOL Fiduciary Rule while the DOL considers the issues raised in the referenced memo.
We are closely following the DOL’s pronouncements about further delays to the DOL Fiduciary Rule’s effective date.
Impact of Currency Volatility Currency volatility in 2016 and 2015 was acute compared to recent years, as the British pound weakened considerably against the U. S.  dollar in 2016, although the Japanese yen strengthened against the U. S.  dollar.
The euro also weakened modestly against the U. S.  dollar.
Such volatility affected line item components of income for those businesses with substantial international operations.
In particular, growth trends in net premiums written reported in U. S.  dollars can differ significantly from those measured in original currencies.
The net effect on underwriting results, however, is significantly mitigated, as both revenues and expenses are similarly affected.
These currencies may continue to fluctuate, in either direction, especially as a result of the UK’s expected exit from the EU, and such fluctuations will affect net premiums written growth trends reported in U. S.  dollars, as well as financial statement line item comparability.
Liability and Financial Lines, Property and Special Risks, International Life Insurance and Personal Insurance businesses are transacted in most major foreign currencies.
The following table presents the average of the quarterly weighted average exchange rates of the currencies that have the most significant impact on our businesses:
## Table 1 ##
Unless otherwise noted, references to the effects of foreign exchange in the Commercial Insurance and Consumer Insurance discussion of results of operations are with respect to movements in the three Major Currencies included in the preceding table.
commissions and premium taxes, some of which have been capitalized, more than offset the favorable impact of lower information technology, travel, professional services and advertising expenses, which include the impact of our Operational Excellence initiative.
The market improvement which began in the second quarter of 2009 was a key factor in the determination of our expected future gross profits, the increase of which triggered a decrease in DAC and DSI amortization, most significantly in the Retirement Products segment.
The increase in our expected future gross profits stemmed primarily from an increase in the market value of our separate account balances, which is attributable, in part, to the improving financial markets.
Our Insurance Products segment benefited, in the current year, from an increase in amortization of unearned revenue, primarily as a result of our annual review of assumptions that are used in the determination of the amount of amortization recognized.
These collective changes in amortization resulted in a $720 million benefit, partially offsetting the declines in operating earnings available to common shareholders discussed above.
A portion of the decline in operating earnings available to common shareholders was caused by a $200 million reduction in the results of our closed block of business, a specific group of participating life policies that were segregated in connection with the demutualization of MLIC.
Until early 2009, the operating earnings of the closed block did not have a full impact on operating earnings as the operating earnings or loss was partially offset by a change in the policyholder dividend obligation, a liability established at the time of demutualization.
However, in early 2009 the policyholder dividend obligation was depleted and, as a result, the total operating earnings or loss related to the closed block for the year ended December 31, 2009 was, and in the future may be a component of operating earnings.
Business growth, from the majority of our businesses, along with net favorable mortality experience, had a positive impact on operating earnings available to common shareholders.
These impacts were somewhat dampened by higher benefit utilization in our dental business and mixed claim activity in our Auto & Home segment.
In addition, our forward and reverse residential mortgage platform acquisitions in late 2008 benefited Banking, Corporate & Other’s 2009 results.
Insurance Products
## Table 2 ##
Unfavorable market conditions, which continued through 2009, provided a challenging business environment for our Insurance Products segment.
This resulted in lower net investment income and an increase in market sensitive expenses, primarily pension and postretirement benefit costs.
We also experienced higher utilization of dental benefits along with a lower number of recoveries in our disability business.
Higher levels of unemployment continued to impact certain group businesses as a decrease in covered payrolls reduced growth.
However, revenue growth remained solid in all of our businesses.
Revenue growth in our dental and individual life businesses reflected strong sales and renewals.
The significant components of the $168 million decline in operating earnings were the aforementioned decline in net investment income, especially in the closed block business, partially offset by an increase in the amortization of unearned revenue, the impact of a reduction in dividends to certain policyholders and favorable mortality in the individual life business.
