C4IR-RW/kinya-ag-retrieval huggingface dataset:
Kabore n' indwara iboneka mu Rwanda hose . Iterwa n' agahumyo kaba mu butaka bita “ Fusarium oxysporum f . sp . cubens ” , kamara imyaka irenga mirongo itanu kakiri mu butaka katarapfa , akaba ariyo mpamvu aho yagaragaye utera amoko yandi atari Kamaramasenge , Kayinja ( Gisubi ) na Gros Michel kuko ariyo yibasira . Ibimenyetso bya kabore ; Amakoma akuze agenda aba umuhondo . Uko hashira iminsi niko amakoma mato nayo afatwa yose akaba umuhondo , akaraba , akuma , agatendera ku mutumba asa n' akoze ijipo , nyuma insina yose ikuma ; Rimwe na rimwe umutumba w' insina irwaye urisatura cyangwa ukavunika ; Imbere h' inguri n' umutumba hahindura ibara rijya gusa n' umutuku w' ibihogo kandi hakanuka ; Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya ;
Indwara zifata amakoma y' urutoki harimo izi zikurikira : Indwara ya Sigatoka y' umukara ( Cercosporiose ) iterwa n' ikinyabuzima kitwa Mycosphaerella Fijiensis , na Sigatoka y' umuhondo iterwa n' ikinyabuzima kitwa Mycosphaerella musicola n' indwara y' ibibara ifata amakoma ( Cladosporiose ) iterwa n' ikinyabuzima cyitwa Periconiella sapientumicola . Ziterwa n' ibinyabuzima byomu bwoko bw' imiyege ( uduhumyo ) , bizana ibibara ku makoma ( ugasanga hari ibice byumye mu makoma ) . Zikunze kuba nyinshi mu gihe cy' imvura kurusha mu gihe cy' izuba . Ibimenyetso ; Sigatoka y' umuhondo isiga uturongo tw' umuhondo kurukoma , tugeraho tugahinduka ibara ry' ibihogo bijya kuba uruziga . Naho Sigatoka y' umukara izana uturongo tw' ibihogo dukura tugahinduka ikibara kinini cy' umukara , nyuma kikaba ikijuju ahagana hagati . Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya ; Kugirira isuku urutoki rwawe ( kurukorera neza , urumuri rukabasha kwinjiramo ) ; Kwirinda gutera insina ahantu hari ubutaka butose ( mu gishanga cg ahandi hari amazi menshi ) ; Hari n' amoko yihanganira ubu burwayi nka FHIA17 na FHIA25 .
Indwara ya Tsindika y' urutoki Ni ndwara iterwa na virusi . Ikwirakwizwa n' agakoko kitwa Pentalonia nigronervosa . Ifata amoko yose y' nsina . Mu Rwanda iboneka i Cyangugu , cyane cyane mu kibaya cya Bugarama ariko imaze no kugaragara no mu bice bya Rusizi na Nyamasheke . Ibimenyetso bya Tsindika ; Umubyare cyangwa insina ifashwe ikiri nto ntikura nkisanzwe izana ama - koma menshi cyane insina ikamera nk' indabyo , Rimwe narimwe kumuzenguruko w' amababi hagira ibara ry' umweru Insina ifashwe ari nkuru ntigira ishusho y' indabyo , Ibimenyetso bigaragara hasi k' umutumba no ku makoma hazaho utudomo tw' icyatsi cyererutse kivanze n' icyatsi kijimye dukoze ishusho y' urukiramende . Uburyo bwo kurwanya Tsindika ; Gutera insina zitarwaye ; Kurandura insina zirwaye zidatinze n' izigeranye n' izirwaye ; Kwirinda gutera insina zivuye mu karere iyo ndwara yiganjemo .
