C4IR-RW/kinya-ag-retrieval huggingface dataset:
Guhunika ibishyimbo bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Intete zihunikwa ni izimaze kuma neza zifite igipimo cy' ubuhehere buri munsi ya 15 % . Mbere yo kubika cyangwa guhunika , ibishyimbo byongera kwanikwa nibura iminsi ibiri kugira ngo bishiremo ubukonje ndetse hagakoreshwa n' imiti ituma bibikwa igihe kirekire bitamunzwe . Guhunika ibishyimbo bikorwa mu buryo bwitondewe hitabwa ku bintu by' ingenzi bikurikira : Koresha aluminium phosphate : ikinini kimwe gihungira ibiro 100 by' intete z' ibishyimbo cyangwa se Supercana 100gr kubiro 100 z' ibishyimbo . Intete zifungwa mu mifuka isukuye ; Iyo mifuka ishyirwa mu buhunikiro busukuye , butarimo ibyonnyi nk' imbeba n' imiswa , hinjiramo umwuka , hatari ubuhehere bwinshi , hatagera amazi cgse imvura .
Akamaro ko guhinga no kurya ibihumyo ni aka gakurikira : Mu ntungamubiri zigize ibihumyo harimo izituma ubiriye • Yirinda indwara z' imirire mibi , • Yirinda indwara zijyanye no kugira amaraso make , • Igifu n' amara bye bikora neza , • Bimufasha kwituma neza , • Yongerera umubiri ubushobozi mu kwirwanaho , • Amagufa ye akura neza kandi agakomera , • Yirinda indwara ziterwa no kugira ibinure byinshi mu miyoboro y' amaraso . Umuntu ubirya kenshi cyangwa akarya ibibikomokaho agira umubiri utoshye kandi ntarwaragurika .
Umugina w' ibihumyo ni uruvange rw' ibyatsi cyangwa ibisigazwa by' ibihingwa biseye bongeramo umwayi bikamara iminsi 30 kugeza kuri 45 ngo rube rugeze igihe cyo guhingwa . Mu gukora umugina , hifashishwa ubwoko bw' ibyatsi cyangwa ibisigazwa by' ibihingwa byinshi binyuranye kandi biboneka muri aka karere kacu aribyo Urubingo , Ibigorigori , Ibishogoshogo by' ingano , Ibishogoshogo by' umuceri , Ibishogoshogo by' uburo , Ibishogoshogo by' ibishyimbo , Ibikatsi n' ibikongorwa by' ibisheke , Ibikenyeri by' amasaka ibisigazwa by' ipamba , ibigoligoli n' ibindi .
Gutegura imigina bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : • Gupima buri gikoresho kifashishwa mugukora uruvange : Mugukora imigina ushobora gukora imvange bitewe n' ibikoresho bikwegere cyangwa bibasha kuboneka . Urugero : ushaka gukora uruvange rw' ibiro ijana ( 100Kg ) . 78 % ibisigazwa by' ipamba , 20 % ibisigazwa by' umuceri cyangwa ibyingano , 2 % ishwagara • Kuvanga neza uruvange hongerwamo amazi ; iyo imvange yafashe amazi neza iba ifite amazi adasohoka yiruka , kuburyo iyo ukamuye imvange hasohoka utuzi ducye cyane hagati y' intoki . Amafoto ari hasi aragaragaza uko batya ibyatsi , ibisigazwa by' ibihingwa bikoreshwa mu buhinzi bw' ibihumyo ( Ibumoso ) ndetse n' uburyo bivangwa hongewemo ( iburyo ) amazi hakoreshejwe imashini zabugenewe . • Gucanira imigina : Nyuma yo gupakira imvange mu mashashi yabugenewe no kuyihambira , imigina ishyirwa ahantu habugenewe igacanirwa hifashishijwe umwuka kugirango tubashe kwica imyanda idacyenewe yabangamira gukura k' umurama cyane cyane bagiteri , virusi , n' uduhumyo tudakenewe . Gucanira imigina hifashishwa ingunguru cyangwa icyumba cyabigenewe . Bitewe n' ingano y' imigina icanirwa mu gihe gitandukanye . Urugero mu ingunguru ntoya ijyamo imigina ijana icanirwa hagati y' amasaha 3 na 4 mugihe umwuka wamaze kuzamuka . Gutera umurama : Iyo imigina yahoze nibwo iterwamo umurama . Umurama uterwa hifashishijwe udusanduku twabugenewe mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko habaho kwandura k' umugina hifashishwa arukoro mu gusukura ibikoresho n' aho guterera umurama , hanyuma bikajyanwa mu cyumba cy' ubuhumbikiro . Umurama ukwirakwira muri rwa ruvange mu gihe cy' iminsi iri hagati ya 30 na 45 ibitswe ahantu hafite ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 20°C na 25°C kdi hinjiramo umwuka . Amafoto agaragara hasi agaragaza uburyo umurama ukwirakwira mu ruvange rwakozwe .
