C4IR-RW/kinya-ag-retrieval huggingface dataset:
Ipapayi ( Carica papaya ) ibarizwa mu muryango wa “ Caricaceae ” . Iki igihingwa cyakomotse muri Mexike no muri Costarika . Ipapayi ni igihingwa gikunda ikirere gishyushye ku bipimo bya dogere 0C hagati ya 25 na 30 . Munsi ya dogere 10 haterwa ubwoko bw' amapapayi yo mu misozi miremire . Mu Rwanda ipapayi yera mu Turere twose tw' Igihugu cyane cyane ahantu hashyuha ariko habaho n' ubwoko bwera neza mu misozi ahantu hakonja . Habaho ipapayi y' ikigore nindi y' ikinyabibiri , arinazo zitanga umusaruro , n' ipapayi y' ikigabo ibangurira izindi . Ni ngombwa gutera ipapayi z' ibigore n' ibigabo mu murima umwe kugirango bizatange umusaruro nibura igiti kimwe k' ikigabo kubiti 10 by' ibigore . Muri rusange , habaho amapapayi imbere ari umutuku andi umuhondo andi orange . Ipapayi ishobora kuribwa ihiye cyangwa yumishijwe . Ipapayi ihiye ikungahaye kuri vitamine ( A na C ) , fibre na poruteyine . Ishobora gukorwamo imitobe cyangwa confiture . Ipapaye zitarashya cyangwa amababi yazo bishobora gukoreshwa nk' imboga , imbuto nazo zikoreshwa mu gukora imiti ikoreshwa mu buvuzi cyangwa ibirungo byo muri salade .
Mu Rwanda haba ubwoko bw' ipapayi bukurikira : Ipapayi zo mu misozi ( Mountain papaya ) : zera neza mu misozi miremire , zikagira imbuto nto kandi zikunze gukoreshwa muri confiture . Solo ni ubwoko bwaturutse muri Hawayi ( Hawaiian variety ) butanga imbuto ntoya ariko nyinshi kandi ziryoha . Muri ubu bwoko usangamo Solo sunrise na solo sunset ; Solo Sunrise : ni ubwoko buryoha , butanga umusaruro mwiza kuko bwera amapapayi menshi . Imbere mu imapapayi hasa n' umutuku ugana kuri orange , zikaba zipima hagati ya garama 400 na 650 , kandi ubu bwoko bwihanganira indwara za virus . Ipapayi yeze ikaba ishobora kumara iminsi 14 ikiri nzima . Solo Sunset : ni ubwoko busa n' umutuku imbere ujya kuba irose , butanga umusaruro mwiza , kandi bugira uburyohe . Imbuto zigira umutwe muto kandi imbuto zambere zitangira kuza kuri m1 ku ruti uvuye kubutaka .
AHABERANYE N ' UBUHINZI BW ' IPAPAYI MU RWANDA ni aha hakurikira : Ipapayi yera neza ahantu hari ubutaka bufite isi ndende , buhitisha umwuka , bufite ifumbire ihagije , butarekamo amazi . Ipapayi ntizikunda ubutaka bwibumba cyangwa burimo urwunyunyu . Ntabwo zihanganira umuyaga mwinshi , umwuzure cyangwa izuba ryinshi igihe kirekire . Ipapayi ikunda ubutaka bufite ubusharire ( pH ) buri hagati ya 6 . 5 na 7 n' ubutumburuke bugera cyangwa burenga gato m 1000 ; ibi bikaba bigaragaza ukuntu ipapayi ishobora kwera neza muburasirazuba bw' u Rwanda . Kugira ngo ipapayi ikure neza kandi itange umusaruro uhagije , ikeneye ubushyuhe buri hagatiya dogere ( oC ) 21 - 30 , mugihe munsi ya degree 10 utera ubwoko bwo mu misozi miremire . Ipapayi ikunda amazi aringaniye , mugihe cy' izuba ningombwa kwuhira inshuro ebyiri mu cyumweru .