Indwara y' Imfunyarazi y' urutoki ni Virus ikwirakwizwa n' agahunduguru kirabura cyangwa k' icyatsi kibisi kitwa Aphis gossypii ( insecte ) . Ibimenyetso by' Imfunyarazi y' urutoki ; Uturongo tw' umuhondo ku makoma , hanyumatugahinduka ibihogo byirabura kandi urukoma rugahinyagara ; Rimwe na rimwe umwumba urukuma ; Rimwe na rimwe , insina ibora imbere mu mutumba ; Insina iyo zannye igitoki gikomeza kureba hejuru kikarinda gikomera kitareba hasi ( kuko umwanana udakomeza gukura ) ; Agatoki kaba gato . Kwnda no kurwanya indwarea y' imfunyarazi y' urutoki ; Kwirinda gutera imibyare utizeye ubuzima bwayo ; Igihe yageze mu murima kurandura insina zarwaye ukazitaba ; Gukorera isuku mu rutoki bituma udukoko tuyikwirakwiza tutabona aho tuba ; Gufumbira , gusasira no gufata neza urutoki bituma rugira imbaraga zo guhangana n' ibimenyetso byayo . Kurandura insina zafashwe . Bisaba guhora ugenzura insina zafashwe zose ukazirandura . Kugirango ibyo bigerweho , ni ngombwa kugira ubushobozi bwo gutahura ibimenyetso by' indwara itaraba ikigugu .
Indwara y' urutoki ituma inguri y' insina ibora : Iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara mu rutoki bateye mu murima batemyemo ishyamba . Iterwa n' ubwoko bw' imiyege bwitwa Armillaria sp . Buba ku bwoko bw' ibiti bimwe na bimwe . Iyo miyege ikomeza kwibera mu mizi y' ibishyitsi by' ibiti byatemwe , hanyuma ikigabiza insina zitewe muri uwo murima inyuze mu nguri no mu mizi . Ibimenyetso by' Indwara ituma inguri ibora ; Urebeye inyuma , ibimenyetso by' iyindwara bisa n' ibya kirabiranya ( amakoma y' insina aba umuhondo ubundi akuma ) ; Iyo ugenzuye inguri , ubona imirongo y' umweru y' imiyege ; Rimwe na rimwe ku nguri y' insina hazaho imiyege imeze nk' ibihumyo ; Kwirinda no kurwanya Indwara ituma inguri ibora ; Kwirinda gutera insina ahantu hakiva ishyamba ; Igihe insina zafashwe barandura insina zirwaye bakazitwika , hanyuma bagatera insina nzima kuri metero nke uvuye aho iyari irwaye yariteye .
Indwara y' Akaribata y' urutoki ni ndwara iterwa n' ubwoko bw' imiyege yitwa Colletotrichum musae kandi yibasira igitoki . Ikunze gufata ibitoki by' inyamunyo . Ibimenyetso by' Akaribata k' urutoki ; Utudomo twirabura dufata ku ndabyo no ku gishishwa no ku mitwe y' amabere y' igitoki . Utwo tudomo dukomeza gukura , amaherezo tukimbika kandi tugaterana tugakora ikibara kinini ku gitoki ( ibere ) ; Uretse isura yangirika , iyo ndwara nta kindi itwara igitoki ubwacyo . Kwirinda no kurwanya Akaribata k' urutoki ; Kugirira isuku urutoki rwawe ( rukoreye neza kandi urumuri rwinjiramo ) , bituma iyo miyege itabona aho yihisha ; Igihe yageze mu rutoki n' ukongera isuku no gufunika igitoki n' isashe zabugenewe kicyana kugeza gisaruwe .
Indwara y' Igikongoro mu rutokiIterwa n' agahumyo bita “ Stachylidium theobromae ” . Ikunze kuba ahantu hakonje , igakwirakwizwa n' udukoko tujya gutara ubuki mu ndabyo z' ibitoki . Ibimenyetso by' indwara y' Igikongoro mu rutoki ; Imitwe y' amabere isa nk' itabi ry' isegereti batwitse ariko ritaragusha umuyonga . Uburyo bwo kurwanya indwara y' Igikongoro mu rutoki ; Kuzirika umwanana n' akagozi mu gihe insina yana kugirango ingobyi ( ibikobokobo ) zitwikira indabyo ntizifunguke ( bituma indabyo zitinjirwa na twadukoko tuza gutara ubuki mu ndabo ) .