Bimwe mu bipimo nyabyo by' ibikoresho bikenerwa mu gukora imigina herekanwe uburyo bubiri . Ibyo byose bivangwa n' amazi angana na litiro 60 bikavamo imvange ishobora gukora imigina 100 . uburyo bwa mbere : 1 . Ifu y' urubingo ibiro 36 ; 2 . Ibisigazwa by' umuceri ibiro 10 ; 3 . Ishwagara ikilo kimwe ; Uburyo bwa kabiri : 1 . Ipamba ibiro 36 ; 2 . Ibisigazwa by' umuceri ibiro 10 ; 3 .
Mu buhinzi bw' ibihumyo si ngombwa kubaka inzu ikomeye , ihenze , isaba ibikoresho bihambaye cyangwa ubundi buhanga . Ubuhehere n' urunyuranyurane rw' umwuka ni byo bikenewe . Ibihumyo byo mu butaka bihingwa mu gisharagati cyangwa se ikibandahori cya mpande eshatu ( Triangle shelter ) ; kimwe n' icya mpande enye ( rectangle or flattop shelter ) . Ibipimo by' igisharagati ( Uburebure , ubugali , ubuhagarike ) biterwa n' ingano y' imigina cg y' umushinga ushaka gukora , metero kare imwe ijyaho imigina 64 .
igisharagati cyo guhingamo ibihumyo kigomba kwubakwa aha hakurikira : Mu rwego rwo kwirinda icyabangamira gukura neza kw' ibihumyo , ni byiza kwubaka igisharagati kure y' ikiraro icyo aricyo cyose , kure y' aho amatungo aba na kure y' ingarani . Iyo umaze kwubaka igisharagati ucukuramo uturingoti dufite hagati ya cm 25 na cm 30 uzateramo imigina yawe .
Dore uko bahinga ibihumyo ; Mbere na mbere ni ngombwa kugenzura umugina ugiye gutera , umugina mwiza uba ari umweru , wererana udafite inenge . Mu gihe ugiye gutera umugina urawufata ugakuraho ishashi neza witonze . Uburyo bwo gutera imigina ni ubu bukurikira : Nyuma yo gucukura akaringoti , unyanyagizamo ishwagara , ugatereka imigina mu butaka utondekanya ku murongo wegeranya umwe ku wundi , warangiza ukorosaho agataka ka cm 1 noneho ukavomerera n' amazi . Muri rusange umugina umwe uvomererwa na mililitiro magana atatu ( ml 300 ) ariko igipimo cya nyacyo giterwa n' ubuhehere bw' ubutaka buhinzemo ikindi wirinda kuhira mugihe ibihumyo byatangiye kuzamuka . Bitewe n' uburyo wahinzemo , hari aho udatwikiriza ishashi ni aho uyitwikiriza igondeye ku biti kugira ngo hagumemo ubuhehere kandi hatagira ikibazo cyo kumagara kugeza igihe bitangiye kuzamuka .
gusarura ibihumyo bikorwa hagati y' iminsi y' irindwi na cumi nine nyuma yo gutera . Nibyiza gusarura mu gitondo kare cg izuba rirenze . Ibihumyo bisarurwa inshuro ziri hagati y' eshatu n' enye mu gihe cya mezi tatu . Ibihumyo byeze neza usarura umugina umwe umwe , ufatishije ibiganza byombi ugasa nkukaraga vola y' imodoka , cyangwa ufungura ivisi hanyuma ukazamura witonze wirinda kwangiza imigina kugirango izakomeze kwera neza . Ibihumyo bisarurwa bigifite itoto kuko bishimwa ku isoko , kdi bisigira ibizashibuka intungamubiri zihagije . Nyuma yo gusarura , wirinda kuhira umugina wasaruwe mu rwego rwo gufasha umurama gusubirana .