Imbuto y' amapapayi ituruka ku mbuto z' ibiti byeze neza , bitarangwaho uburwayi ubwo aribwo bwose . Imbuto zikurwamo imbere mu ipapayi nziza itoranijwe mu zindi kandi ihishije neza , zigahongesherezwa ahantu h' agacucu , zikanikwa ku nkoko kuva ku minsi 3 kugeza ku minsi 5 , zikavangwa kenshi hakoreshejwe intoki . Zishobora kandi guhita ziterwa zikiri uko zakuwemo . Iyo usatuye ipapayi utandukanya imbuto z' ingore ziba ziherereye ahagana ku mutwe w' ipapayi ( Umukara cyane ) n' iz' ingabo zirundiye ahagana ku kibuno ( zereruka ) Imbuto zibonetse zishobora guhita zihumbikwa . Iyo imbuto udahise uzitera , ni ngombwa kuzibika ahantu humutse ariko hahehereye mu mabahasha y' impapuro ariko nturenze amezi 6 utarazitera kugira ngo zidatakaza ubushobozi bwo kumera . Garama 1 iba irimo imbuto 60 ; Icyitonderwa : Ni byiza ko umuhinzi agurira imbuto ku mutubuzi wizewe .
Ubuhumbikiro bwubakwa hakurikijwe ibipimo bikurikira : - Ubugari bw' umutabo : m 1 - m1 . 2 , - Uburebure bw' umutabo : m 10 - m12 , - Hagati y' umutabo n' undi : cm 80 - cm100 , - Ibiti byo gushinga bigomba kuba bifite m1 . 8 – m 2 . 00 , - Ucukura umwobo wa cm 50 z' ubujyakuzimu , - Ushingamo bya biti ku buryo ubuhumbikiro buba bufite m1 . 30 m1 . 50 , - Umutabo ugomba kuba ufite ibiti , imbaho ( cyangwa imbabari ) ku mpande byo gutangira ibihoho , - Umutabo ugomba kuba kandi utwikiriye kugira ngo bigabanye izuba ( isakaro ntigomba kuba igizwe n' ibyatsi bimera cyangwa bifite imbuto zimera ) . Mu gutwikira , hashobora gukoreshwa shadenet ( akayungirizo k' izuba ) igabanya urumuri ku kigero cya 35 % .
Imirimo yo kurera ingemwe z' ipapayi bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Mu buhumbikiro , shyiramo imborera iboze neza : amashyi atatu ( ibiro 3 - 5 ) kuri metero kare imwe . Kora imirongo yo kwinazamo ifite ubujyakuzimu bwa cm 1 kandi itandukanijwe na cm 10 ; Imbuto zishyirwa mu mirongo yaciwe ku ntera ya cm 2 hagati y' intete n' indi ; ukarenzeho agataka gakeya . Twikirizaho isaso y' ibyatsi byumye neza , isaso ihita ikurwaho ingemwe zikimera hagati y' ibyumweru 2 na 3 . Ni ngombwa gusura ubuhumbikiro buri munsi , urugemwe rwose rugaragaje uburwayi cyangwa ubundi busembwa rurarandurwa rugatwikirwa kure . Iyo bibaye ngombwa , haterwa imiti irwanya indwara z' uduhumyo nk' indwara y' uruhumbu , ( Copper Hydroxide - Funguran , cyangwa Sulphur ( Thiovit ) : garama 50 / Litiro 20 z' amazi ) n' irwanya ibyonnyi ( Lambda - Cyhalothrin , ml15 / Litiro , Cypermethrin 20 - 30ml / litiro 20 z' amazi ) 20 z' amazi , Rocket na Cypermethrin 20 - 30ml / litiro 20 z' amazi ) Hagati y' ibyumweru 2 na 4 , imbuto zimaze kumera , zimurirwa mu bihoho ziba zifite byibura amababi 3 - 4 n' uburebure bwa cm 5 ; Icyitonderwa :
