## Table 0 ##
(2) Adjustments include the elimination of intercompany transactions between the company and its CIP, primarily the elimination of management and performance fees expensed by the funds and recorded as operating revenues (before consolidation) by the company.
These also include the reclassification of the company's gain or loss (representing the changes in the fair value value of the company's holding in the consolidated CLOs) from other comprehensive income into other gains/losses upon consolidation.
The carrying value of investments held at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, and notes issued as of December 31, 2014, are also their fair values.
The company adopted ASU 2014-13 on January 1, 2015, and accordingly the notes issued by consolidated CLOs are no longer carried at fair value but are now measured under the measurement alternative discussed in Note 1, "Accounting Policies - Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted and Pending Accounting Pronouncements. "
The following tables present the fair value hierarchy levels of certain CIP balances which are measured at fair value as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014
## Table 1 ##
Contractual Obligations We have various financial obligations that require future cash payments.
The following table outlines the timing of payment requirements related to our commitments as of December 31, 2015:
## Table 2 ##
(1) Long-term debt includes $2,072.8 million of fixed rate debt.
Fixed interest payments are reflected in the table above in the periods they are due, and include any issuance discounts.
The table above includes the company's debt; debt of CIPis excluded from the table above, as the company is not obligated for these amounts.
See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 20, “Consolidated Investment Products," for additional information.
(2) Operating leases reflect obligations for leased building space and other assets.
See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 13, “Operating Leases” for sublease information.
(3) In the ordinary course of business, Invesco enters into contracts or purchase obligations with third parties whereby the third parties provide services to or on behalf of Invesco.
Purchase obligations included in the contractual obligations table above represent fixed-price contracts, which are either non-cancelable or cancelable with a penalty.
At December 31, 2015, the company's obligations primarily reflect standard service contracts for portfolio, market data, office-related services and thirdparty marketing and promotional services.
In addition, the company is a party to certain variable-price contractual arrangements (e. g.  contingent future payments based on AUM levels, number of accounts, transaction volume, etc. )
for which the company is reimbursed by affiliated funds and as such are not included in the table above.
Purchase obligations are recorded as liabilities in the company's Consolidated Financial Statements when services are provided.
Purchase obligations also include contingent consideration liabilities.
(4) The company has capital commitments into co-invested funds that are to be drawn down over the life of the partnership as investment opportunities are identified.
At December 31, 2015, the company's undrawn capital and purchase commitments were $185.6 million.
These are not included in the above table.
See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 18, “Commitments and Contingencies” for additional details.
(5) Due to the uncertainty with respect to the timing of future cash flows associated with unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2015, the company is unable to make reasonably reliable estimates of the period of cash settlement with the respective taxing authorities.
Therefore, $9.6 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits have been excluded from the contractual obligations table above.
See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 15 - “Taxation” for a discussion regarding income taxes.
(6) In addition to the contractual obligations in the table above, we periodically make contributions to defined benefit pension and postretirement medical plans.
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 we contributed $15.2 million and $15.9 million, respectively, to these plans.
In 2016, we expect to contribute $15.5 million to our defined benefit pension plans and none to our postretirement medical plan.
See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Note 12, “Retirement Benefit Plans” for detailed benefit pension and postretirement plan information.
The company has various other compensation and benefit obligations, including bonuses, commissions and incentive payments payable, defined contribution plan matching contribution obligations, and deferred compensation arrangements, that are excluded from the table above.
Operating Expenses Operating expenses were $2.9 billion, an increase of 8% over 2000.
Adjusted for the formation of CitiStreet, operating expenses grew 10%.
Expense growth in 2001 of 10% is significantly lower than the comparable 20% expense growth for 2000 compared to 1999.
State Street successfully reduced the growth rate of expenses as revenue growth slowed during the latter half of 2000 and early 2001.
The expense growth in 2001 reflects higher expenses for salaries and employee benefits, as well as information systems and communications
## Table 3 ##
Expenses related to salaries and employee benefits increased $139 million in 2001, or $163 million when adjusted for the formation of CitiStreet.
The adjusted increase reflects more than 2,100 additional staff to support the large client wins and new business from existing clients and acquisitions.
This expense increase was partially offset by lower incentive-based compensation.
Information systems and communications expense was $365 million in 2001, up 20% from the prior year.
Adjusted for the formation of CitiStreet, information systems and communications expense increased 22%.
This growth reflects both continuing investment in software and hardware, as well as the technology costs associated with increased staffing levels.
Expenses related to transaction processing services were $247 million, down $21 million, or 8%.
These expenses are volume related and include external contract services, subcustodian fees, brokerage services and fees related to securities settlement.
Lower mutual fund shareholder activities, and lower subcustodian fees resulting from both the decline in asset values and lower transaction volumes, drove the decline.
Occupancy expense was $229 million, up 15%.
The increase is due to expenses necessary to support State Street’s global growth, and expenses incurred for leasehold improvements and other operational costs.
Other expenses were $363 million, up $17 million, or 5%.
These expenses include professional services, advertising and sales promotion, and internal operational expenses.
The increase over prior year is due to a $21 million increase in the amortization of goodwill, primarily from acquisitions in 2001.
