Table:
both sexes
men
women

percent

actual

1996
23.8
32.2
16.6

2007
33.3
40.1
27.3

2016
37.7
43.5
32.4

2016 counterfactual

with 1996 age structure only
35.9
42.6
30.1

with 1996 education only
30.6
37.7
24.3

with 1996 family structure only
33.7
39.2
28.5

with 1996 age, family and education structure
31.6
39.1
25.4

Statement: if educational factors had been held constant, the participation rate would have increased from 1996 to 2016.
Question: which year would have a higher participation rate if educational factors had been held constant, 1996 or 2016?
Answer: 2016 counterfactual