Imirimo rusange yo kwita ku ngemwe z' Ipapayi m' ubuhumbikiro ni iyi ikurikira : Kuvomerera : Ni byiza kuvomerera igihe cyose imvura itagwa . Kuvomerera bigomba gukorwa mu gitondo . Si byiza kuvomerera nimugoroba kuko amazi atinda ku mababi akaba yatuma uburwayi bwororoka vuba ndetse n' indwara zo mu mizi zikororoka vuba . Kumenera : bikorwa kugirango itaka ryo mu bihoho ryorohe bityo amazi abashe kwinjiramo neza . • Kubagara : utwatsi twose tumera mu bihoho tugomba gukurwaho tukigaragara . • Kwimura ibihoho no guca umuzi warenze igihoho : ibi bikorwa kugirango ingemwe zidashinga imizi mu butaka bityo bikazagorana igihe cyo kuzitera mu murima . Gutera imiti : ingemwe z' amapapayi zikunda guhura n' uburwayi butandukanye . Aha twavuga : kubora kw' imizi ( root rot ) , akaribata ( anthracnose ) , n' izindi . Ibyonnyi bikunze kugaragara ni tiripusi ( thrips ) , udutagangurirwa ( mites ) , n' ibindi . Ni ngombwa rero gutera imiti mu buhumbikiro . Mu kurwanya indwara , batera basimburanya iyi miti ikurikira : imiti irimo cuivre ( Ingero : Gitenge , Komanda , Funguran , Nordox ) , imiti irimo sulfur ( Ingero : Thiovit , Miovit , Thiogil , Ramsulfur ) , imiti irimo carbendazim ( Ingero : Rodazim , Megazim , Goldazim ) . Mu kurwanya ibyonnyi , batera basimburanya iyi miti ikurikira : imiti irimo abamectin ( ingero : Dudu abamectin , Romectin , Glider ) , imiti irimo acetameprid ( Ingero : Aster extrem , Dudu acetameprid ) , imiti irimo lambda - cyhalothrin ( Ingero : Lamdex , Lamdaline ) , imiti irimo alpha - cypermethrine ( urugero : Kiboko ) . Kumenyereza ingemwe zenda guterwa : kugirango ingemwe zikomere bityo zizabashe gufata neza mu murima , ni ngombwa kuzimenyereza bagabanya gahoro gahoro amazi zihabwa mu buhumbikiro ndetse bagabanya gahoro gahoro n' igicucu . Ibi bitangira gukorwa habura nk' ukwezi kumwe kugirango ziterwe mu murima .
GUTEGURA UMURIMA NO GUTERA MO IPAPAYI BIKORWA BITYA : Hinga umurima neza uvanemo urwiri . - Ni ngombwa kubanza kugaragaza mu murima ahazaterwa ibiti by' amapapayi , hagashingwa imambo . - Cukura imyobo ya cm 50 mu mpande na cm 50 z' ' ibujyakuzimu ( ibi bipimo bigenda bihinduka bitewe n' ubwoko bw' ubutaka ) . Igitaka cyo hejuru gishyirwa uruhande rumwe aricyo gisubiramo kivanze n' ifumbire , ibyo bigakorwa nibura icyumweru mbere yo gutera . - Mu mwobo umwe hashyirwamo ifumbire y' imborera iboze neza ingana nibura n' ibase imwe ( kg 15 - 25 ) , - Haterwa gusa ingemwe zidafite indwara iyo ari yo yose , zifite amababi y' icyatsi kibisi gitoshye . - Nyuma y' amezi atatu nyuma yo kwinaza , uvana imbuto mu bihoho ukazitera mu murima . - Bitewe n' ubwoko , ushobora gutera ku ntera ya m 2 - 3 hagati y' imirongo na m 2 hagati y' umwobo n' undi mu murongo . Icyo gihe ibiti 1600 - 2500 bishobora guterwa mu murima wa hegitari . - Ipapayi ziterwa mu ntangiriro y' imvura kuva muri Nzeri n' Ugushyingo . - Mu gutera , igihoho kivanwaho hagasigara igitaka gikikije imizi kugirango ingemwe zifate neza . Nyuma yo gutera , batsindagira gake itaka rikikije urugemwe rwatewe kugirango rirwegere , wirinda ko amazi areka hafi y' uruti igihe ingemwe zikiri nto kuko bituma hashobora kuzaho indwara z' imizi . Icyitonderwa : umugoraba ubanziriza umunsi wo gutera , ni byiza guha ingemwe ziri mubihoho amazi ahagije .
