C4IR-RW/kinya-ag-retrieval huggingface dataset:
Ibyiza by' akarima gafite ishusho y' amaterasi y' indinganire ni ibi : 1 . ako karima k' igikoni gafite umwihariko wo kurwanya isuri , kuko gakoranye ishusho nk' iyamaterasi y' indinganire 2 . Iyo shusho ituma ako karima gashobora gufata amazi mu buryo bwose , bityo kakaba gashobora kumara igihe kinini ugereranyije n' akarima k' igikoni gasanzwe gakoreshwa . 3 . Ako karima gakoze ku buryo umusaruro w' ibigahinzweho ushobora guhoraho igihe cyose , 4 . ako karima k' igikoni kamara umwaka gatanga umusaruro , nyuma y' umwaka kakaba kagomba kuvugururwa hakoreshejwe ukuvanga ifumbire y' imborera n' itaka ryiza ku kigero kimwe .
Aho Siteviya ikunda kwera : Siteviya ihingwa mu Gihugu hose . Kubera ko ubutaka bwo mu Rwanda ahenshi buri ku butumburuke buri hagati ya metero 1 , 400 na 2 , 000 , imvura igwa mu buryo busaranganyije mu mwaka wose , byagaragaye ko iki gihingwa cyera neza mu Rwanda hose ndetse kigatanga umusaruro ushimishije .
Ubutaka buberanye na Siteviya : o Siteviya yera neza hafi ku butaka ubwo aribwo bwose ariko aho ikunda cyane ni mu butaka buseseka burimo agacanga gake kandi bukungahaye ku ifumbire mborera . o Siteviya yitwara neza igatanga umusaruro ushimishije ni ku butaka bufite igipimo cy' ubusharire ( PH ) buri hagati ya 6 na 7 . 5 . o Sitevia ikunda ubutaka buhehereye ariko kandi butarimo amazi menshi arengeje . Amazi areka mu butaka adatambuka neza yangiza imizi ya Siteviya . Uretse gusa mu butaka burimo umucanga , ubundi Siteviya itanga umusaruro mwiza iyo ihinzwe mu dutabo tuzamuyeho gato kugirango amazi abashe kujya akamukamo igihe yabayemo menshi . Sitevia ntikura neza ku butaka bw' urwunyunyu .
Amoko ya Siteviya ahingwa mu Rwanda : Ubwoko bwa Siteviya bwitwa PC1 ( AKLH1 ) bwagaragaje ko bwera neza mu Rwanda kandi bugatanga umusaruro ushimishije . Ubu bwoko nibwo bwonyine buri gukwirakwizwa mu gihugu muri iki gihe .
Uko bategura ingemwe za siteviya : o Ingemwe za Siteviya zishobora kuboneka ukoresheje uburyo butatu : ukoresheje umurama , ukoresheje agace gato ka Siteviya muri Laboratwari zabugenewe zituburirwamo ingemwe cyangwa se ukoresheje udutwe twa Sitevia ubwayo . Iyo ugereranyije ubwo buryo uko ari butatu , usanga bwose butanga ingemwe nziza nta tandukaniro rinini ririmo mu mikurire ya Siteviya cyangwa se no mu ngano y' isukariiba iba iri mu mababi yayo . Uburyo bumenyerewe kandi bworoshye dukoresha mu Rwanda ni ugukoresha udutwe twa Sitevia muri pepiniyeri . o Ukata agatwe k' agashami ka Siteviya ihinze mu murima cyangwa agatwe ka Sitevia iri pepiniyeri gafite nka 5cm z' uburebure n' amaso nibura 3 kugera kuri 4 ; o Utera udutwe twa Siteviya mu dutabo duteguye neza ugatwikiriza ishashi zabugenewe kugirango hahoremo ubuhehere buhagije kandi n' imizi ibashe kuza bitagoranye . Hejuru kandi kuri pepiniyeri utwikirizaho shedineti kugirango ugabanye imirasire ikarishye y' izuba . Agatabo kamwe gafite metero 10 kuri metero 1 gashobora kujyamo udutwe twa Sitevia tuzatanga ingemwe 10 , 000 . o Nyuma y' iminsi 10 ukuraho ya shashi yari ipfutse utugemwe hanyuma nyuma y' iminsi 15 ugatwikururaho shedineti hejuru ya pepiniyeri . Ingemwe ziba zigejeje igihe cyo guterwa nyuma y' iminsi 60 .
