PNC files tax returns in most states and some non-U.
S.  jurisdictions each year and is under continuous examination by various state taxing authorities.
With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to state and local and non-U.
S.  income tax examinations by taxing authorities for periods before 2009.
For all open audits, any potential adjustments have been considered in establishing our unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2014.
Our policy is to classify interest and penalties associated with income taxes as income tax expense.
For 2014, we had a benefit of $5 million of gross interest and penalties, decreasing income tax expense.
The total accrued interest and penalties at December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 was $41 million and $45 million, respectively.
ASU 2014-01 was adopted effective January 1, 2014.
Under this standard, amortization of investments in qualified low income housing tax credits is reported within income tax expense.
Certain amounts for 2013 and 2012 periods including income tax provision have been updated to reflect the adoption.
NOTE 20 REGULATORY MATTERS We are subject to the regulations of certain federal, state, and foreign agencies and undergo periodic examinations by such regulatory authorities.
The ability to undertake new business initiatives (including acquisitions), the access to and cost of funding for new business initiatives, the ability to pay dividends, the ability to repurchase shares or other capital instruments, the level of deposit insurance costs, and the level and nature of regulatory oversight depend, in large part, on a financial institution’s capital strength.
At December 31, 2014, PNC and PNC Bank, our domestic banking subsidiary, were both considered “well capitalized,” based on applicable U. S.  regulatory capital ratio requirements.
To qualify as “well capitalized,” PNC and PNC Bank were required during 2014 to maintain Transitional Basel III capital ratios of at least 6% for Tier 1 risk-based and 10% for Total risk-based, and PNC Bank was required to have a Transitional Basel III leverage ratio of at least 5%.
The minimum U. S.  regulatory capital ratios in effect during 2013 under Basel I, the applicable U. S.  regulatory capital ratio requirements during 2013, were 4% for Tier 1 risk-based, 8% for Total risk-based and 4% for Leverage.
To qualify as “well capitalized” under Basel I, bank holding companies and banks had to maintain capital ratios of at least 6% for Tier 1 riskbased, 10% for Total risk-based and 5% for Leverage.
At December 31, 2013, PNC and PNC Bank met the “well capitalized” capital ratio requirements based on U. S.  regulatory capital ratio requirements under Basel I.
The following table sets forth the Transitional Basel III regulatory capital ratios at December 31, 2014, and the Basel I regulatory capital ratios at December 31, 2013, for PNC and PNC Bank.
Table 147: Basel Regulatory Capital
## Table 0 ##
(a) Calculated using the Transitional Basel III regulatory capital methodology applicable to PNC during 2014.
(b) Calculated using the Basel I regulatory capital methodology applicable to PNC during 2013.
(c) Amounts for 2013 period have not been updated to reflect the first quarter 2014 adoption of ASU 2014-01 related to investments in low income housing tax credits.
Net Interest Income Table 1: Summarized Average Balances and Net Interest Income (a)
## Table 1 ##
(a) Interest income calculated as taxable-equivalent interest income.
To provide more meaningful comparisons of interest income and yields for all interest-earning assets, as well as net interest margins, we use interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis in calculating average yields and net interest margins by increasing the interest income earned on tax-exempt assets to make it fully equivalent to interest income earned on taxable investments.
This adjustment is not permitted under GAAP on the Consolidated Income Statement.
For more information, see Reconciliation of Taxable-Equivalent Net Interest Income (Non-GAAP) in the Statistical Information (Unaudited) section in Item 8 of this Report.
Changes in net interest income and margin result from the interaction of the volume and composition of interest-earning assets and related yields, interest-bearing liabilities and related rates paid, and noninterest-bearing sources of funding.
See the Statistical Information (Unaudited) – Average Consolidated Balance Sheet And Net Interest Analysis and Analysis Of Year-To-Year Changes In Net Interest Income in Item 8 of this Report.
Net interest income increased $613 million, or 7%, in 2018 compared with 2017 due to higher loan and securities yields and balances partially offset by increases in deposit and borrowing costs.
Net interest margin increased in the comparison reflecting the impact of higher interest rates.
Average investment securities increased $3.7 billion, or 5%, reflecting net purchases of agency residential mortgage-backed securities of $4.0 billion and U. S.  Treasury and government agency securities of $3.3 billion, partially offset by declines of $1.1 billion in both commercial mortgage-backed securities and other securities.
Average investment securities increased to 24% of average interestearning assets in 2018 compared to 23% in 2017.