GUSARURA NO GUFATA NEZA UMUSARURO w' IPAPAYI bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira . Igihe cyo gusarura : Igihe cyo gusarura kigira uruhare kubwiza n' uburyohe bw' ipapayi rihiye ; Gusarura bikorwa nyuma y' amezi 8 - 10 kuva uteye ingemwe . Bishobora no kugera ku mwaka bitewe n' uko ikirere cy' ahantu giteye . Ipapaye y' ikigore itanga amapapayi y' ibumbye mugihe ikigabo kizana amapapayi mato kandi maremare . Ipapayi y' ikinyabibiri yera amapapayi manini n' amato . Ayo mato agomba gukurwaho kugirango amanini akure neza . Ipapayi rikomeye ryatangiye guhishira rigaragaza akabara k' umuhondo niryo risarurwa ; Umusaruro w' amapapayi ushobora kungana n' imbuto hagati ya 30 na 150 bitewe n' ubwoko wateye cyangwa toni hagati ya 30 na 50 z' amapapayi kuri hectare imwe ku mwaka . Umurima w' ipapayi ushobora kwera kugeza ku myaka 10 , ariko imyaka 4 yambere niyo umuntu abonamo umusaruro uhagije kdi uvamo inyungu . Ningombwa gutangira kuvugurura amapapayi nyuma y' imyaka 4 . Kurobanura no gushyira amapapayi mu byiciro : Kurobanura amapapayi ni ugutoranyamo ateze neza , ayagwingiye , afite ubusembwa n' agaragaza uburwayi . Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro bishobora kongera agaciro k' umusaruro ku rugero rwa 40 % kugeza kuri 60 % . Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro bishobora kugabanya iyangirika ry' umusaruro .
1 . Indwara y' Iyongobeza mumero ( Damping off ) Ikiyitera : Iterwa n' uduhumyo dutandukanye tuba mu butaka ( muritwo twavuga nk' akitwa Rhizoctonia solani , Pythium spp . , phytophthora spp . ) . Utu duhumyo dushobora no gufata ku mbuto . Iyi ndwara ikunda ikunda gufata urugemwe rukimera uhereye aho uruti ruhera kubabuka , rukabora , hanyuma urugemwe rukaraba maze rukuma . Iyo imbuto zirwaye zibora zitaramera ; Iyi ndwara yigaragaza cyane mu gihe cy' ubushyuhe n' ubuhehere bwinshi ; Kuyirinda : Kwirinda iyi ndwara itaragera mu murima nicyo k' ingenzi , utera imbuto zitarwaye wakuye ahantu hizewe , gutera ubwoko bwihanganira ubu burwayi nka solo , gucunga neza amazi mu murima ntareke , kandi ukirinda gutera ifumbire ya azote nyinshi . Kurima muzuba umurima kugirango imirasire yinjire mubutaka ; Kuyivura : Kurandura ibyafashwe ; Gutera imiti yica uduhumyo mbere na nyuma y' uko igaragara .
Indwara y' Akaribata ( Anthracnose ) y' ipapayi ; Ikiyitera : Iyi ndwara iterwa n' agahumyo , ikaba ishobora kugaragara mu murima no mububiko . Urubuto rwafashwe ruzana ibidomo bitose byijimye bigenda bikura bikora uruziga kandi byinjiramo imbere kuburyo hamera nkahaboze . Uduhumyo dutera iyi ndwara dukwirakwizwa akenshi n' umuyaga , imvura yangwa ibiti birwaye bikoranaho n' ibindi bizima ndetse n' ibikoresho iyo ubivanye ku giti kimwe ujya kukindi . Iyi ndwara igaragara cyane ku mapapayi ahishije . Akaribata kagaragara cyane mugihe cy' ubushyuhe n' ubuhehere bwinshi . Kwirinda Indwara y' Akaribata ( Anthracnose ) y' ipapayi : Kuyirinda bikorwa utera imiti irinda uduhumyo ya mancozeb , copper hydroxide cyangwa imiti yo kuvura nka Ridomil mugihe ururabo ruri hafi kuza ndetse na nyuma yo kurabya . Gutera imbuto zihanganira uburwari nka solo Gushyira urubuto mu mazi ashyushye ( kuri 49oC , mu minota 20 ) ukimara kurusarura bitanga igisubizo kiza mu gihe imbuto zibitse cyangwa mu nzira zijyanwa ku isoko .