Ikivumvuri cyangiza insina cyangwa urutoki mu buryo bukurikira : Ikivumvuri gikuru gitera amagi hafi y' inguri y' insina cyangwa mu bisigazwa by' insina ahari ubuhehere . Iyo ayo magi amaze guturaga , ibishorobwa bivuyemo bicukura imyobo mu nguri no mu mutumba ariko bigenda byangiza . Ibyo bishorobwa birakura bikavamo ibivumvuri . Bifata iminsi hagati ya 30 na 40 kugirango igi riturage rizagere ubwo rivamo ikivumvuri gikuru . Ikivumvuri gikuru cy' ikigore gitera amagi 96 ku munsi kandi gishobora kumara imyaka iri hagati 3 - 4 . Bityo rero , ibivumvuri bitarwanyijwe bishobora kwangiza urutoki cyane .
Ibimenyetso by' ibivumvuri byangiza insina n' urutoki ni ibi bikurikira : Bibangamira insina ntizamure neza amazi n' ibiyitunga ; Insina ikura nabi kandi ikananuka ; Insina itinda kwana ; Umusaruro uragabanuka ; Rimwe na rimwe insina irangirika burundu ; Mu nsina zazonzwe cyane n' ibivumvuri , umutumba uvunikira aho ufatanira n' inguri .
Uko barwanya ibivumvuri byangiza insina cyangwa urutoki : Gutera imibyare mizima itarangijwe n' ibivumvuri ( iyo uhase inguriugasanga yarariwe urayijugunya , ifite imyobo muinshi ) ; Inguri imaze guhatwa itera mugihe kitarenze iminsi itanu ; kugirira isuku urutoki ( gushangurura , gutemagura imitumba y' insina zisaruwe no kuyisanza , gucoca inguri kugirango zume ) ; Gutega ibivumvuri ukoresheje imitumba y' insina zasaruwe . Imitego yatezwe itegurwa nyuma y ” amasaha 24 , ukavana mo ibivumvuri biri mu mitego ukajya kubitwika . Umutego uwusubizaho kandi ushobora gukoreshwa inshuro eshatu gusa . Nyuma y' iminsi itatu , uhindura umutego ( umutumba mushya ) .
Amashanya n' ubwoko bw' ibyonnyi bitagaragarira amaso , biba mu butaka , mu mizi n' inguri z' insina . Arya imizi agatuma yangirika . Ubwoko bw' amashanya bwangiza cyane ( bwitwa Rhodopholus similis ) bukunze kuboneka mu kibaya cya Rusizi ( mu Bugarama ) . Akenshi ibimenyetso by' amashanya byitiranywa n' ibimenyetso byo kubura ifumbire n' amazi . Ibyo bimenyetso Indwara y' amashanya mu rutoki ni ibi : Imizi irangirika ntishobore kuzamura amazi n' ibitunga insina ; Insina ikura nabi igahinyagara ; Insina itinda kwana ; Igira igitoki gito ; Insina zirandukana n' imizi n' uyo hatari ibibazo by' umuyaga ; Uko warwanya amashanya mu rutoki ; Ugutera imibyare mizima kandi igaterwa mumurima muzima ( utaragaragaye mo ibyonnyi ) ; Guhata umubyare ugiye gutera ugakuraho imizi , ukawinika mu mazi ashyushye yabize amasegonda 30 ; Urutoki rwafashwe rugomba kurimburwa , umurima ugahingwamo indi myaka ( imyumbati , ibijumba n' ibindi urandura insina zishibuka ) mu gihe cy' imyaka ibiri , nyuma ushobora kongera guterwamo urutoki .
Mu myaka icumi ishize habonetse udukoko twitwa “ Chaetanaphothrips signipennis ” cyangwa Thrips , twinjira mu mabere y' igitoki duciye mu ndabyo igihe kirimo kwana . Utu twangiza igishishwa ( uruhu ) rw' amabere y' igitoki rukagira amabara y' ibihogo byegera umukara .
