Table:
expenditures and gross domestic product
longer-term trends
most recent years

1988-98
1998-2008
2008-15
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16

current $

total r&d, all performers
5.4
6
2.9
-0.5
0.9
4.8
1.8
4.7
4.7
4.1
3

business
5.8
5.7
2.9
-2.9
-1.2
5.4
2.8
6.7
5.6
4.4
2.2

federal government
1.8
5.9
2.5
4.2
6.8
5.4
-2.6
-2
3.1
3.1
5.8

federal intramurala
1.9
5.6
2.6
2.4
4.6
9.3
-2.7
-1.8
4.1
2.6
6.5

ffrdcs
1.6
6.4
2.4
7.6
10.7
-1.4
-2.4
-2.5
1.3
4.2
4.4

nonfederal governmentb
na
na
3.1
na
14.1
0.4
-4.2
-6.8
-5.9
4.6
6.8

higher education
6
7.4
3.1
5.5
5.8
3.5
1.3
1.1
1.3
3.7
4.4

other nonprofit organizationsc
8.5
8.2
3.1
9.8
3.3
-1.5
-0.6
3
4.9
3.5
4.3

gross domestic product
5.6
4.9
3
-2
3.8
3.7
4.1
3.3
4.4
4
2.8

constant 2009 $

total r&d, all performers
2.9
3.6
1.4
-1.2
-0.3
2.7
-0.1
3
2.9
3
1.7

business
3.3
3.3
1.4
-3.6
-2.4
3.3
0.9
5
3.8
3.3
0.9

federal government
-0.6
3.4
1
3.4
5.5
3.2
-4.3
-3.6
1.3
2
4.4

federal intramurala
-0.5
3.2
1.1
1.6
3.4
7.1
-4.4
-3.4
2.3
1.5
5.2

ffrdcs
-0.8
4
0.9
6.8
9.3
-3.3
-4.2
-4
-0.5
3
3

nonfederal governmentb
na
na
1.6
na
12.7
-1.6
-5.9
-8.3
-7.5
3.5
5.4

higher education
3.5
4.9
1.6
4.7
4.5
1.4
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
2.6
3.1

other nonprofit organizationsc
5.9
5.7
1.6
8.9
2.1
-3.5
-2.4
1.3
3
2.4
3

gross domestic product
3.4
2.2
1.5
-2.8
2.5
1.6
2.2
1.7
2.6
2.9
1.5

Statement: growth in u.s. total r&d averaged 1.4% annually over the 7-year period 2008-15.
Question: what was the growth in u.s. total r&d averaged annually over the 7-year period 2008-15?
Answer: [1.4]