Ibihumyo bikimara gusarurwa bibikwa ahantu hari ubukonje nko muri firigo . Bishobora kandi kubikwa hagati y' iminsi 2 - 3 , niyo mpamvu benshi mu babihinga basarura bahita babigurisha cyangwa se babirya .
Hari uburyo butandukanye bwo kumisha ibihumyo : Kwumisha ibihumyo ku mirasire y' izuba ni uburyo bworoshye buri wese yakoresha aho ibihumyo bikatwamo udupanze duto duto bikanika kuri shitingi , urutarorwumisha , cyangwa se kubizirika ku kagozi utabikasemo ukabyanika bimanitse mu gacucu .
Kumisha ibihumyo ni byiza bituma bibikika igihe kirekire , ikilo kimwe ( 1Kg ) cy' ibihumyo byumye kiboneka mu biro biri hagati y' ibiro 10 na 12 by' ibihumyo bibisi ; ku isoko ry' u Rwanda kikagura amafaranga y' u Rwanda ari hagati y' ibihumbi 10 , 000 - 15 , 000 ku kilo . Ubu buryo bwagoboka abahinzi b' ibihumyo kuko nabwo burimo inyungu , bityo ntihakabeho umusaruro upfa ubusa , dore ko isosi ikoze mu bihumyo byumye cyangwa se ifu yabyo iba iryoshye cyane .
Ubu mu Rwanda hari amoko 3 yamacunga , amoko 3 ya mandarini , amoko 3 y' indimu , ubwoko bumwe bwa pampuremusi n' ubwoko bumwe bwa lime . Amacunga : Washington navel , Valencia late , Vea Japon . Mandarine : Dancy I , Dancy II , ClementineIndimu : Lemon rough , Hertanciones , Meyeri , Ayelet ; Hari n' andi moko 20 , harimo na murezi 3 akiri mu bushakashatsi atarasakara hanze mu bahinzi .
Amacunga , Mandarine , Indimu ni ibihingwa byera neza ahantu hashyuha ku rugero rwa dogere ( oC ) 16 - 20 , hari ikirerere cyumutse kandi hagwa imvura ihagije iri ku gipimo cya mm 500 - 775 ku mwaka , n' ubutumburuke butarengeje m 1200 . Ubu bwoko bw' imbuto bushobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bugera kuri dogere ( oC ) 32 - 40 . Iyo ikirere gitose bituma uburwayi buterwa n' uduhumyo buba bwinshi . Amacunga , Mandarine , Indimu bihingwa mu butaka butandukanye , bikunda ubutaka bwumutse , bufumbiye kandi umwuka ubasha gutemberamo neza . Amazi yo mubutaka ntagomba kureka mu gice imizi igeramo kugirango ikomeze ihumeke neza . Ubutaka bugomba kuba bufite isi ndende kandi butarekamo amazi .
