Part II, Item 7 the capability of existing Q-Land* systems and is currently acquiring data from 53,000 live point-receiver channels in conjunction with the WesternGeco DX-80* Desert Explorer with MD Sweep* technology introduced the previous year.
The outlook for 2010 remains largely dependent on the prospects for the general economy.
At the end of the third quarter of 2009, we indicated that we were encouraged that signs were emerging that demand for oil and gas would begin to increase.
Consensus forecasts now predict that oil demand in 2010 will increase, particularly in the developing world, for the first time since 2007.
As a result we feel that oil prices are likely to be sustained at current levels and that as our customers’ confidence grows, their exploration and production budgets will increase.
We feel that considerable leverage to increase investment exists in offshore markets, in Russia, as well as in certain emerging investment opportunities such as Iraq.
These events will be dependent on continued increases in economic growth in the second half of the year beyond the current government stimulus packages.
For natural gas activity we remain a great deal more cautious.
Despite signs of some recovery in industrial demand as well as the recent cold weather, we consider that markets remain generally oversupplied.
Increased LNG flows together with further capacity being added in 2010, as well as the general uncertainty over the decline rates of unconventional gas production, have the potential to limit the current increase in the North American gas drilling rig count.
We anticipate that 2010 will be a better year for multiclient seismic, and for activity in land seismic particularly in Middle East and North Africa.
While Marine activity is expected to be reasonably robust, pricing improvements will be limited due to continued new capacity additions.
Longer term we remain confident that considerably increased spending will be necessary to maintain sufficient reserves and production of hydrocarbons to meet the world’s needs.
Our technology portfolio and worldwide infrastructure mean we are strongly positioned to capture growth opportunities as our customers begin to increase their investment.
The following discussion and analysis of results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Fourth Quarter 2009 Results
## Table 0 ##
Pretax operating income represents the segments’ income before taxes and noncontrolling interests.
The pretax operating income excludes such items as corporate expenses and interest income and interest expense not allocated to the segments as well as the charges described in detail in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, interest on postretirement medical benefits and stock-based compensation costs.
Fourth-quarter revenue was $5.74 billion versus $5.43 billion in the third quarter of 2009.
Income from continuing operations attributable to Schlumberger was $817 million – an increase of 4% sequentially.
Oilfield Services fourth-quarter revenue of $5.17 billion was up 4% compared to the third quarter of 2009.
Sequential pretax segment operating income of $1.01 billion was down 3%.
WesternGeco fourth-quarter revenue of $549 million was up 19% sequentially.
Fourth-quarter pretax segment operating income of $115 million was up 89% compared to the third quarter of 2009.
SCHLUMBERGER LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES SHARES OF COMMON STOCK
## Table 1 ##
See the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Geographic Areas
## Table 2 ##
(1) Comprised principally of certain corporate expenses not allocated to the segments, interest on postretirement medical benefits, stock-based compensation costs, amortization expense associated with certain intangible assets and other nonoperating items.
(2) Excludes interest income included in the segments’ income (2013: $11 million; 2012: $- million).
(3) Excludes interest expense included in the segments’ income (2013: $22 million; 2012: $9 million).
(4) Charges and credits are described in detail in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Full-year 2013 revenue of $45.3 billion increased 8% versus the same period last year with International revenue 11% higher and North America revenue increasing 3%.
Internationally, higher exploration and development activities in a number of GeoMarkets, both offshore and in key land markets, contributed to the increase.
The increase was led by the Middle East & Asia, which increased 24%, mainly from robust results across a diversified portfolio of projects and activities in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and United Arab Emirates; increased seismic surveys across Asia; and sustained land and offshore drilling activity in the Australasia and China GeoMarkets.
Europe/CIS/Africa increased 8%, led by the Russia and Central Asia region on strong land activity in West Siberia and robust offshore projects in Sakhalin.
The Sub-Saharan Africa region increased on strong development, exploration and seismic activities as well.
Latin America was 3% higher, mainly due to solid progress on an SPM project in Ecuador and strong IPM results in Argentina.
North America growth was driven by increased offshore revenue as a result of higher drilling and exploration activities.