Uko bategura umurima wo guhingamo siteviya ni uku : Uhinga neza umurima wawe unateganya uko uzavomerera ukurikije uburyo uzakoresha mu kuvomerera . Kurima bwa mbere uvanamo ibyatsi byose , guhinga bwa kabiri ugenda unogereza ubutaka neza , usanza neza ubutaka . Iyo umurima wamaze kuwutegura neza ugenda ukoramo udutabo mbere yo gutera ingemwe .
Gufumbira siteviya : Koresha Toni 20 z' ifumbire y' imborera iboze neza kuri Hegitari uri guhinga bwa nyuma utaratera ingemwe ndetse na buri nyuma yo gusarura ; Koresha kandi ibiro 460 n' ifumbire mvaruganda ya NPK 17 - 17 - 17 mu byiciro bibiri , ni ukuvuga ibiro 230 kuri Hegitari mu gihe utera , n' ibiro 230 nyuma y' iminsi 45 uteye ingemwe .
Gutera ingemwe za siteviya : Ubucucike bwemewe mu gutera ingemwe za Siteviya ni Sentimetero 18 hagati y' urugemwe n' urundi na Sentimetero 30 hagati y' umurongo n' undi . Ni ukuvuga nibura ingemwe 150 , 000 kuri hegitari iyo ukuyemo ubuso bw' utugende tuba turi hagati y' imitabo .
Gukenura no kwita ku murima wa Siteviya : Kwita ku kuvomerera buri gihe , gufumbira ku gihe ndetse no kubagara bihoraho . Ugomba kwirinda ikirare mu murima wa Siteviya kuko itihanganira ibindi byatsi bimera mu murima hamwe nayo .
Kurwanya indwara n' ibyonnyi muri siteviya : Muri rusange Siteviya ntikunda guhura n' uburwayi bukabije cyangwa ibyonnyi byihariye uretse uduhumyo dukunda kubonekamo cyane cyane mu gihe cy' imvura . Kurwanya uburawyi buterwa n' uduhumyo , utera umuti wa Mancozeb cyangwa undi muti wose urwanya uduhumyo uboneka ku isoko . Ku bijyanye n' ibyonnyi , umuswa niwo ukunze kwangiza Siteviya cyane cyane mu duce dushyuha cyane . Kurwanya uwo muswa utera umuti urwanya umuswa uwo ariwo wose uboneka ku isoko .
Siteviya isarurwa nyuma y' amezi 3 itewe , hanyuma ikamara imyaka 4 kugera 5 itanu ugenda usarura buri mezi atatu ikabona gusimbuzwa ugatera izindi ngemwe nshya .
Gusarura Siteviya no kuyihunika : Kuva ihinzwe , Siteviya isarurwa nyuma y' amezi atatu ku nshuro ya mbere . Kuri iyi nshuro ya mbere umusaruro kuri Hegitari ugera ku biro 800 . Nyuma y' andi mezi atatu urongera ugasarura , uyu musaruro uba ugera kuri Toni 1 kuri Hegitari . Ku musaruro wa gatatu ushobora gusarura toni 1 . 5 kuri Hegitari cyangwa hejuru yazo . Ni ukuvugako impuzandengo y' umusaruro wa Stevia kuri Hegitari ku mwaka ari Toni 4 . 5 kugera kuri Toni 6 z' amababi yumye .
Igiti cy' iboberi ( Morus sp . ) ni igiti gikura vuba kikageza ku burebure bwa m 3 - 4 , kikagira amoko arenga 20 . Impamvu icyo giti gihingwa ni ukubona ibibabi byacyo byinshi kandi byiza kugira ngo bigaburirwe amagweja maze ashobore gucira ubudodo bw' imyenda afite agaciro mpuzamahanga ko hejuru kurusha ubundi budodo .
