C4IR-RW/kinya-ag-retrieval huggingface dataset:
Umurama uzatanga ingemwe z' ibinyomoro ugomba kuva ku biti bitarangwaho uburwayi kugirango hirindwe indwara zikwirakwizwa n' imbuto . Mu gutegura ingemwe ukurikiza amabwiriza akurikira : Hitamo igiti cy' ikinyomoro cyakuze neza cyera imbuto nyinshi kandi nini . Sarura imbuto z' ibinyomoro zeze neza zidafite ubusembwa zahishije neza ( zabaye umutuku , cyangwa umuhondo bitewe n' ubwoko bwazo ) . Imbuto zimaze gusarurwa zibikwa ahantu hatari urumuri zipfundikiye kugira ngo zishye neza kandi zihugute , nko mu gihe cy' ibyumweru bibiri . Mbere yo kuzikata , zironge mu mazi arimo Jik yagabanyirijwe ubukana ikagera kuri 1 % . Urugero : Iyo ufite jik ifite ubukana bwa 5 % ufata urugero 1 rwa Jik mu ngero 3 z' amazi ) . Iyo nta JIK ihari , ushobora gukoresha amazi arimo umunyu w' igisoryo . Ibi byica indwara zishobora kuba ziri ku gihu . Satura imbuto z' ibinyomoro mo kabiri uvanemo imbuto zivanze n' umutobe ukoresheje ikiyiko cyangwa se intoki zitanduye . Imbuto zibonetse zirongwa mu mazi arimo Jik yagabanyirijwe ubukana ikagera kuri 1 % , ibi bikorwa kugirango ibyatera indwara ndetse n' utundi dukoko bipfe . Mu kuronga ugomba kumaraho umurenda neza . Uronga byibuze inshuro 3 kugeza imbuto zikeye neza . Imbuto zimaze kurongwa zanikwa ku nkoko mu gicucu iminsi 3 kugeza ku minsi 10 zikavangwa kenshi hakoreshejwe intoki kugirango zidafatana . Umurama ubonetse ushobora guhita uhumbikwa . Iyo umurama udahise uterwa , ni ngombwa kuwubika ahantu humutse ariko hahehereye mu mabahasha y' impapuro ariko nturenze amezi 3 utarazitera . Ikilo kimwe cy' imbuto kiva mu biro 80 - 100 by' ibinyomoro . Muri garama imwe y' imbuto zibonetse zimaze kuma hashobora kuvamo imbuto zigera ku 150 .
Ahashyirwa ubuhumbikiroUbuhumbikiro bushyirwa ahantu hatigeze hahingwa ibihingwa byo mu muryango umwe n' ibinyomoro ( ibirayi , inyanya , intoryi , urusenda , puwavuro , ndetse n' isogo ) nibura mu bihembwe by' ihinga bibiri ( 2 ) bishize . Aho hantu kandi hagomba kuba hategereye imirima ihinzwemo ibyo bihingwa bivuzwe haruguru . Hagomba kuba hari ubutaka bworoshye , bwumutse , butarekamo amazi . Ahatari umuyaga mwinshi . Aho imirasire y' izuba igera bihagije . Aho hantu kandi hagomba kuba hahinze neza nibura ku bujyakuzimu bwa cm 20 - 30 kandi ibyatsi bibi n' ibindi bisigazwa byose bigakurwamo , ndetse n' ibinonko bikamenagurwa . Ubusharire bw' ubutaka ( pH ) buri hagati ya 5 na 6 . Ubutaka bugomba kuba buseseka kugirango imizi ikure neza . Uko ubuhumbikiro butegurwa : - Kora imitabo ifite ubujyejuru bwa cm 20 , n' ubugali bwa m 1 – 1 . 2 m ; - Koresha imborera iboze neza : amashyi atatu ( ibiro 3 - 5 ) kuri metero kare imwe . - Ca imirongo yo kwinazamo ifite ubujyakuzimu bwa cm 0 . 5 - 1 kandi itandukanijwe na cm 10 - 15 . Umurama ushyirwa muri ya mirongo yaciwe ku ntera ya cm 2 hagati y' intete n' indi ; ukarenzeho agataka gacye , ugatsindagira gahoro . ICYITONDERWA : Kwinaza bishobora gukorwa mu bihoho bikoze mu birere cyangwa amasashi abora . Ibihoho bipakirwamo itaka n' imborera iboze neza ku ngero za 2 : 1 ( urugero : ingorofani ebyiri z' itaka n' imwe y' imborera ) ; Haterwa imbuto k' ubujyakuzimu bwa cm 0 . 5 - 1 . Kwinaza kandi bishobora gukorewa mubikoresho byabugenewe byitwa tereyi ( trays ) , aho ingemwe zikurwa nyuma y' igihe runaka zikimurirwa mu bihoho .