Until early 2009, the earnings of the closed block did not have a full impact on operating earnings as the earnings or loss was partially offset by a change in the policyholder dividend obligation.
However, in early 2009 the policyholder dividend obligation was depleted and, as a result, the total operating earnings or loss related to the closed block for the year ended December 31, 2009 was, and in the future may be, a component of operating earnings.
This resulted in a $200 million decline in operating earnings in 2009.
The decrease in net investment income of $112 million was primarily due to a $317 million decrease from lower yields, partially offset by a $205 million increase from growth in average invested assets.
Yields were adversely impacted by the severe downturn in the global financial markets, which primarily impacted other invested assets, real estate joint ventures and fixed maturity securities.
In addition, income from our securities lending program decreased primarily due to the smaller size of the program in 2009.
The growth in the average invested asset base was primarily from an increase in net flows from our individual life, non-medical health, and group life businesses.
The moderate recovery in equity markets in 2009 led to improved yields on other limited partnership interests, which partially offset the overall reduction in yields.
To manage the needs of our intermediate to longer-term liabilities, our portfolio consists primarily of investment grade corporate fixed maturity securities, structured finance securities (comprised of mortgage and asset-backed securities), mortgage loans, and U. S.  Treasury, agency

<table><tr><td></td><td>2003</td><td>2002</td><td>2001</td></tr><tr><td>Net sales</td><td>$6,207</td><td>$5,742</td><td>$5,363</td></tr><tr><td>Cost of sales</td><td>4,499</td><td>4,139</td><td>4,128</td></tr><tr><td>Gross margin</td><td>$1,708</td><td>$1,603</td><td>$1,235</td></tr><tr><td>Gross margin percentage</td><td>27.5%</td><td>27.9%</td><td>23.0%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td> Years Ended December 31,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2">Percentage Change</td></tr><tr><td>Rate for 1 USD</td><td> 2016</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td><td>2016 vs. 2015</td><td>2015 vs. 2014</td></tr><tr><td> Currency:</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>JPY</td><td> 109.19</td><td>120.82</td><td>104.43</td><td>-10%</td><td>16%</td></tr><tr><td>EUR</td><td> 0.90</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.75</td><td>1%</td><td>19%</td></tr><tr><td>GBP</td><td> 0.73</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.61</td><td>12%</td><td>7%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">Years Ended December 31,</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2009</td><td>2008</td><td>Change</td><td>% Change</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">(In millions)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Operating Revenues</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Premiums</td><td>$17,168</td><td>$16,402</td><td>$766</td><td>4.7%</td></tr><tr><td>Universal life and investment-type product policy fees</td><td>2,281</td><td>2,171</td><td>110</td><td>5.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Net investment income</td><td>5,614</td><td>5,787</td><td>-173</td><td>-3.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Other revenues</td><td>779</td><td>819</td><td>-40</td><td>-4.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Total operating revenues</td><td>25,842</td><td>25,179</td><td>663</td><td>2.6%</td></tr><tr><td> Operating Expenses</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Policyholder benefits and claims and policyholder dividends</td><td>19,111</td><td>18,183</td><td>928</td><td>5.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Interest credited to policyholder account balances</td><td>952</td><td>930</td><td>22</td><td>2.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Capitalization of DAC</td><td>-873</td><td>-849</td><td>-24</td><td>-2.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of DAC and VOBA</td><td>725</td><td>743</td><td>-18</td><td>-2.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>20.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Other expenses</td><td>4,206</td><td>4,196</td><td>10</td><td>0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>Total operating expenses</td><td>24,127</td><td>23,208</td><td>919</td><td>4.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for income tax expense (benefit)</td><td>573</td><td>661</td><td>-88</td><td>-13.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Operating earnings</td><td>$1,142</td><td>$1,310</td><td>$-168</td><td>-12.8%</td></tr></table>

Question: what were capital expenditures associated with the retail segment since its inception , exclusive of the amount incurred during 2003 , in millions?