Gutegura pepeniyere y' iboberi : batera ingeri z' ibobere zifite uburebure buri hagati ya cm 15 - 20 , hagati y' igiti n' ikindi harimo cm 15 naho umurongo n' undi harimo cm 30 . Ibobere imara muri pepeniyere amazi 4 kugera kuri 6 hanyuma ikabona kujya guterwa mu murima . Aho pepeniyeri iri hagomba kuba hari amazi kuburyo yuhirwa , ugomba gushyiramo ifumbire y' imborera hamwe n' imvaruganda ya urea mu mezi abiri ya mbere .
batera ingeri zifite uburebure bwa cm 25 zatemwe ku giti cy' ubwoko buzwiho gutanga ibibabi byiza , byinshi kandi binini , ingeri zifite amaso 5 mu mwobo wa cm 4 - 5 . Batera muri cm 15 z' ubujyakuzimu hejuru hagasigara cm 10 zifite amaso 2 .
Gufata neza umurima wa boberi : Iboberi itangira kwerekana ibibabi nyuma y' iminsi 15 . Ikata rya mbere ritangira nyuma y' amezi 2 kugira ngo iboberi izane amashami menshi : basiga amashami 3 - 4 azasoromwaho ibibabi . Bafumbiza ifumbire y' imborera : toni 20 kuri Ha na NPK 20 . 10 . 10 cyangwa kg 400 - 500za NPK 25 . 5 kuri Ha . Ni byiza gusasiza ibyatsi kugira ngo ubutaka bugumane ubuhehere no kugabanya imirimo yo kubagara .
iboberi ishobora gutangira gusoromwa ibibabi nyuma y' amazi 8 ikagaburirwa amagweja buri minsi 3 . Nyuma y' amezi 2 irakatwa ikongera igatoha mu mezi 1 - 2 ku buryo nko mu Rwanda amagweja ashobora kororwa inshuro 8 mu mwaka . Umusaruro w' ibibabi uboneka ku moko atandukanye y' ibobere ungana toni 20 kuri hegitare 1 ushobora kugaburirwa amabogisi 30 y' amagweja kandi buri bogisi imwe y' amagweja yagaburiwe neza amababi y' ibobere ishobora gutanga umusaruro w' ubudodo ( cocoon ) upima hagati y' ibiro 25 na 40 .
Hari ibintu bitatu shingiro umuntu worora amagweja agomba kwitaho ari byo : Kugaburira amagweja amababi meza , kugenzura imihindagurikire y' ibihe mu cyumba cyororerwamo amagweja no kwirinda no kurwanya indwara cyane cyane ukora isuku mu cyumba cyororerwamo amagweja .
Amagweja aturagwa mu magi y' ikinyugunyugu ( BOMBIX MORI L . ) : Nyuma y' iminsi 6 - 10 aturazwe , amagweja agaburirwa 4 ku munsi ku manywa na n' ijoro . Amagweja yororerwa mu nzu yabugenewe ifite ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 23 - 28 dogere serisiyusi , ubuhehere buri hagati ya 70 - 90 % , idashobora kwinjirwamo n' imbeba , umuswa , ibintu binuka nk' umwotsi , imiti yica udukoko n' amavuta ahumura yo kwisiga .
Amagweja agaburirwa mu byiciro bikurikira : Amageweja agira ibyiciro bitanu . Akivuka , agaburirwa mu minsi 3 hanyuma agasinzira , akiyuburura ariko yiyongera mu bunini . Bongera kuyagaburira mu minsi 3 , hanyuma agasinzira , akiyuburura yiyongera ubunini . Bongera kuyagaburira iminsi 4 , agasinzira , hanyuma akiyuburura yiyongera ubunini . Bongera kugaburira iminsi 5 , agasinzira akiyuburura yiyongera ubunini . Ubwa nyuma bayagaburira iminsi 8 , agasinzira akiyuburura yiyongereye ubunini . Nyuma y' iminsi 25 - 28 ntiyongera kurya , ashyirwa ku matajeri afite ibinogo bimeze nk' igisoro , agatangira gucira urudodo rw' umweru akarwizingiraho ku buryo nyuma y' iminsi 8 aba atakigaragara , amaze gukora ikidongi gishobora kuzingururwamo urudodo rw' ihariri rureshya na m 600 - 1500 . Ni ngombwa gukurikiranira hafi amagweja muri iyo minsi , kugira ngo ku munsi wa 8 cyangwa uwa 9 adapfumura urudodo hakagurukamo ibinyugunyugu , akangiza n' urudodo .