Iyo kwinaza birangiye hakurikiraho gushyiraho isaso y' ibyatsi byumye neza . Ingemwe zikimera ( nyuma y' iminsi 7 – 10 ) , isaso ihita ikurwaho . Ubuhumbikiro burubakirwa bugatwikirwa kugirango ingemwe zirindwe kwicwa n' izuba ariko ugomba gusiga aho imirasire y' izuba inyura kuko ingemwe ziba zirikeneye ku rugero ruringaniye . Nibyiza kuvomera mu gitondo cya kare izuba ritarava . Iyo bibaye ngombwa , haterwa imiti irwanya indwara ( mancozeb cyangwa methalaxyl : garama 2 . 5 / Litiro 1 y' amazi ) n' ibyonnyi ( Lambda - Cyhalothrin cyangwa Acetameprid : 1 ml / Litiro 1 y' amazi ) .
Pepiniyeri yubakwa ahegereye amazi kugirango kuvomerera byorohe , hafi y' inzira nyabagendwa kugirango bizoroshye gutwara ingemwe ariko hakaba hitaruye imirima y' ibinyomoro ndetse n' ibindi bisantobo kugirango hirindwe indwara . Iyo umaze guhitamo ahazajya pepiniyeri hakurikiraho imirimo ikurikira : - Kuringaniza neza ahazajya pepiniyeri ; - Gupima no guca imitabo basiga hagati y' umutabo n' undi cm 50 z' akayira naho umutabo ukagira m 1 - 1 . 20 z' ubugari ; Imitabo ikikizwa ingeri z' ibiti kugirango zitangire ibihoho birimo ingemwe ; Kubaka pepiniyeri no kuyisakara ; - Gupakira ibihoho itaka rivanze n' imborera iboze neza ku ngero za 2 :
Iyo ingemwe zigize nibura cm 5 z' ubujyejuru n' amababi 2 cyangwa 3 , ni ukuvuga nibura nyuma y' ukwezi n' igice , zimurirwa mu bihoho byateguwe muri pepiniyeri bifite nibura cm 10 z' umurambararo na cm 15 z' ubuhagarike . Mbere yo kuvana ingemwe mu buhumbikiro , ni byiza kubanza kuvomerera n' amazi ahagije kugirango kuzivanamo byorohe bityo imizi ntiyangirike ; Ingemwe zivuye mu buhumbikiro ziterwa mu bihoho byatondetswe muri pepiniyereHakurikiraho kujya bavomerera mu gitondo kare . Ni ngombwa kwibuka kuvanamo utwatsi no kumenera ubutaka mu bihoho igihe cyose bigaragara ko ari ngombwa .
Kugirango ingemwe zikomere zizabashe gufata neza mu murima zizaterwamo , ni byiza kugabanya igihe cyo kuvomerera kandi ukagenda ugabanya igicucu cy' ubuhumbikiro mu gihe cy' icyumweru kimwe cyangwa 2 mbere yo kugemura . Kwimura ingemwe : Ni ukuzivana mu myanya yazo ukazishyira ahandi kugirango umuzi fatizo udakomeza gucengera mu butaka . Ibi bigabanya imikurire y' ingemwe , cyane cyane izashurumbutse bituma na none babasha guhitamo ingemwe nziza , bityo ingemwe mbi ndetse n' ibihoho birimo ubusa bikavanwamo . Ingemwe zimaze kugira cm 15 - 20 , ni ukuvuga zifite igihe cy' amezi atatu kugeza kuri atanu ( 3 - 5 ) nyuma yo kwinaza , zishobora kwimurirwa mu murima wateguwe neza .