Umurima uhingwa neza uvanamo imizi , amabuye n' urwri . Ni ngombwa kandi kugaragaza mu murima ahazaterwa ibiti by' ibinyamacunga , hagashingwa imambo . Hacukurwa imyobo ya cm 60 - 100 z' umuzenguruko na cm 60 - 100 z' ubujyakuzimu ( ibi bipimo bigenda bihinduka bitewe n' imiterere y' ubutaka ) . Igitaka cyo hejuru gishyirwa uruhande rumwe aricyo gisubiramo kivanze n' ifumbire , ibyo bigakorwa nibura icyumweru mbere yo gutera . Mu mwobo umwe hashyirwamo ifumbire y' imborera iboze neza ingana nibura n' ibase ebyiri ( kg 25 - 50 ) , Ku ngemwe zibanguriye , intera hagati y' igiti n' ikindi no hagati y' imirongo iba m 4 – m 5 iyo nta yindi myaka iteganywa guterwamo cyangwa se m 6 kugeza kuri m 7 iyo uteganya guhingamo indi myaka . Gutera bikorwa mu ntangiriro y' imvura kuva mu mpera za Nzeri kugeza m' Ugushyingo . Mu gutera , igihoho kivanwaho hagasigara igitaka gikikije imizi kugirango ingemwe zifate neza . Nyuma yo gutera , batsindagira gake itaka rikikije urugemwe rwatewe kugirango rirwegere . Mu gihe cyo gutera , ugomba kuzuza itaka ukarenzaho gato kandi ugatsindagira wirinda ko amazi areka hafi y' uruti igihe ingemwe zikiri nto kuko bituma hashobora kuzaho indwara z' imizi .
Iyo umubangurizo watangiye kuzana udushibu dushya ndetse n' igikomere cyarakize neza , kiba ari ikimenyetso cy' uko ishashi yahuzaga umubangurizo n' icyo ubanguriyeho yakurwaho . Mu kuvanaho ishashi , hakoreshwa urwembe hirindwa gukomeretsa igiti . Ni byiza ko iyo shashi ikurirwaho igihe kuko iyo bitinze yinjira mu ruti ikaruniga ndetse rukavunika .
Ingemwe zitafashe zisimbuzwa hakiri kare kugirango izizisimbuye zizakurane n' izindi . Mu gusimbuza , hakoreshwa ingemwe zakuze neza kandi bigakorwa hitawe ku iboneka ry' amazi .
Iyo ibinyamacunga bimaze guterwa ni ngombwa kubifata neza ubibagarira , umenera kugirango amazi abashe kwinjira neza mu butaka . Ni ngombwa gusasira hafi y' igiti hakoreshejwe ibyatsi byumye neza . Si byiza kwegereza isaso uruti ( siga akarambararo ka cm 20 uvuye ku ruti ) kuko byongera ibyago byo gukurura umuswa ndetse bigahembera indwara zo mubutaka .
Ibinyamacunga bikenera amazi menshi kubera ko amatembabuzi ahora atembera ndetse n' igihingwa kigahora gitakaza amazi binyuze mu mababi . Nk' uko bihora ari icyatsi , iyo bibuze amazi mugihe cyo gukura , kurabya ndetse no gukura kw' imbuto bituma umusaruro ugabanuka mu bwinshi no mu bwiza . Ni ngombwa rero ko bihorana amazi ahagije . Mu mezi 6 yambere nyuma yo gutera , ibiti bigomba kubona amazi byibuze inshuro 2 mu cyumweru . Nyuma yaho inshuro imwe mu cyumweru yaba ihagije . Igiti gikuze neza gikenera amazi byibuze inshuro 25 - 30 ku mwaka . Ibiti bikenera amazi cyane mu gihe imbuto ziri gukura ; utubuto tukingana n' ishaza , ibiti bigomba guhabwa amazi ahagije bitaba ibyo tugahunguka . Igihe cyose ibiti bibonye amazi biba bibasha kuzana ururabo ndetse bikanazana imbuto zikera . Ingano y' amazi akenerwa ku giti kimwe igenda ihinduka bitewe n' aho kigeze gikura , ubwoko bw' ubutaka , ikirere cy' ahantu ndetse n' ibihe by' ihinga . Ni byiza ko ibiti bihabwa amazi ahagije .
Ni ngombwa kugenzura kenshi ibiti by' ibinyamacunga kugirango niba hari ikibazo bifite kimenyekane kandi gikemurwe hakiri kare . Mu kugenzura wita kukureba ibi bikurikira : umuswa mu butaka hafi y' igiti , indwara n' ibyonnyi ku mababi , guhindura ibara kw' amababi , n' ibindi . Igihe cy' igenzura , harebwa kandi niba ibiti bigihagaze neza bikaba byahengamurwa ndetse byaba bifite ibisambo bigakurwaho . Biba byiza iyo umuntu ahora ahindura inzira anyuramo akora igenzura mu murima .
