Catastrophe Ratio- (a component of the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio) represents the ratio of catastrophe losses incurred in the current calendar year (net of reinsurance) to earned premiums and includes catastrophe losses incurred for both the current and prior accident years.
A catastrophe is an event that causes $25 or more in industry insured property losses and affects a significant number of property and casualty policyholders and insurers.
The catastrophe ratio includes the effect of catastrophe losses, but does not include the effect of reinstatement premiums.
Combined Ratio- the sum of the loss and loss adjustment expense ratio, the expense ratio and the policyholder dividend ratio.
This ratio is a relative measurement that describes the related cost of losses and expenses for every $100 of earned premiums.
A combined ratio below 100 demonstrates underwriting profit; a combined ratio above 100 demonstrates underwriting losses.
Core Earnings- a non-GAAP measure, is an important measure of the Company’s operating performance.
The Company believes that core earnings provides investors with a valuable measure of the underlying performance of the Company’s businesses because it reveals trends in our insurance and financial services businesses that may be obscured by including the net effect of certain realized capital gains and losses, certain restructuring and other costs, pension settlements, loss on extinguishment of debt, reinsurance gains and losses from disposal of businesses, income tax benefit from reduction in deferred income tax valuation allowance, discontinued operations, and the impact of Unlocks to DAC, sales inducement assets ("SIA"), and death and other insurance benefit reserve balances.
Some realized capital gains and losses are primarily driven by investment decisions and external economic developments, the nature and timing of which are unrelated to the insurance and underwriting aspects of our business.
Accordingly, core earnings excludes the effect of all realized gains and losses (net of tax and the effects of DAC) that tend to be highly variable from period to period based on capital market conditions.
The Company believes, however, that some realized capital gains and losses are integrally related to our insurance operations, so core earnings includes net realized gains and losses such as net periodic settlements on credit derivatives.
These net realized gains and losses are directly related to an offsetting item included in the income statement such as net investment income.
Net income (loss) is the most directly comparable U. S.  GAAP measure.
Core earnings should not be considered as a substitute for net income (loss) and does not reflect the overall profitability of the Company’s business.
Therefore, the Company believes that it is useful for investors to evaluate both net income (loss) and core earnings when reviewing the Company’s performance.
Reconciliation of Net Income to Core Earnings
## Table 0 ##
[1] Includes income tax benefit on items not included in core earnings and other federal income tax benefits and charges.
Core Earnings Margin- a non-GAAP financial measure that the Company uses to evaluate, and believes is an important measure of, the Group Benefits segment’s operating performance.
Core earnings margin is calculated by dividing core earnings by revenues excluding buyouts and realized gains (losses).
Net income margin is the most directly comparable U. S.  GAAP measure.
The Company believes that core earnings margin provides investors with a valuable measure of the performance of Group Benefits because it reveals trends in the business that may be obscured by the effect of buyouts and realized gains (losses).
Core earnings margin should not be considered as a substitute for net income margin and does not reflect the overall profitability of Group Benefits.
Therefore, the Company believes it is important for investors to evaluate both core earnings margin and net income margin when reviewing performance.
A reconciliation of net income margin to core earnings margin for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 is set forth in the Results of Operations section within MD&A - Group Benefits.
Expense Ratio- for the underwriting segments of Commercial Lines and Personal Lines is the ratio of underwriting expenses to earned premiums.
Underwriting expenses include the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and insurance operating costs and expenses, including certain centralized services and bad debt expense.
Deferred policy acquisition costs include commissions, taxes, licenses and fees and other underwriting expenses and are amortized over the policy term.
The expense ratio for Group Benefits is expressed as the ratio of insurance operating costs and other expenses and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, to premiums and other considerations, excluding buyout premiums.
Fee Income- largely driven from amounts earned as a result of contractually defined percentages of assets under management, including account value of annuities and other products.
These fees are generally earned on a daily basis.