Ibidomo by' uruziga ( Papayaringspot virus ) y' ipapayi : Ibidomo by' uruziga n' indwara ya virusi irangwa n' ibidomo by' uruziga by' icyatsi kibisi cyeruruka bifite izingiro ry' icyatsi kibisi kijimye ku rubuto , n' ibindi bimenyetso bitandukanye bijya gusa n' ibya virusi ya mozayike ku mababi . Iyi ndwara ikwirakwizwa n' udusimba nk' inda , cyangwa ibikoresho iyo ibikuye kugiti kirwaye ukabikoza kugiti kizima . Kwirinda indwara z' amavirusi mu murima w' ipapayi bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Gutera imbuto itarwaye yavuye ahantu hizewe . Kurwanya inda z' ibihingwa . Kwirinda kwegereza umurima mushya n' ushaje . Kurandura ibiti birwaye bigatwikwa . Kwirinda guhinga mu murima ibindi bihingwa bihuza iyi virusi ( inyanya , ibinyanzuzi , . . ) Isuku mu murima havanwamo ibyatsi byimeza byose ; Kuvura indwara z' amavirusi mu murima w' ipapayi bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Nta miti yihariye yica virus .
Virusi mozayike y' ipapayi ni iki irangwa n' iki ? Mozayike iterwa n' ubwoko bwinshi bw' amavirusi ; Ibimenyetso by' ibanze ni amabara aza ku mababi . Ikibabi gihindura ishusho , imimero ikikunja ntikure igahinduka umuhondo igihingwa cyose kikagwingira . Iyi ndwara ikwirakwizwa n' inzuki zitara ku ndabo , n' utundi dusimba dushobora kuyimarana umwanya mu gihe tuguruka . Iyi Virusi ntabwo ikwirakwizwa n' imbuto . Inyinshi muri virusi z' amapapayi zituruka ku binyabihaza . Mosaike irangiza cyane ikaba yatera no kubura umusaruro wose .
Inda / ubuhunduguru / uburima mu murima w' ipapayi : Ubwoko bwinshi bw' ubusimba bukunda amapapayi . Udutera ibibazo byinshi ni ubuhunduguru cg inda , bukwirakwiza amavirusi . Inda zitungwa no kunyunyuza ibimera zafasheho . Inda zihisha munsi y' amababi zikahatera amabara agaragara nk' ibimenyetso by' amavirusi . Utundi dusimba twangiza amapapayiharimo isazi z' umweru ( White fly ) , tiripusi ( Thrips ) , utumatirizi ( mealybug ) , isazi ( Fruit Fly ) , utunyugunyugu . Utu dukoko dukunda kwangiza imbuto , amababi agahunguka ndetse umusaruro ukagabanuka cyane ; Kwirinda Inda / ubuhunduguru / uburima mu murima w' ipapayi bikorwa bitya : Kubungabunga inshuti z' abahinzi ; Gukuraho amababi ashaje kugirango umurima winjiramo urumuri ; Gukoresha imitego imatira yibara ry' umuhondo imanikwa kuri metero imwe mumurima ; Kuvura Inda / ubuhunduguru / uburima mu murima w' ipapayi bikorwa bitya : Gutera imiti yica udusimba iyinyuranya nka ; * Lambdacyhalothrin ( Lamdex ) : Vanga ml 15 z' umuti muri litiro 20 z' amazi . * Alpha cypermethrine : Vanga ml 20 z' umuti muri litiro 20 z' amazi . * Abamectin : Vanga ml 10 z' umuti muri litiro 20 z' amazi .
Ibyonnyi by' Iminyorogoto yo mu butaka ( Nematodes ) mu murima w' ipapayi ; Iminyorogoto yitwa nematode yangiza cyane imizi y' ipapayi , bigatuma rikura nabi , rikaba umuhondo , ndetse umuyaga waza rikaranduka ryose ; Kuyirinda no kuyirwanya :
Ubwatsi bw' amatungo ni iki ? Ubwatsi bw' amatungo ni ubwatsi bwose bwimeza cyangwa , buhingwa bugasarurwa bugashyirwa amatungo aho ari . Ubwatsi bw' amatungo bugabanyijemomo ibice by' ingenzi aribyo : ibinyampeke , ibinyamisogwe n' ibisigazwa by' ibihingwa .