1 . Guhitamo umurimaUmurima wo guhingwamo ibinyomoro ugomba kuba utarigezemo ibihingwa byo mu muryango umwe nabyo byibuze mu bihe by' ihinga bibiri ( 2 ) bishize . Uwo murima mushya w' ibinyomoro ugomba kandi kuba kure y' umurima urimo ibinyomoro bikuze cyangwa ibindi bisantobo . 2 . Gutegura umurima Ibyiciro byo gutegura umurima : ( 1 ) Gutema / Gutemurura , ( 2 ) Gutongora , ( 3 ) Kurima , ( 4 ) Gutabira / Gusanza , ( 5 ) Kurwanya isuri , ( 6 ) Gushinga imambo , ( 7 ) Gucukura imyobo , ( 8 ) Gusiba imyobo ushyiramo ifumbire . Byaba byiza umurima ushyizweho uruzitiro kuko birinda indwara , ibyonnyi bitandukanye ndetse n' umuyaga . Aha hashobora gukoreshwa ibiti bitanga ifumbire y' azote nka Calliandra ( Kariyandara ) cyangwa Leucaena ( Resena ) . 3 . GuteraIgihe cyo gutera : Ni ngombwa gutera ingemwe z' ibinyomoro igihe imvura itangiye kugwa kugira ngo zishobore gufata neza . Ibi bikorwa mu kwezi kwa nzeri n' ukwakira . Amasaha yo gutera : Ni byiza gutera ingemwe kare mu gitondo cyangwa ku mugoroba kugirango ubuhehere buzifashe kwisubira . Guhitamo ingemwe : Himurwa kandi hagaterwa gusa ingemwe zidafite indwara iyo ari yo yose , zifite amababi y' icyatsi kibisi gitoshye . Uko gutera bikorwa : Cukura imyobo ifite cm 40 - 60 z' ubugari na cm 40 - 60 z' ubujyakuzimu ku ntera ya m 2xm 2 . Vanga itaka ryo hejuru ( 30 cm ) n' ifumbire y' imborera iboze neza ( kg 10 - 20 ) maze ubishyire mu mwobo . Hakenerwa T 50 z' ifumbire y' imborera kuri hegitari . Kura isashi ku rugemwe urushyire mu mwobo ku buryo itaka rigera aho ryari rigeze urugemwe ruri mu gihoho . Tsindagira gahoro ubutaka bw' i ruhande y' urugemwe .
