Table:
expenditures and gross domestic product
longer-term trends
most recent years

1990-2000
2000-08
2008-16
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16a
2016-17b

current $

total r&d, all performers
5.8
5.3
3.1
-0.5
0.9
4.8
1.8
4.7
4.7
3.8
4.4
5.2

business
6.4
4.8
3.2
-2.9
-1.2
5.4
2.8
6.7
5.6
4.4
5.3
6

federal government
1.9
6.1
1.4
4.2
6.8
5.4
-2.6
-2
3.1
0.3
-3.2
0.4

federal intramurala
2.1
5.6
0.8
2.4
4.6
9.3
-2.7
-1.8
4.1
-1.7
-7.3
-1.7

ffrdcs
1.7
6.9
2.6
7.6
10.7
-1.4
-2.4
-2.5
1.3
4.2
4.2
3.8

nonfederal governmentb
na
na
3.6
na
14.1
0.4
-4.2
-6.8
-5.9
4.2
7
5.8

higher education
5.9
7.2
3.4
5.5
5.8
3.5
1.3
1.1
1.3
3.7
4.9
4.4

other nonprofit organizationsc
8.8
6.6
3.6
9.8
3.3
-1.5
-0.6
2.9
4.9
3.6
6.3
6.2

gross domestic product
5.6
4.6
3
-1.8
3.8
3.7
4.2
3.6
4.4
4
2.7
4.2

constant 2012 $

total r&d, all performers
3.7
2.8
1.6
-1.2
-0.3
2.7
-0.2
2.9
2.8
2.7
3.2
3.3

business
4.3
2.3
1.7
-3.6
-2.3
3.3
0.8
4.9
3.7
3.3
4.2
4

federal government
-0.1
3.6
0
3.4
5.6
3.2
-4.4
-3.7
1.2
-0.8
-4.3
-1.5

federal intramurala
0
3.2
-0.7
1.6
3.4
7.1
-4.5
-3.5
2.2
-2.7
-8.3
-3.6

ffrdcs
-0.4
4.4
1.1
6.8
9.4
-3.4
-4.2
-4.2
-0.6
3.1
3
1.8

nonfederal governmentb
na
na
2.1
na
12.8
-1.7
-6
-8.4
-7.6
3.1
5.9
3.8

higher education
3.7
4.7
1.9
4.7
4.6
1.3
-0.6
-0.7
-0.6
2.6
3.8
2.5

other nonprofit organizationsc
6.6
4.1
2.1
8.9
2.1
-3.5
-2.4
1.2
2.9
2.5
5.2
4.2

gross domestic product
3.4
2.2
1.6
-2.5
2.6
1.6
2.2
1.8
2.5
2.9
1.6
2.2

Statement: adjusted for inflation, growth in u.s. total r&d averaged 1.6% annually over the 8-year period 2008-16.
Question: adjusted for inflation, what was the growth in u.s. total r&d averaged annually over the 8-year period 2008-16?
Answer: [1.6]