Imbuto y' ubwatsi bw' amatungo ni iki ? Imbuto ni intete , umurama , igihingwa cyangwa se igice cy' igihingwa , ingeri , cyangwa igitsinsi bikoreshwa mu ituburwa ry' ubwatsi bw' amatungo muri rusange . Imbuto y' indobanure ni imbuto yatunganyijwe imaze gukorerwa ubushakashatsi , imbuto yagenzuwe , ifite ibisobanuro bya ngombwa ku cyo ipfunyitsemo kiyiranga ; Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko imbuto nziza ishobora kongera umusaruro kugeza kuri 25 ndetse na 30 % , iyo iherekejwe n' izindi nyongeramusaruro , ishobora gukuba umusaruro kabiri cyangwa gatatu .
Ubwoko bw' ubwatsi bw' amatungo «fodder variety» buba bufite ibiburanga by' umwihariko kandi bifitiye akamaro amatungo . Iyo ubutubuye biciye mu buryo bw' intete , ibitsinsi cyangwa hakoreshejwe ingeri bugumana wa mwihariko uburanga . Imbuto nziza ni iki ? Imbuto yitwa ko ari nziza iyo ari umwimererere , itavanze n' imbuto z' ubundi bwoko , itarwaye , ifite ubuhehere butuma ibikwa igihe kirekire , itononekaye kandi ishobora kumera ku buryo bushimishije .
Muri rusange mbere yo guhinga ubwatsi ubanza gukuraho ubuhasanzwe , Ugomba guhinga neza umurima hanyuma ugatera imbuto yawe ushaka . Mbere ya byose ariko ugomba kureba niba umurima wawe uberanye n' ubwatsi ugiye kubuhingamo . Ni gihe ki watereraho ubwatsi ? Gutera ubwatsi kimwe n' ibindi bihingwa bisaba kureba uko ikirere kimeze ndetse no kureba uko ingemwe z' ubwatsi zizamera . Kumera no gukura biterwa n' imvura kurenza uko byaterwa n' ubuhehere bw' ubutaka . ; Igihe kiza cyo gutera ubwatsi n' igihe imvura itangiye kugwa . Gutera ubwatsi imvura ikigwa bituma ubwatsi bukoresha neza imyungu ngugu iba m' ubutaka yitwa Nitrogen ituma ubwatsi bushora imizi neza kandi bugakura vuba mu gihe gito kitarenze amazi abiri butewe . Kwita ku bwatsi bwatewe ; Umwaka wa mbere wo gutera ubwatsi usaba imirimo myinshi kugirango ubwatsi bufate neza . Kugirango ubwatsi wateye bubashe gufata neza , ubutaka bugomba kuba buhehereye bihagije . Ibindi ugumba kureba ni ibi bikurikira : a ) Ifumbire iri mu butaka ; b ) Uburyo ubwatsi burinzwe udukoko n' indwara ; c ) Uburyo ubwatsi bubagaye ; d ) Uburyo bukoreshwa mu kubusazura .