Ibirayi bikunda kwera cyane mu turere tw' amakoro no mu misozi mire mire ifite ubutumburuke buri hagati ya metero 1800 na metero2400 ; Imvura ingana na milimetero 1500 ku mwaka ; Ubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 17° na dogere 25 . Ibirayi bikunda guhingwa cyane mu turere tw' amakoro y' ibirunga ( Burera , Musanze , Nyabihu na Rubavu ) , isunzu rya Congo Nile ( Rutsiro , Karongi , Nyamagabe na Nyaruguru ) n' imisozi miremire y' ububeruka ( Burera na Gicumbi ) .
Ubutaka buhingwaho ibirayii ni ub bukurikira : ibihingwa mu butaka bwiza , bufite isi ndende , buseseka , bufite ubusharire buke ( pH 6 - 6 . 5 ) , kandi butuma umwuka ubutemberamo . Ibirayi bikenera ubutaka bw' isi ndende kandi buhitisha amazi ku buryo bworoshye .
Amoko y' ibirayi yamamazwa akubiye muri Iyi mbonerahamwe itanga amakuru yerekeye imbuto zitandukanye zikoreshwa mu buhinzi , harimo igihe zikura , uburumbuke bwazo , igihe cyo kugera ku musaruro , n' ubudahangarwa kuri kirabiranya n' indwara zituruka ku mvura : Kinigi : Yera hagati y' iminsi 120 - 135 , uburumbuke bw' imbuto zayo ni toni 20 - 25 , Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira kirabiranya n' indwara zituruka ku mvura . Kirundo : Yera hagati y' iminsi 100 - 110 , uburumbuke bwayo ni toni 20 - 25 . Ntihangana n' kirabiranya ariko yihanganira indwara zituruka ku mvura . Mabondo : Yera hagati y' iminsi 100 - 110 , uburumbuke bw' imbuto ni toni 20 - 25 . Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira kirabiranya n' indwara zituruka ku mvura . Cruza : Yera hagati y' iminsi 120 - 130 , uburumbuke bw' imbuto zayo ni toni 20 - 25 . Yihanganira cyane kirabiranya ndetse n' indwara zituruka ku mvura . Gikungu : Yera hagati y' iminsi 100 - 120 , ifite uburumbuke bw' imbuto zifite toni 20 - 25 , Ntiyihanganira kirabiranya ariko yihanganira indwara z' imvura . Kigega : Yera hagati y' iminsi 100 - 120 , uburumbuke ni 35 - 40 , Ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira kirabiranya n' indwara z' imvura . Nkunganire : Yera hagati y' iminsi 90 - 120 , ifite uburumbuke bwa toni 30 - 32 . Irihangana kuri kirabiranya no ku ndwara z' imvura . Kazeneza : Yera hagati y' iminsi 90 - 120 , ifite uburumbuke bwa 40 - 45 . Yihanganira kirabiranya n' indwara z' imvura . Ndeze : Yera hagati y' iminsi 75 - 90 , uburumbuke bwayo ni 20 - 22 . Irihangana kuri kirabiranya n' indwara z' imvura . Twihaze : Yera hagati y' iminsi 100 - 120 , uburumbuke ni toni 40 - 45 . Ntiyihanganira na kirabiranya ariko yihanganira cyane indwara z' imvura . Izihirwe : Yera hagati y' iminsi 100 - 120 , uburumbuke bwayo ni toni 35 - 40 . Yihanganira kirabiranya n' indwara z' imvura . Cyerekezo : Yera hagati y' iminsi 90 - 110 , ifite uburumbuke bwa toni 30 - 35 . Irihangana ku kirabiranya n' indwara z' imvura . Jyambere : Yera hagati y' iminsi 90 - 110 , ifite uburumbuke bwa toni 20 - 25 . Irihangana ku kirabiranya n' indwara z' imvura . Twigiye : Yera hagati y' iminsi 90 - 110 , uburumbuke bwayo ni toni 30 - 35 . Irihangana ku kirabiranya n' indwara z' imvura . Gisubizo : Yera hagati y' iminsi 100 - 120 , ifite uburumbuke bwa toni 35 - 40 . kandi yihanganira ibibazo byose by' ikirere n' indwara . Seka : Yera hagati y' iminsi 90 - 110 , kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira indwara ziterwa n' imvura ndetse n' ibindi bibazo bya kirabiranya . Ndamira : Yera hagati y' iminsi 90 - 110 , uburumbuke bwa toni 35 - 40 , . Irihangana ku Kirabiranya n' indwara z' imvura .