Umusaruro w' ubudodo bwa cocoon :
Indwara ya Pebrine : iterwa n' udukoko duto bita Microsporodian , Variomorpha , Pleistopha na Thelophania . Amagweja yafashwe n' iyi ndwara azana ibidomo by' ikigina kandi ntashobora gukora ubudodo .
Indwara iterwa na Virus yitwa Garaseri ( Grasserie ) : iterwa na virus yitwa Borrelina ( Nuclear Polydrosis Virus ) ikaba iza ku mababi y' ibobere bagaburira amagweja . Iyi ndwara irangwa cyane cyane nuku amagweja ananirwa kurya , amagweja arabyimba n' umubiri ukabonerana , iyo apfuye ahinduka umukara kandi iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara amagweja ageze mu cyiciro cya 5 cyangwa mbere yo gukora ubudodo . Iyi ndwara yirindwa haterwa imiti mu nzu yo kororeramo n' inkengero zayo ndetse no ku bikoresho byose mbere yo guturagwa kw' amagi .
ZIMWE MU NDWARA ZIFATA AMAGWEJA : Indwara ya Flacherie : iterwa na bacteria bituma amagweja anananuka kandi ntakure , yasogora imyanda ntihagira igisohoka , amagweja akaruka , umubiri w' amagweja ukaba umukara kandi amagweja apfuye agakwirakwiza umwuka mubi . Iyi ndwara yirindwa hakorerwa isuku cyane cyane ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu bworozi bakabishyira mu miti bikamaramo imisni 10 , gukurikirana ubushyuhe n' ubuhehere bukenewe kuri buri cyiciro ndetse no gutandukanya bwangu amagweja arwaye n' atarwaye .
Soya ni igihingwa cy' ingirakamaro mumirire y' abantu n' amatungo ndetse no kurumbura ubutaka .
Mu Rwanda Soya ihingwa cyane cyane mu misozi migufi y' Iburasirazuba , iciriritse y' Amajyepfo n' Iburengerazuba mu nkengero z' ikiyaga cya kivu no mu kibaya cya Bugarama . Soya ikunda ahantu hashyushye kugirango imere kandi ikure neza . Ikenera imvura iringaniye mu gihembwe cy' ihinga .
Soya ikunda ubutaka bw' isi ndende bufite ifumbire ihagije kandi butuma umwuka ubutemberamo .
Amoko ya soya yamamazwa mu Rwanda : Peka 6 , SB 24 , Sequel , Squire , Safari na Saga .
Gutegura umurima uzahingwamo soya uko bikorwa : urwanya isuri aho biri ngombwa , urima bwa mbere , utabira bavanamo urwiri n' ibindi byatsi bibi nk' inteja ; Gusanza bagiye gutera imbuto .
kuri hegitari igiye guterwaho soya hajyaho Ifumbire zikurikira : Imborera iboze neza bafumbiza toni 10 kuri hegitari cyangwa ibiro 100 kuri ari . Mugihe wakoresheje rhizobium na DAP ushobora gukoresha toni 5 z' imborera kuri hegitari cg ibiro 50 kuri ari . Imvaruganda ikoreshwa ibiro 100 bya DAP kuri hegitari cyangwa ikiro 1 kuri ari ; Mubutaka busharira koresha ishwagara ibyumweru 2 mbere yogutera kukigero cya toni 2 n' igice cyangwa ibiro 25 kuri ari .
Iyo umaze guca imirongo ubanzamo ifumbire y' imborera hanyuma ukanyanyagiza DAP mumurongo , ugatwikirizaho agataka gake kugirango ifumbire itangiza imbuto , ugashyiramo imbuto hanyuma ugatwikiriza itaka .