Gutunganya imbuto y' ubwatsi bikorwa bitya : 1 . Gutegura ubwatsi muri pepinyeri ( ubuhumbikiro ) Kugirango ugire ubwatsi bwiza wizeye neza ni byiza kubutegura ugahumbika imbuto maze ukazabona ingemwe nziza zitavanze n' ibyatsi bibi . 2 . Gutegura ubuhumbikiro ; Mu gutegura aho guhumbika ubwatsi ugomba kwita ku bintu bibiri byibanze waba uzahingisha imashini cyangwa amasuka : · Ubuhumbikiro buzatuma imbuto zimera vuba ; · Ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ibyonnyi mu mbuto ; Ikigenderewe mu gutunganya ubuhumbikiro ni ugutegura ubuhumbikiro bukomeye kandi bwizewe . Mugihe hakoreshejwe imashini ihinga hitabwa kukureba niba ubutaka bwujuje ibyangombwa , niba bufite ifumbire n' ububobere bikwiye . Akenshi ubuhumbikiro bukunzwe kwangizwa n' imvura ni byiza rero kubutwikira cyangwa ukabutegura mu gihe nta mvura nyinshi iriho . 3 . Ni ryari wahumbika imbuto ; Guhumbika bikorwa mu gihe kitari icy' imvura nyinshi mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko umuvu cyangwa isuri byaza bigatwara imbuto , bikangiza ubuhehere bw' ubutaka cyangwa bigatwara ifumbire bikaba byatuma imbuto zitamera . 4 . Uburyo bwo guhumbika imbuto ; Ubwatsi busanzwe n' ibinyamisogwe bishobora guhumbikwa bitandukanye cyangwa se bivanze ; uburyo bukurikira nibwo bukoreshwa mu guhumbika : i ) Kubiba : Ni uburyo bwo kumisha imbuto ku buryo zitirunda ahantu hamwe , mu kumisha hitabwa kureba icyerekezo cy' umuyaga kugirango utazitwara . Imbuto zigomba guterwa mu butaka ku kigero cya sentimetero 1 . 2 - 1 . 5 z' ubujyakuzimu ugatwikiriza itaka rike . ii ) Gutera ku murongo ; Gutera ku murongo bifasha kuvanamo ibyatsi bibi cyane cyane mu gihe cya mbere cyo guhumbika . Ubwatsi busanzwe n' ibinyamisogwe bishobora guterwa ku murongo umwe cyangwa ukagenda ubibisikanya bitewe n' ubwoko bw' imbuto . Umwanya ujya hagati y' urugemwe n' urundi ni santimetero 30 kugeza kuri 60 . 5 . Kurwanya ibyatsi bibi mu buhumbikiro ; Ubuhumbikiro butunganye niyo ntangiriro yo kurwanya ibyatsi bibi , ni ngombwa kurima aho guhumbika nibura mbere y' ibyumweru 3 kuko bituma ibyatsi bibi bitamera .
Imbuto z' ubwatsi n' urugero ziterwaho ; Ikigero cyo gutera ubwatsi : Mu gutera ubwatsi hagenderwa ku bintu bitandukanye : Ubwiza n' uburambe by' imbuto nibyo byerekana ikigero n' uburyo bwo gutera bukoreshwa . Imbuto nto ziterwa ku kigero gito ugereranije n' imbuto ndende , na none bigaterwa n' ubwoko bw' imbuto . Urugero ubwatsi busanzwe buterwa ku kigero cy' ibiro 10 - 15 kuri hegitari imwe naho ibinyamisogwe ni ibiro 5 - 10 kuri hegitari imwe . Ubwiza no gukomera kw' ubwatsi nibyo byerekana urugero rw' uko buterwa kuko imbuto ntoya ziterwa ku kigero gito ugereranije n' imbuto nini .
Gutera ubwatsi bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Imbuto zishobora guterwa zakuweho igishishwa , cyangwa kiriho ariko gipfumaguye . Gutera mu butaka bwiza bituma imbuto zimera vuba . Bumwe mu buryo bukunze gukoreshwa ni : kubiba , kuvugurura ubwatsi ugenda utera udutsiko gutera mu tuzinga duto doto , gutera ingeri cyangwa inguri / ibitsinsi no gutera ubwatsi mu bindi bihingwa . Uburyo bwiza bwo gutera ubwatsi buzavaho imbuto ni ugutera ku mirongo .
Intego zigenderwaho mu gutubura ubwatsi : - Uguhinga ubwatsi buzasarurwaho imbuto nyinshi kandi nziza ; - Uguhitamo aho uzatuburira ; - Guhuza igihingwa n' aho uzatuburira ; - Guhitamo ubwoko bw' ubwatsi bwo gutubura ; · Ibinyampeke byatsi ; · Ibinyamisogwe biranda ; · Ibiti bigaburirwa amatungo ; - Kwita ku mikurire y' igihingwa ; - Kwita ku bwatsi bwatewe ; - Gusarura imbuto y' ubwatsi ;
Guhitamo ahazatuburirwa Ubwatsi bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Ubutaka ; Ni ngombwa guhitamo ubutaka buberanye n' ubwatsi watoranyije . Hari ubwatsi bukunda ubutaka burebure bufumbiye , hari ubukunda amabuye mato arimo umucanga , hari ubukunda ubutaka busharira , hari n' ubukunda ubutaka bwegereye igishanga . Ni ngombwa ko umutubuzi ahitamo ubutaka bwiza buberanye n' ubwatsi agiye guhinga . B . Ikirere ; • Ikirere cyiza ni ingenzi cyane mu gutubura ubwatsi kurusha ubutaka ; • Ikirere kivanze imvura n' izuba kiba cyiza ; • Ubushyuhe bwangiza cyane imbuto ariko biterwa n' ubwoko butewe naho igihingwa kigeze gikura .