Uko bategura umurima wo guhingamo ibirayi : Guhinga bwambere ( Gutamura ) no Kurwanya isuri : N ' uguhinga barima amasinde baterera ibyatsi bibi hejuru kugirango byume bizatange ifumbire . Bikorwa mu gihe cy' izuba kuko bituma ubutaka bwota izuba bityo indwara n' ibyonnyi bikagabanuka mu butaka . Kurwanya isuri bikorwa basibura imirwanyasuri ahari amaterasi yikora kugirango amazi y' imvura azafatwe adatwaye ubutaka . Ku materasi y' indinganire batema ibihuru n' ibyatsi kugirango bitazihishamo indwara n' ibyonnyi . 2 . Guhinga bwa kabiri ( Gutabira ) : Bikorwa boroshya ubutaka , ibisinde bikamenwa ubutaka bugasigara buseseka ku buryo amazi , umwuka n' imizi y' igihingwa bizanyuramo ku buryo bworoshye .
Gufumbira ibirayi bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : Bashyiramo ibiro 300 kuri are imwe ( = metero kare 10 ) by' ifumbire y' imborera iboze neza ( iseseka ) mu gihe cy' itabira . Iyo fumbire igira akamaro kurushaho iyo ishyizwe mu tugende cyangwa mu myobo bagiye guteramo ibirayi . Mu gihe cyo gutera bongeramo ikiro n' igice ( kg 1 . 5 ) k' ifumbire mvaruganda ya NPK 17 . 17 . 17 kuri are imwe ishyirwa mu myobo cyangwa mu tugende . Mu butaka busharira babanza gushyiramo hagati ya y' ibiro 25 na 30 by' ishwagara idatwitswe kuri are imwe mu gihe cyo gutabira , ikamaramo ibihe by' ihinga bine .
Gutegura imbuto y' ibirayi : Igomba kuba iri mu bwoko buberanye n' akarere izahingwamo . Igomba kuba imeze ifite imimero irenga 2 , ifite umubyimba ungana byibuze nk' igi ry' inkoko . Igomba kuba itavanze n' ubundi bwoko , irobanuye neza nta nenge zigaragara inyuma cyangwa imbere ; Igomba kuba ifite inkomoko izwi : yaturutse ku mutubuzi w' imbuto wabigize umwuga cyangwa umuhinzi wayikurikiranye neza mu murima .
Ibijyanye no gutera imbuto y' ibirayi : Igihe cyiza cyo gutera : Ni mu kwezi kwa Nzeri mu gihe cy' ihinga A , muri Werurwe mu gihe cy' ihinga B no muri Nyakanga mu gihe cy' ihinga C mu bishanga n' imibande ; kuri are imwe 1 hakoreshwa imbuto iri hagati y' ibiro 20 na 25 ; Batera kuri sentimetero 80 hagati y' imirongo na sentimetero 30 hagati y' ikirayi n' ikindi ku murongo . Baca utugende cyangwa bagacukura imyobo bifite sentimetero 20 z' ubujyakuzimu . Bashyira ifumbire mborera iboze neza mu tugende cyangwa mu myobo ; Bongeraho ifumbire mvaruganda ya NPK 17 - 17 - 17 mu mwobo cyangwa mu tugende ; Batera ikirayi 1 mu mwobo cyangwa mu tugende ariko bashyiramo intera ya santimetero 30 hagati y' ikirayi n' ikindi , muri sentimetero 8 ni 10 z' ibujyakuzimu , amaso y' ikirayi areba hejuru .