Rhizobium ni ifumbire ikorerwa muri laboratwari hifashishijwe udukoko ' ' bacteria ' ' tuba muduheri two kumizi y' ibinyamisogwe ( nodules ) . Ivangwa n' imbuto mbere yo gutera hakoreshejwe agapfunyika ka garama 80 kakavangwa n' ibiro hagati 8ni 10 by' imbuto ya Soya bigatuma Soya ibasha gukoresha azote iri mumwuka wo mukirere kukigero cya 78 % .
ifumbire ya rizobiyumu ikoreshwa mu buryo bukurikira : Minjira utuzi dukeya ku mbuto ugiye gutera , Vanga garama 80 za rizobiyumu muri biro 8 kugeza 10 by' imbuto . Imbuto yavanzwe na Rhizobium ntishyirwa ku zuba kandi iterwa uwo munsi ikarangira . Mu gihe cyo gutera shyira buri rubuto kuri santimetero 5 kugeza 10 mu gaferege hanyuma uhite utwikirizaho itaka .
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu Rwanda bwerekanyeko Rhizobiyumu yongera umusaruro wa soya kukigero cya 20 % kimwe nuwakoresheje ifumbire ya Ire ( urea ) ingana n' ibiro ijana ( 100 kg ) kuri hegitari imwe .
Mu gutera umuhinzi akoresha ibiro 60 by' imbuto kuri hegitari cyangwa garama 600 kuri ari . Batera kuntera ya santimetero 40 hagati y' imirongo na santimetero 10 ku murongo bashyira intete imwe mu kobo ; Mugihembwe cy' ihinga cya A soya iterwa kugeza mumpera z' ukwakira naho mugihembwe cy' ihinga cya B igaterwa kugeza mumatariki 5 y' ukwezi kwa werurwe bitewe nigihe imvura yabonekeye .
Indwara y' umugese muri soya iterwa n' agahumyo ko mu bwoko bwaPhakospora pachyrhizi . Uburwayi buhera ku mababi yo hasi bikagenda bizamuka hejuru . Ibimenyetso biranga indwara y' umugese muri soya : Amababi yafashwe agaragazwa n' ifu y' ikigina gishyira umutuku igaragara ku ruhande rwo munsi y' amababi . Amababi yafashwe agira amabara y' umuhondo ku ruhande rwo hejuru nyuma agacikagurika . Uburyo bwo kurinda no kurwanya indwara y' umugese muri soya : Kubahiriza gahunda yo gusimburanya ibihingwa mu murima ; Gutera imbuto nziza yujuje ubuziranenge bwemewe ; Gukoresha imbuto zihanganira iyo ndwara ; Gutera imbuto ihungije umuti wica uduhumyo dutera iyo ndwara nka Carbendazim ku rugero rwa : 800 gr / 1 kg cy' imbuto ; Mugihe soyayafashwe tera umwe umutiikurikira :
Kubemba kwa soya biterwa n' agakoko ko mu bwoko bwa virus . Ibimenyetso biranga indwara yo kubemba cg mozayike muri soya ; Amababi yafashwe arapfunyarara imitwe yayo igasa nk' ishinze , hanyuma igihingwa kiragwingira ntigikure . Uburyo bwo kurinda no kurwanya indwara yo kubemba cyangwa mozayike ; Kubahiriza gahunda yo gusimburanya ibihingwa mu murima ( soya ntisimburana n' ibindi binyamisogwe ) ; Gutera imbuto nziza yujuje ubuziranenge bwemewe yasaruwe mu murima utaragaragayemo indwara yo kubemba ; Kurandura mu murima soya yabembye ; Gutera umuti wica udusimba nk' ubuhunduguru ( aphids ) kuko aritwo tuyikwirakwiza .
Inda cg ubuhunduguru ni agasimba gatungwa no kunyunyuza ibimera gafashe kumababi yabyo . Zikwirakwiza virusi nyinshi zitera indwara . Ikindi nuko umushongi w' inda ukurura uduhumyo tw' umukara dutwikira ikibabi bigatuma kidakora neza ibitungagihingwa . Uburyo bwo kwirinda cyangwa kurwanya inda cg ubuhunduguru muri soya : Terera igihe , Ubahiriza igerambuto riteganywa ; Gufumbira no kubahiriza imirimo yose ikorerwa soya kugirango ikure neza ; Tera imiti yica udusimba nka Lambda - Cyhalothrin : 1 ml / 1L y' amazi cyangwa Azadiractin 0 . 3 % EC : 1ml / 1L y' amazi .