In accordance with recent accounting pronouncements, goodwill amortization expense will be eliminated in 2002.
State Street recorded approximately $38million, or $.08per share after tax, of goodwill amortization expense in 2001.
State Street’s cost containment efforts, which reduced discretionary spending, partially offset the increase in other expenses.

<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="5">Year ended December 31, 2013</td></tr><tr><td>$ in millions</td><td>CLOs - VIEs</td><td>Other VIEs</td><td>VOEs</td><td>Adjustments<sup>-2</sup></td><td>Impact of CIP</td></tr><tr><td>Total operating revenues</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>0.5</td><td>-38.4</td><td>-37.9</td></tr><tr><td>Total operating expenses</td><td>65.8</td><td>0.8</td><td>6.7</td><td>-38.4</td><td>34.9</td></tr><tr><td>Operating income</td><td>-65.8</td><td>-0.8</td><td>-6.2</td><td>—</td><td>-72.8</td></tr><tr><td>Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-2.5</td><td>-2.5</td></tr><tr><td>Interest and dividend income</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-5.5</td><td>-5.5</td></tr><tr><td>Other gains and losses, net</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-11.8</td><td>-11.8</td></tr><tr><td>Interest and dividend income of CIP</td><td>199.8</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>-9.8</td><td>190.0</td></tr><tr><td>Interest expense of CIP</td><td>-138.6</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>15.3</td><td>-123.3</td></tr><tr><td>Other gains/ (losses) of CIP, net</td><td>3.0</td><td>1.7</td><td>54.3</td><td>2.9</td><td>61.9</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes</td><td>-1.6</td><td>0.9</td><td>48.1</td><td>-11.4</td><td>36.0</td></tr><tr><td>Income tax provision</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes</td><td>-1.6</td><td>0.9</td><td>48.1</td><td>-11.4</td><td>36.0</td></tr><tr><td>Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>-1.6</td><td>0.9</td><td>48.1</td><td>-11.4</td><td>36.0</td></tr><tr><td>Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities</td><td>1.4</td><td>-0.9</td><td>-45.2</td><td>—</td><td>-44.7</td></tr><tr><td>Net income attributable to Invesco Ltd.</td><td>-0.2</td><td>—</td><td>2.9</td><td>-11.4</td><td>-8.7</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">As of December 31, 2015</td></tr><tr><td>$ in millions</td><td>Fair Value Measurements</td><td>Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)</td><td>Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)</td><td>Significant Unobservable Inputs(Level 3)</td></tr><tr><td>Assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CLO collateral assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bank loans</td><td>5,179.6</td><td>—</td><td>5,179.6</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Bonds</td><td>71.1</td><td>—</td><td>71.1</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Equity securities</td><td>0.9</td><td>—</td><td>0.9</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Private equity fund assets:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Equity securities</td><td>364.6</td><td>7.7</td><td>—</td><td>356.9</td></tr><tr><td>Debt securities</td><td>31.7</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>31.7</td></tr><tr><td>Investments in other private equity funds</td><td>368.2</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>368.2</td></tr><tr><td>Total assets at fair value</td><td>6,016.1</td><td>7.7</td><td>5,251.6</td><td>756.8</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>$ in millions</td><td>Total<sup>-4,5,6</sup></td><td>Within 1 Year</td><td>1-3 Years</td><td>3-5 Years</td><td>More Than 5 Years</td></tr><tr><td>Long-term debt<sup>-1</sup></td><td>2,072.8</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>2,072.8</td></tr><tr><td>Estimated interest payments on long-term debt<sup>-1</sup></td><td>1,129.4</td><td>78.3</td><td>166.0</td><td>166.0</td><td>719.1</td></tr><tr><td>Operating leases<sup>-2</sup></td><td>459.0</td><td>70.5</td><td>121.9</td><td>112.6</td><td>154.0</td></tr><tr><td>Purchase obligations<sup>-3</sup></td><td>318.9</td><td>116.8</td><td>105.2</td><td>51.4</td><td>45.5</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>3,980.1</td><td>265.6</td><td>393.1</td><td>330.0</td><td>2,991.4</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>(Dollars in millions)</td><td>2001</td><td>2000</td><td>1999</td><td>Change 00-01</td><td>Adjusted Change 00-01-1</td></tr><tr><td>Salaries and employee benefits</td><td>$1,663</td><td>$1,524</td><td>$1,313</td><td>9%</td><td>11%</td></tr><tr><td>Information systems and communications</td><td>365</td><td>305</td><td>287</td><td>20</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Transaction processing services</td><td>247</td><td>268</td><td>237</td><td>-8</td><td>-7</td></tr><tr><td>Occupancy</td><td>229</td><td>201</td><td>188</td><td>15</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>363</td><td>346</td><td>311</td><td>5</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Total operating expenses</td><td>$2,867</td><td>$2,644</td><td>$2,336</td><td>8</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Number of employees</td><td>19,753</td><td>17,604</td><td>17,213</td><td>12</td><td></td></tr></table>

Question: what is the growth rate in the number of employees from 2000 to 2001?