Gukata amashami y' ibiti mu myaka yambere ikurikira iterwa ry' ibiti ni ngombwa kugirango bibashe kugara ndetse bigire amashami menshi . Buri giti kiyoborwa bemerera gusa ishami rimwe rituruka ku jisho ryabanguriwe rigakura . Amashami yose avuka mu nsi y' aho babanguririye agomba gukurwaho buri gihe . Iyo igiti kimaze kugira uburebure bwa m 0 . 7 – 1 gicibwa umutwe kugirango amashami agana kumpande abashe gukura neza . Mu mashami agana ku mpande , hatoranwamo 4 - 6 ahanye intera hagati yayo kandi afite infuruka yagutse cyane urebye aho afatiye kuri nyina . Kuyobora igiti no guhitamo amashami meza biba bigomba kurangirana n' imyaka 3 yambere . Mu rwego rwo gufata neza igiti , umuhinzi akuraho ibisambo , amashami agoramye n' ayumye ndetse n' afite uburwayi bukabije . Iri kata kandi rigabanya amashami kugira ngo urumuri rubone uko rwinjira neza mu bice byose by' igiti . Ubu bwoko bw' ikata bukorwa ibiti bikimara guhundura . Indimu zikenera ko umuntu ahora agabanya amashami ndetse azica imitwe y' amashami kugirango zidakura cyane zikagera kure . Ikata ry' isazura rikorwa iyo igiti kimaze gusaza , umusaruro utangiye kugabanuka ; ukatira kuri cm 25 uturutse aho babanguririye .
Ibiti by' imbuto ziribwa bikenera ifumbire cyane cyane ifumbire y' imborera ; mu gihe cyo gutera , umuhinzi ashyira mu mwobo ibiro 25 - 50 by' ifumbire y' imborera ku giti ; agashyiraho gr 500 ya NPK 17 - 17 - 17 ku giti mu mwaka , nyuma y' imyaka 3 hatangirwa gushyirwaho ibiro 25 - 50 by' imborera , na kg 1 ya NPK 17 - 17 - 17 ku giti ku mwaka . Biba byiza iyo ifumbire mvaruganda igenewe igiti kimwe igabanwamo ibice bitangwa inshuro zirenze 1 ku mwaka .
Umusaruro wa mbere utangira kuboneka nyuma y' imyaka itatu igiti gitewe , ariko umusaruro ugenda uzamuka buri mwaka .
Iyi ni indwara ituma ibinyamacunga bishyirwa mu kato ku isoko mpuzamahanga . Ishobora kugabanya umusaruro ku kigereranyo cya 50 - 100 % . Iyi ndwara ikwirakwira igihe ikirere gifite ubuhehere kigakurikirwa n' ikirere cyumye n' ubushyuye buri ku kigero cya 22 - 26°C . Amababi n' imbuto bikiri bito nibyo iyi ndwara yibasira cyane . Amababi niyo akunze kubika ubu burwayi kandi bukwirakwizwa n' umuyaga n' imvura .  Ibimenyetso n' uko yangiza ; Iyi ndwara irangwa n' ibidomo by' ibizeru ku mababi bishobora kwaguka bigahura . Ibyo bidomo birangwa n' ibara ry' ibihogo ( brown ) cyangwa ikigina ( grayish ) hagati rizengurutswe n' ibara ry' umuhondo . Amababi akivuka ashobora kugwa imburagihe . Ku mbuto , ibidomo bigira amabara asa nk' ayavuzwe ku mababi . Imbuto zikiri nto zizaho uturomba dukikijwe n' ibara ry' umuhondo kandi zigakomera kuburyo nta numutobe zigira . Ku mbuto zifashwe zikuze , ibidomo bimera nk' ibyinjiyemo imbere kandi umutobe uragabanuka .  Uko wayirinda ; Kuzengurutsa umurima w' amacunga uruzitiro ruhagarika umuyaga kuko ukwirakwiza cyane ubu burwayi . Kwirinda gutera ibiti bishya ubivanga n' ibishaje . Kwirinda icyazana ubukonje n' ubuhehere bwinshi mubiti bw' amacunga . Gukonorera ibiti by' amacunga kugirango urumuri n' umwuka bibashe gukwirakwira mu mashami y' igiti hose arinako ukuraho udushami twagaragaje uburwayiGutoragura no gutaba mu cyobo cyabugenewe imbuto n' amababi byaguye kubera ubu burwayi .  Uko wayirwanya ; Gutera imiti yica uduhumyo : Gusimburanya imiti irimo sulfur ( nka Thiovit , Thiogil ) n' irimo copper ( nka Oxychlorre de cuivre , Oxide de cuivre , Hydroxide de cuivre ) , chlorothalonil ( Daconil ) na carbendazim ( Rodazim , Bendazim ) . Gutera umuti bikorwa buri byumweru bibiri igihe uburwayi bwagaragaye .