1 . Gusasira ibinyomoroHakoreshwa ibyatsi byumye neza . Isaso ituma ubutaka bugumana ubuhehere kandi ntibwangirike ndetse ikarwanya n' ibyonnyi . Gusasira kandi bikumira ibyatsi bibi mu murima . Gusasira bikorwa basiga cm 5 - 10 uvuye ku rugemwe kugira ngo hirindwe uburwayi n' udusimba byaturuka ku isaso . 2 . Kuvomerera ibinyomoroNyuma yo gutera ni ngombwa guhita bavomerera . Ibi kandi bikomeza gukorwa igihe cyose imvura itagwa cyangwa idahagije . Ni ngombwa kuvomererera witonze udatosa amababi kugirango hatabaho kwanduza indwara zituruka mu butaka . Igiti kimwe cy' ikinyomoro gikenera litiro 10 - 15 z' amazi mu cyumweru mu gihe cy' izuba . 3 . Kubagara ibinyomoroKubagara bikorwa igihe cyose ibyatsi bibi bigaragara mu murima . Ibyatsi bibi bishobora kuba imvano y' indwara n' ibyonnyi mu murima kandi bikabuza igihingwa gukura neza kuko nabyo binyunyuza ibitunga igihingwa biba biri mu butaka ndetse bigacuranywa urumuri n' ibinyomoro byatewe cyane cyane iyo bikiri bito . 4 . Kongeramo ifumbire y' imvaruganda mu binyomoro ; Kugirango ibinyomoro bikure neza , ni ngombwa gushyira mu butaka ifumbire ihagije . Ibinyomoro bikenera ifumbire y' imborera n' imvaruganda . Si byiza ko ifumbire igihingwa gikenera ishyirwaho yose inshuro imwe igihe cyo gutera ; ahubwo iyi fumbire igabanwamo ibice . Iyi fumbire akenshi ishyirwa ku muzenguruko w' urugemwe aho imizi igarukira . Igiti kimwe cy' ibinyomoro gikenera garama 240 NPK 17 17 17 ku mwaka wa mbere na garama 480 mu myaka ikurikiyeho . Ifumbire ihabwa igihingwa kimwe igabanwamo inshuro eshatu zingana igaterwa igihe cyo gutera , nyuma y' amezi atatu ( 3 ) na nyuma y' amezi atandatu ( 6 ) mu mwaka wa mbere . Mu myaka ikurikiyeho , garama 480 za NPK 17 - 17 - 17 zishyirwa ku giti buri mezi ane ( 4 ) . 5 . Gukonorera ibiti by' ibinyomoro ; Koresha gusa ibikoresho bityaye neza nka sekateri kugira ngo ibyo bice bikatanwe isuku . Mbere yo kuva ku giti ujya ku kindi nyuza igikoresho muri Jik . Kuraho ibice byose by' ibinyomoro birwaye ( amababi , imbuto , amashami n' ibindi ) .
1 . Igihe cyo gusarura ibinyomoroIgiti gitangira kwera imbuto mu gihe cy' amezi 8 - 12 nyuma y' uko ugiteye mu butaka . Ibinyomoro bisarurwa bigejeje igihe cyo kwera neza , byamaze guhindura ibara byabaye umuhondo cyangwa umutuku bitewe n' ubwoko . 2 . Amasaha yo gusarura ibinyomoroNi byiza gusarura kare cyane mu gitondo cyangwa ku mugoroba igihe izuba ari rike . 3 . Uburyo bwo gusarura ibinyomoroImbuto z' ibinyomoro zigomba gusarurwana inkondo yazo kuko ibinyomoro binyunyuza amazi mu nkondo mu gihe bitarabikwa ahantu hafutse bityo bigatuma zongera amahirwe yo kutabora vuba . Ni byiza gukoresha icyuma gityaye neza kugirango igiti cy' ikinyomoro kidakomeretswa . Birabujijwe gutera cyangwa kujugunya ibyo usaruye mu bikoresho bisarurirwamo mu murima . Ni ngombwa kwirinda ku buryo bushoboka bwose kurekera ku zuba ibyo wasaruye , haba mu gihe usarura cyangwa nyuma yo gusarura kuko umusaruro wakubiswe n' ubushyuhe bw' izuba wangirika vuba . 