Nyamwihina ni agakoko ko mu bwoko bw' ibinyugunyugu kitwa Lamprosema indicata . Ibimenyetso by' indwara ya Nyamwihina muri soya : Igihingwa cyafashwe kigaragazwa n' amababi azingiye hamwe nk' azirikishije utudodo Nyamwihina yihishemo imbere . Nyamwihina yangiza ikibabi ihereye mu nsi kandi itagipfumuye . Igaragara cyane mu gihe cy' izuba ; Uburyo bwo Kurinda no kurwanya indwara ya Nyamwihina muri soya : Guhingira igihe ; Gutera imiti nka : Cypermethrin : 20 ml / 20 L amzi ; Lamda - Cyhalothrin : 20 ml / 20 L y' amazi ; Azadirachtin : 20 ml / 20 L y' amazi ; Acetamiprid : 10ml / 20L z' amazi .
Uburyo bwo Kurinda soya inuma n' inkoko : Mugihe kitera twikira neza imbuto ku buryo itagaragara / itanama hejuru ; Kurinda umurima kuva soya imaze guterwa kugera byibuze ku byumweru bibiri . Gusarura soya yeze neza itaramenekera mu murima .
Soya yera hagati y' iminsi 90 kugeza ku minsi 120 bitewe n' ubwoko bwayo . Mu gihe hakoreshejwe inyongeramusaruro zikenewe hashobora kuboneka umusaruro uri hagati y' ibiro 1 , 200 n' ibiro 3 , 000 hakurikijwe ubwoko ( variety ) .
Soya isarurwa mu buryo bukurikira :
Kwanika soya bikorwa iminsi 3 kugeza ku minsi 5 ahantu hasukuye hatari ku butaka . Yanikwa ku mbuga ya sima , ibirago cyangwa shitingi . Yihindure kenshi bishoboka kugirango zume neza . Soya yanurwa izuba ritararenga kugira ngo zidahura n' ubukonje .
Guhura soya bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Guhura Soya bishobora gukorwa mu buryo bwa gakondo hakoreshejwe ikibando , ariko muri iki gihe byaba byiza hakoreshejwe imashini yabugenewe aho bishoboka .
Kugosora soya bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira ; Soya igosorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa gakondo hifashishijwe urutaro cyangwa se bishobotse hagakoreshwa imashini yabugenewe . Umwanda wose wivanze na soya ndetse nizamenaguritse bikurwamo mbere yo guhunika .
Guhunika soya bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Soya ihunikwa igomba kuba yumye neza ku buryo igipimo cy' amazi mu ntete kitajya hejuru ya 11 % . % ( Iyo udafite ibikoresho bipima ubu buhehere ukoresha iryinyo iyo soya ihise imeneka iba yumye neza ) , Ihunikwa ahantu hari umwuka , humutse kandi hatagera ibyonnyi . Imifuka igomba gupangwa ku dutanda tw' imbaho ( palettes ) ntigire aho ihurira n' ubukonje bwo hasi . Soya ihunikwa igihe gito ( ntirenza ibihembwe2 by' ihinga ) kubera ko yangizwa n' ubushyuhe ndetse n' ubuhehere birengeje urugero . Ni ngombwa rero gutera imbuto isaruwe vuba . Mu gihe utizeye neza ubwiza bw' imbuto ugiye gutera , ningombwa gukora isuzuma mimerere yazo mbere yo kuzitera .
Gusuzuma ubwiza bwa SOYA bikorwa bitya : Ufata intete 100 ukazishyira kw' isahane cyangwa ibase irimo igitaka , ukaminjiramo amazi make , ugatwikira bikamara iminsi 7 , hanyuma ukabara imbuto zabashije kumera . Niba umubare wizameze uri hejuru ya 80 , ubwo imbuto ziba ari nziza . Iryo suzuma rikorwa ibyumweru 2 mbere yo gutera .