Ibijyanye no kubagara ibirayi : Kubagara bwa mbere no kumenera : Bikorwa nyuma y' iminsi 15 kugeza kuri 21 ibirayi bimaze kumera bifite uburebure buri hagati ya sentimetero10 na sentimetero 20 . Kubagara bwa kabiri , gusukira itaka no kwongeramo imvaruganda : Bikorwa ibirayi bifite uburebure buri hagati ya sentimetero 20 na sentimetero 30 . Bikorwa itaka ryegerezwa ku gice cyo hasi cy' ibirayi , bigatuma bizana indi mizi bigakomera kandi bikabona n' umwanya uhagije wo gushoreramo . Wongeramo imvaruganda NPK 17 - 17 - 17 ingana n' ikiro n' igice kuri are imwe .
Indwara y' imvura cyangwa milidiyu yo mubirayi ni indwara iterwa n' agahumyo bita “ Phytophtora infestans ” . Ifata amababi , imigozi n' ibirayi biri mubutaka . Iyo ndwara iterwa n' imvura nyinshi . Igihingwa cyafashwe kizana urubobi ku mababi no ku migozi ; nyuma akaba umukara . Iyo bikabije ugira ngo umurima wababutse . Uburyo bwo kurinda no kurwanya indwara y' imvura cyangwa milidiyu mu birayi : Gutera ubwoko bw' imbuto y' ibirayi bwihanganira iyo ndwara ; Gutera imbuto nziza ifite icyemezo cy' ubwiza ; Guhinga ibirayi mu murima umaze nibura ibihembwe bibili by' ihinga udahinzemo ibirayi ; Kurandura ibirayi byimejeje kuko bishobora kubika iyo ndwara bikayikwirakwiza mumurima ; Gutera umuti wa Ridomili ( Ridomil ) ku mababi hose ( garama 50 muri litiro 20 z' amazi ) inshuro ebyiri ( mu ntera y' iminsi 7 ) ibirayi bikimara kumera . Nyuma y' ibyumweru bibiri batera umuti wa Ditane ku mababi hose ( garama 50 muri litiro 20 z' amazi ) bagatera inshuro 1 buri cyumweru mu gihe cy' imvura kugeza ibirayi byeze . Gusukira itaka neza ku birayi bituma ibirayi biri mu butaka bitandura .
Kirabiranya yo mubirayi iterwa na Bagiteri bita « Ralstonia solanacearum » . Ishobora guterwa no guhinga ibirayi mu murima urimo bagiteri zitera iyo ndwara cyangwa se izo bagiteri zibitse mu mbuto y' ibirayi yatewe . IBIMENYETSO bya KIRABIRANYA y' ibirayi ; Kurabirana kw' imigozi y' ibirayi , amababi agahinduka icyatsi kibisi cyeruruka nyuma akuma ; Iyo uranduye umugozi ubona mu maso y' ikirayi cyezeho haturukamo amatembabuzi y' umweru anuka ameze nk' amashyira ; iyo ugitemye usanga imbere hari uruziga rw' umuhondo ushyira ibihogo .
Uburyo bwo kwirinda no kurwanya kirabiranya yo mubirayi : Gutera ubwoko bw' imbuto y' ibirayi bwihanganira iyo ndwara ; Gutera imbuto nziza ifite icyemezo cy' ubwiza ; Gutera imbuto nzizay ' ibirayi byasaruwe mumurimautaragaragayemo iyondwara ; Guhinga ibirayi mu murima umaze nibura ibihembwe bibili by' ihinga udahinzemo ibirayi ; Kurandurana ibirayi byafwashwe n' ubutaka bwabyo bigatabwa mu cyobo kure y' umurima ; Kurandura ibirayi byimeza mumurima igihe cyose bibonetse ; Gutoranya ibirayi bigaragaza ibimenyetso by' uburwayi mu bindi mbere yo guhunika .