Iyi ndwara y' umuhondo w' amababi y' Amacunga , Mandarine n' indimu ni imwe mupamvu zikomeye zitera igihombo mu binyamacunga muri Afurika n' Aziya . Iterwa n' agakoko ka bagiteri kaba munzira y' amatembabuzi y' igiti kandi igakwirakwizwa n' ibikoresho mu gihe cyo kubangurira , gukonorera cyangwa n' udusimba duto tunyunyuza amatembabuzi y' igihigwa . Aho iyi ndwara igaragaye , igihe cyo kubaho cy' ibinyamacunga kiragabanuka cyane ndetse n' umusaruro ukagabanuka kuburyo bukabije . Amacunga ( orange ) na mandarine nibyo byibasirwa cyane n' iyi ndwara . Mu Rwanda , iyi ndwara igaragara ahantu henshi hahingwa ibinyamacunga . Kugeza ubu ntaburyo buhamye bwo kurwanya iyi ndwara buramenyekana ; niyo mpamvu ibyiza ari ukuyirinda .  Ibimenyetso byayo n' uko yangiza ; Iyi ndwara irangwa n' amababi asa nk' aho igihingwa cyabuze imyunyu ngugu , ibishibu by' umuhondo , kuma kw' amashami uhereye ku mutwe wayo , imbuto zikaba nto ndetse ntizibe nziza . Amababi akiri mato amera nk' ayabuze umunyu wa zinc n' aho amababi akuze agasa nk' aho abembye . Umusaruro w' imbuto uragabanuka cyane ndetse n' utubuto ducye tweze tuba ari tubi tudafite ibara ryiza kandi tutaryoshye . Imizi y' igihingwa ikura nabi ndetse ikagira utuzi ducye turi ku muzi remezo ugereranije n' igiti kitarwaye . Imizi mishya ntiza kandi akenshi n' ihari itangira kubora uhereye ku tuzi duto duhera . Rimwe na rimwe , igice kimwe cy' igiti nicyo gifatwa n' iyi ndwara , icyo gihe igihombo kiba gito .
Kuyirinda no kuyirwanya bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Ikingenzi mu kwirinda iyi ndwara ni ugutera ingemwe zitarwaye . Kubangurira bigombwa gukorwa neza ku buryo bidakwirakwiza ubu burwayi . Gusukura ukoresheje jik ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gihe cyo kubangurira no gukonoreraGutema ibiti cyangwa amashami arwaye mu rwego rwo kugabanya inkomoko y' uburwayi mu murima . Ibiti bishaje bitagitanga umusaruro n' ibigaragayeho uburwayi bigomba kurimburwa bikavaho kuko bishobora kuba inkomoko y' uburwayi mu murima mushyaGutera imiti yica udusimba : Abamectine [ Dudu acelamectine , Romectine ] na Acetameprid [ Aster extreme ] kugirango harwanwe udusimba ( Psyllids ) dukwirakwiza ubu burwayi .