IBYONNYI BYO MU BUHUNIKIRO bya soya ni ibi bikurikira : Ibyonnyi bikomeye bya soya mu buhunikiro n' imbeba . Imbeba zirya impeke izo ari zo zose zaba inzima , izamenaguritse cyangwa izabaye ifu . Zangiza cyane umusaruro kuko ziwandurisha ubwoya bwazo , inkari ndetse n' amahurunguru yazo . Uburyo bwo kuzirwanya ; Mu rwego rwo kwirinda imbeba mu buhunikiro hakoreshwa imitego ( rwagakoco ) cyangwa se bakazitegesha imiti yabugenewe yo kuzica .
Urutoki ruhingwa aha hakurikira : Urutoki ruhingwa mu turere dufite ubutumburuke buri hagati ya metero 0 - 1800 uvuye ku nyanja . Uburengeje 1800 , ubukonje bwaho butuma rutinda kwera .
Urutoki rwishimira ubutaka bw' isi ndende , bwumutse , bworoshye , bufite ubusharire buri hagati ya 5 - 6 . 5 kandi bufite ifumbire ihagije .
Hari amoko menshi ariko atanga umusaruro ushimishije kandi yishimirwa n' abahinzi ni aya : Mu biribwa ( Inyamunyo ) : Injagi , Mporogoma , injogo , Barabeshya , ingaju , Mbwaziruma , Cyerwa . Mu bitoki by' imineke : Poyo , Kamaramasenge , Fhia 17 , Gros Michel , Ikinyangurube , Igisukari . Mu bitoki byengwa : FHIA 25 , intuntu , intokatoke , ingoromoka , indenge ; Mu bitoke by' imishaba :
GUTEGURA UMURIMA UHINGWAMO URUTOKI bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Kurwanya isuri no guhinga umurima neza hamarwamo urwiri n' ibindi byatsi bibi no gucukura imyobo izajyamo insina . Iyo myobo igira santimetero 60 z' ubujyakuzimu na santimetero 90 z' umurambararo . Mu gucukura umwobo itaka ryo hejuru ( muri santimetero 40 ) rishyirwa ukwaryo n' irisigaye hasi rigashyirwa ukwaryo ( santimetero 20 zo hasi ) . Ubutaka buvuye hejuru busubizwa mu mwobo bukavangwa n' ifumbire .
Gufumbira urutoki bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Gutera hakoreshwa ifumbire y' imborera iboze neza iri hagati ya ibiro 20 - ibiro 30 mu mwobo umwe . Urutoki rukenera N , P , K , Ca , Urea . Nyuma insina zimaze gukura , zifumbirwa ku muzenguruko ( muri cm 60 uvuye ku nsina ) mu gaferege waciye katari karekare kugira ngo imizi y' insina itangirika . Ifumbire y' imborera ishyirwaho byibura kabiri mu mwaka mu gihe cy' imvura ( ku muhindo cyangwa itumba ritangiye ) ingana na ibiro15 - ibiro25 . Imvaruganda ya NPK ( 17 : 17 : 17 ) igenda ishyirwamo gake gake inshuro nyinshi ( mu gihe cy' imvura ) kugira ngo itazajya yigendera ikajyana n' amazi ( ku nsina hajyaho garama 200 za NPK cyangwa garama 200 za Ire kuri buri nsina ku mwaka ) . Ifumbire mvaruganda yonyine ntishobora gutuma urutoki rwera neza igihe kirekire . Gukoresha imborera n' ifumbire mvaruganda nibwo buryo bwiza cyane kurusha ubundi bwo kubungabunga uburumbuke bw' ubutaka buhinzweho urutoki .
GUTERA IMIBYARE Y ' URUTOKI n' ingano yayo : Haterwa imibyare ingana na 1111 kuri Hegitari imwe , kuko hagati y' imirongo ari metero 3 na metero 3 hagati y' umwobo n' undi ( 3mx3m ) . Batera imibyare ivuye mu rutoki rutarwaye kandi rwera neza , isongoye hejuru , ifite inguri nini ; imizi n' ibitaka byavanyweho kandi ifite uburebure buri hagati ya santimetero 60 - santimetero120 . Mu mwobo , bashyiramo umubyare umwe . Ni byiza kandi iyo insina zitewe mu mvura y' umuhindo bivuga hagati ya Nzeli n' Uguushyingo kugirango imvura igabanuke zafashe .