Indwara y' imfunyarazi n' indwara iterwa na Virusi . IBIMENYETSO by' indwara y' IMFUNYARAZI y' ibirayi ; Amababi areruruka nyuma agapfunyarara , imitwe y' amababi ikamera nk' amahembe ; Imigozi ntikura neza , iba migufi , ishora nabi kandi igashora uturayi duto kandi duke . Uburyo bwo kwirinda no kurwanya indwara y' IMFUNYARAZI y' ibirayi : Gutera ubwoko bw' imbuto y' ibirayi bwihanganira iyo ndwara ; Gutera imbuto nziza ifite icyemezo cy' ubwiza ; Gutera imbuto nzima zasaruwe mu murima utaragaragayemo iyo ndwara ; Kurandura ibirayi birwaye ndetse n' ibyimejeje kuko bishobora kubika iyo ndwara ; Gutera umuti wica uduhunduguru / inda z' ibirayi ( aphids ) dukwirakwiza iyo virusi , batera imiti nka Rocket 44 EC ( Profenofos 40 % + cypermethrin 4 % EC ) mililitiro 1 ivangwa muri litiro 1 y' amazi .
Urunyo rw' ibirayi ruva mu magi aterwa n' agakoko ko mu bwoko bw' isazi yitwa Liriomyza sp . Iyo sazi ica utwenge mumababi igateramo amagi . Ayo magi asohokamo inyo zikurira mu mababi zikanayarya . Ibimenyetso by' indwara y' URUNYO RW ' IBIRAYI ; Urunyo rw' ibirayi ruba mu mababi imbere , rukarya amababi rucamo inzira uko rugenda rwimuka . Izo nzira zigaragara inyuma ku mababi mu ibara ryenda gusa n' ikijuju . Uburyo bwo kwirinda no kurwanya indwara y' URUNYO RW ' IBIRAYI : Guhingira igihe cyagenwe cyo gutera ibirayi ; Kurima no gutabira byibuze icyumweru mbere yo gutera ibirayi mu murima kugira ngo udusimba twicwe n' imirasire y' izuba ; Gutera umuti wica urunyo nka Imidachloprid mililitiro 30 muri litiro 20 z' amazi cyangwa Abamectin garama 18 muri litiro 1 y' amazi .
Ibimenyetso indwara y' INANDA y' ibrayi ; Inanda ikata igihingwa ahagana hasi ku ruti cyangwa ikagikatira mu butaka ; Iyo inanda zikomeje kubaho , zitangira kurya n' ibirayi . Uburyo bwo kwirinda indwara y' INANDA y' ibrayi ; Gukata ibyatsi ku nkengero z' umurima aho zishobora kwihisha mbere yogutera ; Kubagara uko bikwiye no kugenzura umurima kare mugitondo ugatoragura inanda ukazica .
Igitera Indwara y' ubuheri bufite ifu mu birayi : Agahumyo kitwa Spongospora subterranea ; Ibimenyetso by' Indwara y' ubuheri bufite ifu mu birayi : Ubuheri buza ku kirayi kiri mubutaka nyuma uruhu rugasaduka hakavamo ifu . Iyo ubwo buheri ari bwinshi , ibirayi ntibikura neza . Iyo ndwara ikwirakwizwa cyane n' imbuto zirwaye . Ikunda kugaragara mu butaka bukonje kandi butose . Kurwanya Indwara y' ubuheri bufite ifu mu birayi :
Igitera Indwara y' ububore bwumye y' ibirayi : Uduhumyo bita Fusarium spp n' utundi Phona exigua Var . exigua . Utwo duhumyo dutera ububore bwumye butanuka bw' ibirayi mu gihe bihunitse . Iyo ari Fusarium , imbere mu kirayi , ububore butanga ifu y' umweru ; Phona exigua ifata igice kimwe cy' ikirayi mu gihe Fusarium yo itera ububore bw' ikirayi cyose , inyuma hariho ifu y' umweru . Ibimenyetso by' Indwara y' ububore bwumye y' ibirayi : Ku kirayi hazaho ububore bwijimye buhera inyuma bwinjra mu kirayi . Ikirayi gikomeza kubora buhoro buhoro , uruhu rugapfunyarara . Kurwanya Indwara y' ububore bwumye y' ibirayi :
Mbere yo gusarura , ibirayi biranyomorwa . Kunyomora bituma uruhu rw' ibirayi rukomera rukabirinda kwangirika mu kubihunika kandi bituma indwara ziri mu mababi no mu migozi zidakomeza kororoka mu birayi biri mu butaka . Kandagiza ibirenge byombi aho ikirayi gitereye kubutaka ufate imigozi y' ikirayi n' amaboko yombi , ushikuze cyangwa urandure witonze wirinda gukomeretsa inkondo y' ikirayi mu butaka . Kunyomora hakoreshejwe umupanga nabyo birakorwa ugatema imigozi y' ibirayi byibuze kuri sentimetero 10 uturutse ku butaka . Kunyomora bikorwa nibura mbere y' ibyumweru 2 kugirango usarure .
