Table:
between 1981 and 1988 landing cohorts
between 1988 and 1999 landing cohorts

all new immigrants
principal applicants in the economic class
all new immigrants
principal applicants in the economic class

2011 constant dollars

men

total change
-3,600
-4,700
-200
-1,700

changes caused by changes in characteristics
-3,700
-4,800
3,500
3,500

proportion

contributing factors

age at landing
-0.14
-0.40
0.03
0.03

immigration class
0.41
0.17
0.33
0.09

educational attainment at landing
-0.01
-0.14
0.69
1.21

source region
0.88
1.24
-0.21
-0.44

language
0.37
0.43
-0.10
-0.26

geographic distribution
-0.16
-0.13
-0.02
0.02

regional unemployment rate
-0.36
-0.17
0.06
0.10

pre-landing canadian work experience
..
..
0.22
0.24

2011 constant dollars

women

total change
2,600
4,800
-1,500
-1,000

changes caused by changes in characteristics
500
2,400
1,200
2,700

proportion

contributing factors

age at landing
0.32
0.24
0.02
0.00

immigration class
0.57
-0.01
-0.09
-0.07

educational attainment at landing
0.79
0.48
1.13
1.10

source region
-0.64
0.08
-0.24
-0.07

language
-1.01
0.10
-0.13
-0.12

geographic distribution
1.77
0.79
-0.10
-0.19

regional unemployment rate
-0.81
-0.68
0.05
0.00

pre-landing canadian work experience
..
..
0.35
0.35

Statement: changing characteristics had less effect on the entry earnings of immigrant women than immigrant men during the 1990s.
Question: changing characteristics had less effect on the entry earnings of which group during the 1990s, immigrant women or immigrant men?
Answer: women