Iyi ndwara iterwa n' agahumyo yibasira amababi n' imbuto bikiri bito . Iyo imbuto zirengeje amezi abiri ziba zibasha kudafatwa n' iyi ndwara . Ikirere gifite ubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogire ( OC ) 3 . 5 - 27 n' ubutote bw' amababi mu gihe cy' amasaha 12 - 24 nibyo bituma ubu burwayi bubaho kandi bukwirakwizwa n' abantu , imvura , umuyaga , udusimba , ibikoresho , ingemwe n' imbuto birwaye .  Ibimenyetso by' iyi ndwara n' uko yangiza ; Udusununu duto tw' ibara ry' igihogo ricyeye cyangwa amaga bigaragara ku mababi , amashami n' imbuto . Iyo amaga amaze igihe , aho ari haba hahanda ndetse hagasatagurika . Amababi aragwingira , akikunja , akamera nk' afite amenyo ku muzenguruko wayo .  Uko wayirinda ; Gutegurira pepiniyeri ahantu hategereye umurima w' ibinyamacunga ufite ubu burwayi ; Gutera ingemwe zidafite uburwayi ; Kwirinda kuvomerera amazi aca hejuru mu mashami y' igiti ; Gukonorera buri gihe kugirango urumuri n' umwuka bibashe gutembera neza mu mashami no kuvanaho amashami yumye kuko ashobora kuba abitse ubu burwayi .  Uko wayirwanya ; Gutera imiti yica uduhumyo : Gusimburanya imiti irimo copper ( Oxychlorure de cuivre , Oxide de cuivre , Hydroxide de cuivre ) , chlorothalonil ( Daconil ) , carbendazim ( Rodazim , Bendazim ) na tricyclazole ( beam ) Umuti uterwa gusa ku biti byigeze kugaragaza ubu burwayi .
Iyi ndwara iterwa na bagiteri , yangiza cyane amako menshi y' ibinyamacunga . Iyi ndwara yinjira mu gihingwa inyuze mu bikomere cyangwa utwenge mpumekero ariko ntikwirakwire mu giti cyose iguma hafi yaho yinjiriye . Yandura cyane igihe amashami mashya ari gushibuka n' igihe imbuto zikiri nto kandi ikihuta igihe cy' imvura ya hato na hato mu kirere gishyushye . Ikwirakwizwa n' imvura irimo umuyaga , inyoni , inyamaswa , ibikoresho n' abantu byahuye n' ubwandu .  Ibimenyetso n' uko yangiza ; Iyi ndwara igaragazwa n' ibice byumye ku mababi , uruti n' imbuto . Ibyo bice byumye birabyimba bikagira ibara ry' umuhondo ribizengurutse ndetse bikagira ikinogo mo imbere . Ubu burwayi bukara cyane ku ruhande rw' igiti rureba aho imvura ivanze n' umuyaga ikunze guturuka . Uburwayi bukabije bushobora gutera guhunguka kw' amababi , gusa nabi kw' imbuto , guhunguka kw' imbuto nto no gusaza kw' igiti uturutse ku mutwe .  Uko wayirinda ; Gutera ku buryo buhoraho imiti irimo cuivre ( Oxychlorre de cuivre [ Decobre ] , Oxide de cuivre [ Nordox ] , Hydroxide de cuivre [ Funguran ] ) . Kuko imbuto nto zifatwa cyane n' iyi ndwara , ni ngombwa kuzitera umuti urimo cuivre mu minsi 90 nyuma yo kurabya . Icyitonderwa : Uyu muti urimo Cuivre ntuvura ibyamaze gufatwa n' uburwayi ariko ubasha kurinda ibitarafatwa iyo wakoreshejwe .  Uko wayirwanya ; Iyo igiti cyamaze kwandura iyi ndwara ntikira , niyo mpamvu ibiti byafashwe bigomba kurandurwa .
Iyi ndwara igaragara ku isi hose aho ibinyamacunga bihingwa . Irangwa n' ibimenyetso bitandukanye bitewe n' ubwoko bw' ibinyamacunga cyangwa ubukare bwa virus . Ikwirakwizwa n' uburima / ubuhunduguru bw' amoko atandukanye kandi ishobora gutera kuma kw' igiti mu byumweru bibiri .  Ibimenyetso n' uko yangiza ; Gusaduka ku ruti rw' igihingwa . Iyo bitarakara , gusaduka k' uruti ntibigaragara inyuma keretse umuntu akuyeho igishishwa . Akenshi ahasadutse haba hafite ibara ry' ibihogo bikeye ( light brown ) . Guta ibara ry' icyatsi ku mababi n' udutsi tukagaragara . Ingemwe ziba umuhondo ; iyi ndwara ifata cyane ingemwe nto ; Imbuto ziba nto , rimwe na rimwe zikikunja , zigatakaza amazi zikaba zishobora kuguma zifashe ku giti . Ku giti cyose muri rusange , ibimenyetso bigaragara ni amababi aba mato , kuma kw' amashami uhereye ku mitwe , kudakura neza kw' igiti ndese kikaba cyakuma . Kubanguriza ijisho rizima ryakuwe ku giti kitarwaye rigashyirwa ku rugemwe ruzima rudafite ubu burwayi ; Gutera ingemwe zitarwaye ; Kurandura ibiti birwaye kugirango bitanduza ibindi .