Average loans grew $6.0 billion, or 3%, driven by an increase in average commercial lending of $5.2 billion reflecting strong growth in our Corporate Banking, Business Credit and Equipment Finance businesses in our Corporate & Institutional Banking segment.
Average consumer lending increased $.8 billion in 2018 compared to 2017 as growth in residential real estate, automobile and credit card loans was partially offset by declines in home equity and education loans.
Lower home equity loans reflected paydowns and payoffs exceeding new originated volume.
In addition, run-off in the non-strategic consumer loan portfolios of brokered home equity and government guaranteed education loans contributed to the declines.
Average loans represented 68% of average interest-earning assets in 2018 compared to 67% in 2017.
Average interest-bearing deposits grew $6.9 billion, or 4%, reflecting overall deposit and customer growth.
The increase also reflected a shift from noninterest-bearing deposits, which declined $2.3 billion, or 3%, to interest-bearing deposits as deposit rates have risen.
Within average interest-bearing deposits, average savings deposits increased $9.2 billion, due in part to a shift to relationship-based savings products from money market deposits, which decreased $6.0 billion.
Additionally, average interest-bearing demand deposits grew $3.6 billion.
Average interest-bearing deposits remained stable at 76% of average interest-bearing liabilities in 2018 and 2017.
Further details regarding average loans and deposits are included in the Business Segments Review section of this Item 7.
Average borrowed funds increased $2.4 billion, or 4%, primarily due to higher bank notes and senior debt of $2.3 billion and Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings of $1.1 billion, partially offset by a decline in subordinated debt of $1.0 billion.
See the Consolidated Balance Sheet Review portion of this Item 7 for additional detail on the level and composition of borrowed funds.
Liquidity and Capital ManagementLiquidity risk has two fundamental components.
The first is potential loss assuming we were unable to meet our funding requirements at a reasonable cost.
The second is the potential inability to operate our businesses because adequate contingent liquidity is not available.
We manage liquidity risk at the consolidated company level (bank, parent company and nonbank subsidiaries combined) to help ensure that we can obtain cost-effective funding to meet current and future obligations under both normal “business as usual” and stressful circumstances, and to help ensure that we maintain an appropriate level of contingent liquidity.
Management monitors liquidity through a series of early warning indicators that may indicate a potential market, or PNC-specific, liquidity stress event.
In addition, management performs a set of liquidity stress tests over multiple time horizons with varying levels of severity and maintains a contingency funding plan to address a potential liquidity stress event.
In the most severe liquidity stress simulation, we assume that our liquidity position is under pressure, while the market in general is under systemic pressure.
The simulation considers, among other things, the impact of restricted access to both secured and unsecured external sources of funding, accelerated run-off of customer deposits, valuation pressure on assets and heavy demand to fund committed obligations.
Parent company liquidity guidelines are designed to help ensure that sufficient liquidity is available to meet our parent company obligations over the succeeding 24-month period.
Liquidity-related risk limits are established within our Enterprise Liquidity Management Policy and supporting policies.
Management committees, including the Asset and Liability Committee, and the Board of Directors and its Risk Committee regularly review compliance with key established limits.
In addition to these liquidity monitoring measures and tools described above, we also monitor our liquidity by reference to the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) which is further described in the Supervision and Regulation section in Item 1 of this Report.
PNC and PNC Bank calculate the LCR on a daily basis and as of December 31, 2018, the LCR for PNC and PNC Bank exceeded the fully phased-in requirement of 100%.
We provide additional information regarding regulatory liquidity requirements and their potential impact on us in the Supervision and Regulation section of Item 1 Business and Item 1A Risk Factors of this Report.
Sources of LiquidityOur largest source of liquidity on a consolidated basis is the customer deposit base generated by our banking businesses.
These deposits provide relatively stable and low-cost funding.
Total deposits increased to $267.8 billion at December 31, 2018 from $265.1 billion at December 31, 2017 driven by growth in interest-bearing deposits partially offset by a decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits.
See the Funding Sources section of the Consolidated Balance Sheet Review in this Report for additional information related to our deposits.
Additionally, certain assets determined by us to be liquid as well as unused borrowing capacity from a number of sources are also available to manage our liquidity position.
At December 31, 2018, our liquid assets consisted of short-term investments (federal funds sold, resale agreements, trading securities and interest-earning deposits with banks) totaling $22.1 billion and securities available for sale totaling $63.4 billion.