Gusarura cyangwa gukura ibirayi bikorwa muburyo bukurikira : Kura ibirayi mu murima utabikomeretsa kandi ubimaremo ; Ibirayi bikomeretse cyane bigomba gutoranywa bikaribwa vuba ; Ibirayi bikurwa mu gihe ubutaka bwumutse kandi hari umucyo nta mvura ; Icyitonderwa mu gusarura ; Ibirayi bigisarurwa bigahura n' ikibazo cyo kunyagirwa ubisanza ahantu humutse neza kandi hatanyagirwa kugirango byumuke neza . Irinde kwanika kuzuba ibirayi byagenewe kuribwa kuko bituma bihinduka icyatsi bigasharira .
Ibirayi bifite ubusembwa / byakomeretse cyangwa ibigaragaza ibimenyetso by' indwara bigomba kuvanwa mu bindi . Ibirayi byahinduye ibara urugero ibara ry' icyatsi , ibyakomeretse cyangwa se byangiritse , ibirayi bito bito bikabije bigomba kuvanwa mu bindi ako kanya ntibihunikwe nk' imbuto .
Ibirayi bipfunyikwa mu bikoresho byabugenewe bituma ibirayi bihumeka neza : Amagunira , imifuka idoze mu mishipiri , cyangwa mu bitete kugirango bitangirika . Imifuka dusanzwe tumenyereye mu gupfunyika amafu , ibigori , amasukari , ifumbire mvaruganda ntikoreshwa mugupfunyika ibirayi kuko ituma bibora .
Umuhinzi ashobora kwihunikira ibirayi by' imbuto iyo yakurikiranye neza umurima we akawurinda indwara zavuzwe haruguru . Mu guhunika ibirayi hifashishwa uburyo bwinshi nko kubihunika mu birundo ahantu hasakaye , mu nzu y' imbaho , mu mifuka yabugenewe no mu bitete . Ikigega cyiza cyo guhunika imbuto kigomba : Kuba gisakaye neza kitava ; Kuba kinjiramo kandi gisohora umwuka n' umuyaga , ubushyuhe n' imyuka mibi iva mu birayi ; Kuba kinjirwamo umucyo kugira ngo imimero itaba imyeru ahubwo ibe icyatsi , migufi , ibyibushye kandi minini . Ibyo bituma idahunguka mu gihe cyitera kandi ikamera vuba ; Icyitonderwa ku guhunika ibirayi :
Imyumbati ihingwa kandi yera mu Turere twose tw' igihugu turi mu misozi migufi n' iciriritse ku butumburuke bwa metero 900 kugera 1800 , ariko umusaruro mwiza uboneka hagati ya metero 900 kugera 1600 .
Ubutaka n' ikirere bibereye imyumbati : Imyumbati ikunda ubutaka bw' isi ndende buseseka kandi buhitisha amazi . Imyumbati itanga umusaruro mwiza ahantu hafite ubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 25 na dogere 29 n' imvura iri hagati ya milimetero 1100 na milimetero 1500 ku mwaka .
Imyumbati igira amoko meshi ariko atangwa n' ubushakashatsi ni aya : NASE14 , NAROCASS1 , Gahene / 2 ( RWACASS17 - 2 ) , Ndamirabana / 7 ( RWACASS17 - 1 ) , Bulk 13 ( RWACASS18 - 1 ) na Bulk35 ( RWACASS18 - 2 ) .
Umurima uzaterwamo imyumbati utegurwa mu buryo bukurikira : Kurima bwa mbere bavanamo urwiri n' ibyatsi bibi . Gukora amabimba ahantu hashobora kureka amazi cyangwa imitabo ahantu hashobora gutwarwa n' isuri .