Uburima ni ubusimba buto bugira umubiri woroshye kandi bukaba bugira amabara atandukanye bitewe n' amoko yabwo . Ku isi yose , amoko arenga 16 y' uburima azwi ku binyamacunga .  Uko iyi ndwara yangiza ; Utu dusimba twangiza indabo ntizikure neza ndetse zikaba zahunguka ; Umushongi wasizwe n' utu dusimba utwikira imbuto n' amababi ugakurura uruhumbu rw' umukara rutuma igihingwa kitinjiza neza imirasire y' izuba igifasha gukora ibigitunga bityo igihingwa kigahungabana ; imbuto nazo zigasa nabi ; Ibice byigihingwa bigikura iyo bifashwe n' utu dusimba ntibikura neza . Amoko amwe y' uburima akwirakwiza virusi ya tristeza ;  Uko waburwanya ; Inshuti z' abahinzi akenshi zihangana n' uburima niyo mpamvu umuti ukenerwa gake . Umushongi w' ubu burima uba ibyo kurya by' inshuti z' abahinzi nyinshi . Imiti nka Abamectine [ Dudu acelamectine , Romectine ] , Acetameprid [ Aster extreme ] iterwa iyo bibaye ngombwa .
Utumatirizi ni udusimba tuboneka rimwe na rimwe ku binyamacunga ariko tukaba twangiza cyane ndetse biragoye kuturwanya . Dukunda ikirere gihehereye . Tubasha gukwirakwizwa no kugenda ubwatwo tuva kugiti kimwe tujya kukindi , umuyaga , mu maguru y' inyoni , ku bikoresho byo mumurima n' abantu . Nyuma yo guturagwa , utu dusimba tuba ari umuhondo werurutse ariko duhita dusohora umushongi w' umweru udutwikira . Tuboneka ku bihingwa byinshi bitandukanye kandi twororoka vuba .  Uko Utumatirizi ( citrus mealybugs ) tw' amacunga , mandarine n' indimu twangiza ; Utumatirizi tunyunyuza amatembabuzi y' igihingwa bigatuma igihingwa gikura nabi n' imbuto zikaba zahunguka ; Utu dusimba kandi twanduza amababi n' amashami y' igihingwa bitewe natwo ubwatwo cyangwa umushongi twituma ukurura uruhumbu rubangamira igihingwa . Gukonorera bituma amashami adapfukirana bityo umuti wica udusimba waterwa ukabasha kugera ahantu hose ; Kugabanya uburebure bw' amashami kugirango adakoranaho bituma ibiti bifite utumatirizi bitanduza ibitadufite ; Gusukura neza ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu murima urwaye kugirango bidakwirakwiza utumarizi tuvuye mu murima urwaye tujya kubiti bizima ; Ibimonyo bigomba kurwanwa kugirango inshuti z' abahinzi zibashe gukora akazi kazo ko kurwanya utumatirizi . Iyo vese ( Vicia sp ) iteye mu murima w' ibinyamacunga ikurura ibimonyo bikava aho utumatutizi turi .  Uko tumatirizi ( citrus mealybugs ) tw' amacunga , mandarine n' indimubaturwanya ; Gutera imiti nka Abamectine [ Dudu acelamectine , Romectine ] , Acetameprid [ Aster extreme ] . Icyitonderwa : imiti ntakamaro igira iyo itewe ku giti gifite amashami yapfukiranye kubera kudakonora .