Therefore, the growth in assets under management either through positive net flows or net
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ELI LILLY AND COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (Dollars in millions, except per-share data) Note 1: Summary of Signifi cant Accounting Policies Basis of presentation: The accompanying consolidated fi nancial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting practices generally accepted in the United States (GAAP).
The accounts of all wholly owned and majority-owned subsidiaries are included in the consolidated fi nancial statements.
Where our ownership of consolidated subsidiaries is less than 100 percent, the outside shareholders’ interests are refl ected in other noncurrent liabilities.
All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
The preparation of fi nancial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and related disclosures at the date of the fi nancial statements and during the reporting period.
Actual results could differ from those estimates.
All per-share amounts, unless otherwise noted in the footnotes, are presented on a diluted basis, that is, based on the weighted-average number of outstanding common shares plus the effect of dilutive stock options and other incremental shares.
Cash equivalents: We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents.
The cost of these investments approximates fair value.
Included in cash equivalents at December 31, 2008, is restricted cash of $339.0 million related to the debt assumed with the ImClone acquisition, which is expected to be paid in the fi rst quarter of 2009.
Inventories: We state all inventories at the lower of cost or market.
We use the last-in, fi rst-out (LIFO) method for the majority of our inventories located in the continental United States, or approximately 45 percent of our total inventories.
Other inventories are valued by the fi rst-in, fi rst-out (FIFO) method.
FIFO cost approximates current replacement cost.
Inventories at December 31 consisted of the following:
## Table 1 ##
Investments: Substantially all of our investments in debt and marketable equity securities are classifi ed as available-for-sale.
Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other comprehensive income.
Unrealized losses considered to be other-than-temporary are recognized in earnings.
Factors we consider in making this evaluation include company-specifi c drivers of the decrease in fair value, status of projects in development, near-term prospects of the issuer, the length of time the value has been depressed, and the fi nancial condition of the industry.
We do not evaluate cost-method investments for impairment unless there is an indicator of impairment.
We review these investments for indicators of impairment on a regular basis.
Realized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale securities are computed based upon specifi c identifi cation of the initial cost adjusted for any other-than-temporary declines in fair value.
Investments in companies over which we have signifi cant infl uence but not a controlling interest are accounted for using the equity method with our share of earnings or losses reported in other—net.
We own no investments that are considered to be trading securities.
Risk-management instruments: Our derivative activities are initiated within the guidelines of documented corporate risk-management policies and do not create additional risk because gains and losses on derivative contracts offset losses and gains on the assets, liabilities, and transactions being hedged.
As derivative contracts are initiated, we designate the instruments individually as either a fair value hedge or a cash fl ow hedge.
Management reviews the correlation and effectiveness of our derivatives on a quarterly basis.
For derivative contracts that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the derivative instrument is marked to market with gains and losses recognized currently in income to offset the respective losses and gains recognized
year period.
The number of shares actually issued varies depending on our stock price at the end of the three-year vesting period compared to pre-established target stock prices.
We measure the fair value of the SVA unit on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model.
The Monte Carlo simulation model utilizes multiple input variables that determine the probability of satisfying the market condition stipulated in the award grant and calculates the fair value of the award.
Expected volatilities utilized in the model are based on implied volatilities from traded options on our stock, historical volatility of our stock price, and other factors.
Similarly, the dividend yield is based on historical experience and our estimate of future dividend yields.
The risk-free interest rate is derived from the U. S.  Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.
The weighted-average fair values of the SVA units granted during 2008 and 2007 were $43.46 and $49.85, respectively, determined using the following assumptions:
## Table 2 ##
A summary of the SVA activity is presented below:
## Table 3 ##
The maximum number of shares that could ultimately be issued upon vesting of the SVA units outstanding at December 31, 2008, is 2.7 million.
As of December 31, 2008, the total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested SVAs amounted to $46.7 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 21.6 months.
Stock Option Program Stock options were granted in 2006 to officers and management at exercise prices equal to the fair market value of our stock price at the date of grant.