This increase was largely offset by a decline in land as a result of a reduction in rig count and pricing weakness in the areas of drilling, stimulation and wireline, although the downward pricing trend slowed during the second and third quarters.
Full-year 2013 pretax operating income of $9.3 billion increased 15% versus the same period last year as international pretax operating income of $6.88 billion increased 24%, while North America pretax operating income of $2.7 billion was flat.
Pretax operating margin of 20.6% increased 119 bps, as international pretax operating margin expanded 225 bps to 22.2%, while North America pretax operating margin declined 55 bps to 19.7%.
The expansion in international margins was due to increased high-margin exploration, seismic and deepwater activities, while the North American margin contraction was due to continued pricing pressure.
Reservoir Characterization Group Full-year revenue of $12.5 billion was 10% higher than the same period last year led by Testing Services, WesternGeco, Wireline and SIS Technologies, primarily due to market share gains and higher exploration activity in both offshore and key international land markets.

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"> 2010</td><td colspan="2"> 2008</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Conversions</td><td> Shares issued</td><td> Conversions</td><td> Shares issued</td></tr><tr><td>1.5% Series A debentures</td><td>$–</td><td>–</td><td>$353</td><td>9.76</td></tr><tr><td>2.125% Series B debentures</td><td>321</td><td>8.00</td><td>95</td><td>2.36</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$321</td><td>8.00</td><td>$448</td><td>12.12</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Issued</td><td>In Treasury</td><td>Shares Outstanding</td></tr><tr><td>Balance, January 1, 2009</td><td>1,334</td><td>-140</td><td>1,194</td></tr><tr><td>Shares sold to optionees less shares exchanged</td><td>–</td><td>4</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Vesting of restricted stock</td><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan</td><td>–</td><td>4</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Stock repurchase program</td><td>–</td><td>-8</td><td>-8</td></tr><tr><td>Balance, December 31, 2009</td><td>1,334</td><td>-139</td><td>1,195</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition of Smith International, Inc.</td><td>100</td><td>76</td><td>176</td></tr><tr><td>Shares sold to optionees less shares exchanged</td><td>–</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan</td><td>–</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Stock repurchase program</td><td>–</td><td>-27</td><td>-27</td></tr><tr><td>Issued on conversions of debentures</td><td>–</td><td>8</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Balance, December 31, 2010</td><td>1,434</td><td>-73</td><td>1,361</td></tr><tr><td>Shares sold to optionees less shares exchanged</td><td>–</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Vesting of restricted stock</td><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan</td><td>–</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Stock repurchase program</td><td>–</td><td>-37</td><td>-37</td></tr><tr><td>Balance, December 31, 2011</td><td>1,434</td><td>-100</td><td>1,334</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>(Stated in millions )</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">2013</td><td colspan="2">2012</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Revenue</td><td>Income before taxes</td><td>Revenue</td><td>Income before taxes</td></tr><tr><td>North America</td><td>$13,897</td><td>$2,735</td><td>$13,535</td><td>$2,737</td></tr><tr><td>Latin America</td><td>7,754</td><td>1,589</td><td>7,554</td><td>1,387</td></tr><tr><td>Europe/CIS/Africa</td><td>12,411</td><td>2,593</td><td>11,510</td><td>2,253</td></tr><tr><td>Middle East & Asia</td><td>10,767</td><td>2,697</td><td>8,717</td><td>1,914</td></tr><tr><td>Eliminations & other</td><td>437</td><td>-270</td><td>415</td><td>-174</td></tr><tr><td>Pretax operating income</td><td></td><td>9,344</td><td></td><td>8,117</td></tr><tr><td>Corporate & other<sup>-1</sup></td><td></td><td>-726</td><td></td><td>-696</td></tr><tr><td>Interest income<sup>-2</sup></td><td></td><td>22</td><td></td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense<sup>-3</sup></td><td></td><td>-369</td><td></td><td>-331</td></tr><tr><td>Charges & credits<sup>-4</sup></td><td></td><td>420</td><td></td><td>-161</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$45,266</td><td>$8,691</td><td>$41,731</td><td>$6,959</td></tr></table>

Question: In which year is Charges & credits for income before taxes positive?