4 . Kurobanura no gushyira imbuto z' ibinyomoro mu byiciroKurobanura bikorwa hatoranywamo iziteze , izagwingiye , izifite ubusembwa n' izigaragaza uburwayi . Uburyo nyabwo bwo kurobanura no gushyira imbuto mu byiciro buba bugomba gutanga icyizere ku bahinzi , abaranguza , abadandaza n' abohereza mu mahanga . Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro bishobora kongera agaciro k' umusaruro ku rugero rwa 40 % kugeza kuri 60 % . no kugabanya iyangirika ry' umusaruro kuko bibuza kwanduzanya indwara hagati y' imbuto . Bigabanya kononekara guterwa n' umwuka wa etilene ( urugero : gusaza imburagihe cyangwa gushya ) ibyo ubusanzwe biba iyo imbuto zikomeretse cyangwa zahiye zavanzwe n' imbuto nzima zitangiritse cyangwa ngo zishye . Iyo kurobanura birangiye , imbuto z' ibinyomoro zishyirwa mu byiciro hagendewe ku bunini n' ibara . 5 . Gupakira no gutwara umusaruro w' ibinyomoro : Biba byiza igihe umusaruro wapakiwe neza mu makarito akomeye , muri Kureti ( isanduku zikoze mu biti cyangwa muri pulasitiki zikomeye ) ; kuruta gupakira mu mifuka cyangwa ibitebo bifunguye kubera ko byo bitabasha kurinda imbuto kwangirika iyo bipakiye . Ibikoresho bipakirwamo umusaruro bigomba kuba byoroshye kubitwara mu gihe birimo ubusa kandi bitwara umwanya muto iyo bipakiye , bigomba kuba byinjiramo akayaga gatuma umusaruro ugubwa neza mu gihe uri mu nzira cyangwa mu bubiko . Urugero : kureti bazipanga imwe mu yindi iyo zirimo ubusa , ibikarito bikomeye bateranya n' intoki . Ibikoresho bapakiramo ntibigomba kandi kuba bigari cyane kugirango imbuto nyinshi zitaryamirana . Gukoresha ibikoresho bitoya nabyo bishobora guhendesha , ariko bigabanya kwangirika k' umusaruro bigatuma inyungu izamuka . Kugabanya ubunini bukabije bw' ibikoresho bapakiramo bishobora kugabanya igihombo ku rugero rwa 30 % . 6 . Kubika ibinyomoroImbuto zisaruwe ku binyomoro zishobora kubikwa kugeza ku byumweru 9 iyo zibitswe ku bukonje bwa dogere 1 kugeza kuri 5 hamwe n' ubuhehehere bwa 90 kugeza kuri 95 % . Iyo zibitswe mu bukonje buri munsi y' ubwo zirangirika .
Ningombwa ko umuhinzi amenya niba ubuhinzi bwe bwaratanze inyungu . Kugira ngo abigereho agomba gukora imibare ahereye ku gaciro k' ibyo yatanze byose kugeza agurishije imbuto ze . Umuhinzi agomba kuzirikana umugani uvuga ngo : “ Akeza karigura ” bityo agakora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo agere ku mbuto nziza zidafite ubusembwa ubwo ari bwo bwose aribyo bizatuma agaciro k' umusaruro we kiyongera . Kubara agaciro k' ibyatanzwe byose : Harimo gukodesha umurima wo guhingamo , imbuto n' ibikoresho byo guteza , ifumbire y' imborera , ifumbire mvaruganda , isaso , imiti , abazamu , ibikoresho byo guhingisha , kuvomerera , abakozi bahinga , basarura , abarobanura n' abashyira mu mifuka , inyungu ku nguzanyo , imisoro n' itumanaho , ikiguzi cy' ubwikorezi , ikiguzi cyo gupfunyika , ibindi biguzi biziraho ; Kwerekana agaciro k' umusaruro = Umusaruro wabonetse mu biro ugakuba igicuruzo ku kilo kimwe . Inyungu = Igicuruzo cyose cy' umusaruro wabonetse ukuyemo igiteranyo cy' ibyo watanze byose kugeza usaruye imbuto .