No stock options were granted in 2008 or 2007.
Options fully vest three years from the grant date and have a term of 10 years.
We utilized a lattice-based option valuation model for estimating the fair value of the stock options.
The lattice model allows the use of a range of assumptions related to volatility, risk-free interest rate, and employee exercise behavior.
Expected volatilities utilized in the lattice model are based on implied volatilities from traded options on our stock, historical volatility of our stock price, and other factors.
Similarly, the dividend yield is based on historical experience and our estimate of future dividend yields.
The riskfree interest rate is derived from the U. S.  Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.
The model incorporates exercise and post-vesting forfeiture assumptions based on an analysis of historical data.
The expected life of the 2006 grants is derived from the output of the lattice model.
The weighted-average fair values of the individual options granted during 2006 were $15.61, determined using the following assumptions:
## Table 4 ##
Net pension and retiree health benefit expense included the following components:
## Table 5 ##
The following represents the amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:
## Table 6 ##
We have defined contribution savings plans that cover our eligible employees worldwide.
The purpose of these plans is generally to provide additional financial security during retirement by providing employees with an incentive to save.
Our contributions to the plans are based on employee contributions and the level of our match.
Expenses under the plans totaled $153.5 million, $169.1 million, and $175.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
We provide certain other postemployment benefits primarily related to disability benefits and accrue for the related cost over the service lives of employees.
Expenses associated with these benefit plans for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 were not material.
Benefit Plan Investments Our benefit plan investment policies are set with specific consideration of return and risk requirements in relationship to the respective liabilities.
U. S.  and Puerto Rico plans represent approximately 80 percent of our global investments.
Given the long-term nature of our liabilities, these plans have the flexibility to manage an above-average degree of risk in the asset portfolios.
At the investment-policy level, there are no specifically prohibited investments.
However, within individual investment manager mandates, restrictions and limitations are contractually set to align with our investment objectives, ensure risk control, and limit concentrations.
We manage our portfolio to minimize concentration of risk by allocating funds within asset categories.
In addition, within a category we use different managers with various management objectives to eliminate any significant concentration of risk.
Our global benefit plans may enter into contractual arrangements (derivatives) to implement the local investment policy or manage particular portfolio risks.
Derivatives are principally used to increase or decrease exposure to a particular public equity, fixed income, commodity, or currency market more rapidly or less expensively than could be accomplished through the use of the cash markets.
The plans utilize both exchange-traded and over-the-counter instruments.
The maximum exposure to either a market or counterparty credit loss is limited to the carrying value
Table of Contents Worldwide Distribution Channels The following table presents the number of doors by geographic location, in which Ralph Lauren-branded products distributed by our Wholesale segment were sold to consumers in our primary channels of distribution as of April 3, 2010:

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">For the years ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2016</td><td>2015</td><td>2014</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$896</td><td>$1,682</td><td>$798</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Unlock benefit (charge), before tax</td><td>-2</td><td>80</td><td>-95</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Net realized capital losses including DAC, excluded from core earnings, before tax</td><td>-256</td><td>-175</td><td>-29</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Restructuring and other costs, before tax</td><td>—</td><td>-20</td><td>-76</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Loss on extinguishment of debt, before tax</td><td>—</td><td>-21</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Less: (Loss) gain on reinsurance transactions, before tax</td><td>-650</td><td>28</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Pension settlement, before tax</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-128</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Income tax benefit [1]</td><td>469</td><td>131</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>Less: Income (loss) from discontinued operations, after-tax</td><td>—</td><td>9</td><td>-551</td></tr><tr><td>Core earnings</td><td>$1,335</td><td>$1,650</td><td>$1,548</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Finished products</td><td>$771.0</td><td>$653.4</td></tr><tr><td>Work in process</td><td>1,657.1</td><td>1,803.0</td></tr><tr><td>Raw materials and supplies</td><td>236.3</td><td>202.7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2, 664.4</td><td>2,659.1</td></tr><tr><td>Reduction to LIFO cost</td><td>-171.2</td><td>-135.4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$2,493.2</td><td>$2,523.7</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>2008</td><td>2007</td></tr><tr><td>Expected dividend yield</td><td>3.00%</td><td>2.75%</td></tr><tr><td>Risk-free interest rate</td><td>2.05% - 2.29%</td><td>4.81% - 5.16%</td></tr><tr><td>Range of volatilities</td><td>20.48% - 21.48%</td><td>22.54% - 23.90%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Units Attributable to SVAs (In thousands)</td></tr><tr><td>Outstanding at January 1, 2007</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Granted</td><td>969</td></tr><tr><td>Issued</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Forfeited or expired</td><td>-47</td></tr><tr><td>Outstanding at December 31, 2007</td><td>922</td></tr><tr><td>Granted</td><td>1,282</td></tr><tr><td>Issued</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Forfeited or expired</td><td>-301</td></tr><tr><td>Outstanding at December 31, 2008</td><td>1,903</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>2006</td></tr><tr><td>Dividend yield</td><td>2.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average volatility</td><td>25.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Range of volatilities</td><td>24.8%-27.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Risk-free interest rate</td><td>4.6%-4.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Weighted-average expected life</td><td>7 years</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">Defined BenefitPension Plans</td><td colspan="3">Retiree HealthBenefit Plans</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Components of net periodic (benefit) cost:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Service cost</td><td>$304.0</td><td>$331.3</td><td>$277.7</td><td>$41.5</td><td>$46.4</td><td>$39.1</td></tr><tr><td>Interest cost</td><td>461.0</td><td>413.4</td><td>420.8</td><td>57.3</td><td>52.9</td><td>53.2</td></tr><tr><td>Expected return on plan assets</td><td>-848.3</td><td>-776.0</td><td>-752.1</td><td>-177.9</td><td>-160.7</td><td>-150.2</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service (benefit) cost</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.7</td><td>11.8</td><td>-79.5</td><td>-90.0</td><td>-85.8</td></tr><tr><td>Recognized actuarial loss</td><td>334.4</td><td>288.2</td><td>285.6</td><td>6.1</td><td>18.4</td><td>19.1</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailment (gain) loss</td><td>1.3</td><td>93.5</td><td>—</td><td>-29.3</td><td>65.5</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Special termination benefit</td><td>—</td><td>317.2</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>37.5</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Net periodic (benefit) cost</td><td>$257.2</td><td>$673.3</td><td>$243.8</td><td>$-181.8</td><td>$-30.0</td><td>$-124.6</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="3">Defined BenefitPension Plans</td><td colspan="3">Retiree HealthBenefit Plans</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td></tr><tr><td>Actuarial gain (loss) arising during period</td><td>$211.1</td><td>$-915.1</td><td>$-725.2</td><td>$37.5</td><td>$261.3</td><td>$-132.2</td></tr><tr><td>Plan amendments during period</td><td>-17.6</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>14.1</td><td>—</td><td>35.8</td></tr><tr><td>Curtailment gain (loss)</td><td>45.2</td><td>3.2</td><td>—</td><td>-31.8</td><td>-39.7</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of prior service (benefit) cost included in net income</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.7</td><td>11.8</td><td>-79.5</td><td>-90.0</td><td>-85.8</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization of net actuarial loss included in net income</td><td>334.4</td><td>288.2</td><td>285.6</td><td>6.1</td><td>18.4</td><td>19.1</td></tr><tr><td>Foreign currency exchange rate changes and other</td><td>45.2</td><td>-105.3</td><td>75.6</td><td>-0.1</td><td>-3.3</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><td>Total other comprehensive income (loss) during period</td><td>$623.1</td><td>$-723.3</td><td>$-352.2</td><td>$-53.7</td><td>$146.7</td><td>$-160.6</td></tr></table>

Question: In which year is Net periodic (benefit) cost greater than 600 in terms of Defined Benefit Pension Plans?