The level of liquid assets fluctuates over time based on many factors, including market conditions, loan and deposit growth and balance sheet management activities.
Our liquid assets included $2.7 billion of securities available for sale and trading securities pledged as collateral to secure public and trust deposits, repurchase agreements and for other purposes.
In addition, $4.9 billion of securities held to maturity were also pledged as collateral for these purposes.
We also obtain liquidity through various forms of funding, including long-term debt (senior notes, subordinated debt and FHLB borrowings) and short-term borrowings (securities sold under repurchase agreements, commercial paper and other short-term borrowings).
See Note 10 Borrowed Funds and the Funding Sources section of the Consolidated Balance Sheet Review in this Report for additional information related to our Borrowings.
Total senior and subordinated debt, on a consolidated basis, decreased due to the following activity:Table 24: Senior and Subordinated Debt
## Table 2 ##

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">Amount</td><td colspan="2">Ratios</td></tr><tr><td>December 31Dollars in millions</td><td>2014 (a)</td><td>2013 (b)(c)</td><td>2014 (a)</td><td>2013 (b)(c)</td></tr><tr><td>Risk-based capital</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tier 1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PNC</td><td>$35,687</td><td>$33,612</td><td>12.6%</td><td>12.4%</td></tr><tr><td>PNC Bank</td><td>29,328</td><td>28,731</td><td>10.7</td><td>11.0</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PNC</td><td>44,782</td><td>42,950</td><td>15.8</td><td>15.8</td></tr><tr><td>PNC Bank</td><td>37,559</td><td>37,575</td><td>13.7</td><td>14.3</td></tr><tr><td>Leverage</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PNC</td><td>35,687</td><td>33,612</td><td>10.8</td><td>11.1</td></tr><tr><td>PNC Bank</td><td>29,328</td><td>28,731</td><td>9.2</td><td>9.8</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">2018</td><td colspan="3">2017</td></tr><tr><td>Year ended December 31Dollars in millions</td><td>AverageBalances</td><td>Average Yields/ Rates</td><td>Interest Income/ Expense</td><td>AverageBalances</td><td>Average Yields/ Rates</td><td>Interest Income/ Expense</td></tr><tr><td>Assets</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest-earning assets</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Investment securities</td><td>$78,784</td><td>2.91%</td><td>$2,289</td><td>$75,057</td><td>2.74%</td><td>$2,059</td></tr><tr><td>Loans</td><td>223,278</td><td>4.33%</td><td>9,667</td><td>217,271</td><td>3.86%</td><td>8,390</td></tr><tr><td>Interest-earning deposits with banks</td><td>20,603</td><td>1.84%</td><td>379</td><td>24,043</td><td>1.11%</td><td>267</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>8,093</td><td>4.47%</td><td>362</td><td>8,983</td><td>3.48%</td><td>313</td></tr><tr><td>Total interest-earning assets/interest income</td><td>$330,758</td><td>3.84%</td><td>12,697</td><td>$325,354</td><td>3.39%</td><td>11,029</td></tr><tr><td>Liabilities</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest-bearing liabilities</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Interest-bearing deposits</td><td>$186,361</td><td>.66%</td><td>1,229</td><td>$179,447</td><td>.35%</td><td>623</td></tr><tr><td>Borrowed funds</td><td>59,306</td><td>2.75%</td><td>1,632</td><td>56,889</td><td>1.90%</td><td>1,083</td></tr><tr><td>Total interest-bearing liabilities/interest expense</td><td>$245,667</td><td>1.16%</td><td>2,861</td><td>$236,336</td><td>.72%</td><td>1,706</td></tr><tr><td>Net interest income/margin (Non-GAAP)</td><td></td><td>2.97%</td><td>9,836</td><td></td><td>2.87%</td><td>9,323</td></tr><tr><td>Taxable-equivalent adjustments</td><td></td><td></td><td>-115</td><td></td><td></td><td>-215</td></tr><tr><td>Net interest income (GAAP)</td><td></td><td></td><td>$9,721</td><td></td><td></td><td>$9,108</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>In billions</td><td>2018</td></tr><tr><td>January 1</td><td>$33.3</td></tr><tr><td>Issuances</td><td>4.5</td></tr><tr><td>Calls and maturities</td><td>-6.8</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>-.1</td></tr><tr><td>December 31</td><td>$30.9</td></tr></table>

Question: As As the chart 1 shows,in which Year ended December 31 is the value of the Average Balances for the Borrowed funds higher?