Imirimo y' ingenzi mu GUFATA NEZA URUTOKI MU MIRIMA ni : gusasira , kubagara , gushangurura / kugabanya amashara , kwicira , gufumbira , gukata imyanana ku gihe , gutega ibitoki inzego , kurimbura inguri zishaje no kurwanya indwara n' ibyonnyi .
GUSARURA URUTOKI NO GUHUNIKA IBIRUKOMOKAHO BIKORWA MU BURYO BUKURIKIRA : Insina yatewe yana hashize amezi 9 - 12 ; hanyuma igasarurwa nyuma y' amezi 3 - 6 yannye bitewe n' ubwoko bwayo , imiterere y' ikirere n' uburyo urutoki rukorerwa ; Ibitoki by' imineke n' ibyo kwenga ndetse n' imishaba , bigomba gucibwa bimaze gukomera neza kugirango bibashe gushya neza kandi byihuse ; Ibitoki by' inyamunyo ntibigomba kubikwa igihe kinini kugirango bidashya ( ubishyira ahantu hadashyushye kandi nabwo ntibihatinde ) ; Ibitoki by' imineke byoherezwa mu mahanga , biba byiza kubyambika amasashe bicyana kugeza bisaruwe kugirango ugishishwa cyabyo kitangizwa n' udukoko bigata umwimerere ; Ibitoki by' imineke bishobora kumishwa , bakabisyamo ifu ikoreshwa mu gukora cake , ibisuguti ( biscuits ) , amandazi n' ibindi ( RAB igenda ibyigisha amakoperative ) .
Kirabiranya y' urutoki y' irindwa mu buryo bukurikira : Guhora ugenzura umurima wawe igihe uri mu karere kirabiranya yagezemo ; Guca umwanana ukoresheje isando amabere yanyuma akimara gusohoka mu mwanana ; Gutera imibyare myiza nk' ivuye muri laboratoire ; Kwirinda gutizanya ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu rutoki ; Kwirinda kugendagenda mu murima urimo uburwayi haba abantu ndetse n' amatungo , Gutema no gutaba insina zirwaye .
INDWARA ya Kirabiranya y' URUTOKI ni iki ? Ni indwara ifata amoko yose y' insina . Iterwa na bagiteri （ Xanthomonas campestris pv musacearum ） igakwirakwizwa n' inzuki zitara ubuki ( ziyikura ku nsina zirwaye zikajya ku nsina nzima ) , imibyare irwaye n' ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu murima urwayentibisukurwe nabyo bikwirakwiza iyi ndwara . Ibimenyetso ; Insina yafashwe , amakoma yayo ararabirana , akaba nkayahiye hanyuma akarabirana akuma ; Umutumba wayo , mu nguri , mu mwanana no mu mabere y' igitoki havamo amashyira y' umuhondo iyo ubikase ; Igitoki gitangira kuneka kitarakomera ; iyo umanyuye ibere usangamo ibara ry' ikigina imbere ; Umwanana uruma .
Uburyo bwo kurwanya kirabiranya y' urutoki igihe yageze mu murima ni ubu bukurikira : Kurandura insina n' imizi , n' igitoki cyayo bakabitemagura noneho bakabitaba mu cyobo ku buryo itongera gushibuka ; Kureka ibyo byatabwe bikabanza bikabora nibura mu gihe cy' amezi atandatu . Muri icyo gihe ntansina cyangwa ibishibuka byazo bigomba kuba aho haranduwe insina ; Iyi ndwara ishobora kugaragara ku nsina zimwe na zimwe mu rutoki ariko ntigaragare ku zindi . Insina zitagaragaza ibimenyetso ntibivuga ko zitarwaye , kuko bifata amezi atatu kuva insina ifashe n' agakoko ( bagiteri ) kugirango igaragaze ibimenyetso .