Ibishingirwaho mu guhitamo ubwatsi bwo gutera ni ibi bikurikira : A . Uburyohe ; Mbere yo gutera ubwatsi ugomba kureba niba amatungo yawe azaburya . Kugirango umenye ko ubwatsi amatungo yawe azabukunda wifashisha uburyo bwa “ Cafetaria ” . Cafetaria ni ugushyira ibirundo bingana by' ubwatsi bitandukanye ahantu hanyuma ukareka amatungo akihitiramo , nyuma ukaza kureba ubusigaye aribuke cyangwa ubwashize . Ubwo nibwo buba buryoheye amatungo yawe akaba aribwo uyahingira . B . Intungamubiri ; Ubwatsi ukwiye guhinga bugomba kuba bufite intungamubiri nyinshi . Izibanze kandi zikenewe ni Poroteyine ( Proteins ) n' imyunyu ngugu ( Minerals ) ariko n' izindi nk' izitanga ingufu ( energies ) ni ngomwa n' ubwo zo ziboneka henshi . Ikindi ukwiye kureba ni ukuba nta byabangamira itungo igihe ririye ubwatsi . Ubwatsi uhitamo bugomba kuba bworohera itungo mu kuburya , bukagira n' igogora ryiza mu gihe amatungo aburiye . C . Kuba bufata neza ubutaka ; Ubwatsi bwiza bugomba kuba budatuma ubutaka bugunduka ahubwo buburumbura kandi bukanaburinda isuri . D . Guhingwa no gusarurwa ku buryo bworoshye ; Ubwatsi bwiza bugomba kuba bushobora gutanga imbuto nyinshi kandi nzima . Kuba bushobora guhingwa hakoreshejwe ibice byabwo ( ingeri cyangwa ibitsinsi ) nokuba butagorana igihe ushatse kubuvana mu murima . E . Umusaruro ; Ubwatsi bwiza ni ubutubuka ; ni ukuvuga butanga umusaruro mwinshi ( Biomass ) . Ibyo bishobora gutuma ubona ubwatsi butunga inka nyinshi ku hantu hato . F . Igihe bumara utongeye kubuhinga ; Ubwatsi bwiza ni ubumara imyaka myinshi mu murima utongeye kubuhinga ariko bugakomeza gutanga umusaruro . Burangwa no gushibuka nyuma yo gutema , bwahuye n' umuriro , amazi cyangwa kuragirwa cyane . Ni ubwatsi bwihanganira ibihe birebire by' izuba .
Guhuza ubwatsi n' aho uzabutuburira . – Bikenera imvura nyinshi , iyo buyibuze bugaragaza ikibazo ; – Ni ngombwa guhitamo ubutaka n' ubwatsi biberanye ukibanda mu gukosora imyunyu ngugu ibura mu butaka ukoresheje ifumbire yabugenewe .
Uko imirimo ikurikirana mu butubuzi bw' ubwatsi bw' amatungo : Ø Gutegura neza umurima ; Ø Kuringaniza ahaterwa imbuto ; Ø Kurwanya ibyonnyi by' ibyatsi bibi ; Ø Kureba ifumbire ikenewe ; Ø Kumenya no kubahiriza igihe cyo gutera ; Ø Guhitamo niba utera ingeri , ibitsinsi cyangwa intete ; Ø Kumenya ingano y' imbuto ukenera kuri hegitari ; Ø Intera yibandwaho mu gutera : Iyo ushaka umusaruro w' ubwatsi bwo kugabura imbuto urayegeranya naho iyo ushaka gusarura imbuto , ushyiramo intera nini . Buri gihingwa kigira intera yacyo . Ø Ubujyakuzimu bw' aho imbuto iterwa .