Ibimenyetso by' Indwara ya Mildiye y' ifu ( Powdery Mildew ) y' ibinyomoro ; Iyi ndwara igaragara cyane ku mababi hejuru , ku ruti ruto , ku mutwe w' igihingwa , ku ndabo no ku mbuto . Indabo zishobora kubyimba nyuma zikuma , zikagira umukara . Amababi yanduye agaragaza ifu y' umweru , ashobora gukweduka cyangwa gutakaza uburabyo . Uko bayirinda : Gukuraho amababi arwaye no kuyajugunya kure y' umurima , gukoresha umuti urimo sulufure nka Thiovit , no guteranya ibinyomoro mu gihe cy' itera . Imiti ikoreshwa : Sulphur ( Thiovit ) : g 50 ; Copper oxychloride : g 40 - 60 ; Azoxystrobin 25 % SC ( Othello ) :
Ibimenyetso by' Indwara yo Kubabuka ( Blight ) kw' ibinyomoro ; Iyi ndwara yihuta cyane , ikagaragara igihe cy' ubukonje n' ubushuhe bwinshi , cyane cyane mu gihe cy' imvura . Ifata igihingwa cyose , ikerekana ibimenyetso by' amababi bifite ibizinga by' ifu by' umukara , nyuma bigahinduka ryijimye . Uko bayirinda : Guhinga ibinyomoro ahantu hatabamo inyababa , guteranya ibinyomoro mu gihe cy' itera , gukata ibisambo ku buryo umwuka utambuka neza , no gutera umuti . Imiti ikoreshwa : Mancozeb + Metalaxyl ( Victory , Safarizeb ) : g 50 ; Copper oxychloride : g 40 - 60 ; Mancozeb :
Ibimenyetso by' indwara y' Inziga ku mababi y' ibinyomoro ( Ascochyta sp ) : Iyi ndwara igaragarira ku bibazo by' utuziga duto tw' umukara ku mababi , akenshi agasaza . Uko bayirinda : Gutera imbuto itarwaye , gukuraho amababi arwaye , guteranya ibinyomoro neza , no gusimburanya imyaka mu murima . Imiti ikoreshwa : Sulphur ( Thiovit ) : g 50 ; Copper oxychloride : g 40 - 60 ; Azoxystrobin 25 % SC ( Othello ) :
Ibimenyetso by' Indwara y' Akaribata ( Antarakinoze ) y' ibinyomoro ; Ibi byonnyi bituma ibice byinshi by' imbuto bihinduka umukara ( dark lesions ) , bikagera no ku mbuto , indabo ndetse n' imbuto zikazacika . Imbuto zasaruye ntizishobora kubikika igihe kirekire kuko zihita zibora , zikarushaho gukomera kandi umubiri wazo ukipfunyarika . Uko babirwanya : Gusimburanya imyaka ( nibura nyuma y' imyaka 2 ) , kubagara neza ( kwirinda ibyanduza ) , gusasira , gukuraho ibimaze kwangirika no kubitaba kure y' umurima , guteramo imiti yica uduhunyomo . Imiti ikoreshwa : Sulphur ( Thiovit ) : g 50 ; Copper oxychloride : g 40 - 60 ; Azoxystrobin 25 % SC ( Othello ) :
Ibimenyetso bya Virusi z' ibinyomoro ( Infunyarazi , mozayike , … ) : Izi ndwara zigaragazwa no kwigwingira kw' igihingwa , kwikunja kw' amababi , kubemba kw' amababi , ndetse hakagaragara ibibara by' umuhondo ku mababi . Virusi zitera izi ndwara zikwirakwizwa n' imbuto zirwaye , udukoko nk' utw' inda z' ibihingwa , isazi y' umweru , n' izindi nzuki . Uko babirwanya : Kwihangana no kudatuma ibimaze gufatwa na virusi bikomeza kwandura ibindi , guteramo imbuto nzima itarwaye , ndetse no kurwanya inda z' ibihingwa n' utundi dukoko dukwirakwiza indwara . Imiti ikoreshwa : Nta miti ihari yihariye yica virusi , ahubwo hakoreshwa uburyo bwo kwirinda no kurwanya ibizikwirakwiza .
Inda z' ibihingwa zonona ibimera by' umwihariko amababi n' uruti bikiri bitoya , bikaba bigaragazwa n' utwenge ku mababi n' inkuba ku ruhande rwo hasi . Inda zishobora gukwirakwiza virusi zitandukanye zitera indwara z' ibihingwa . Umushongi w' inda ukurura uduhunyomo tw' umukara dukwiriye ku kibabi bigatuma bidakora neza ibitunga igihingwa . Uko babirwanya : Kubungabunga inshuti z' abahinzi ( nk' udukoko tw' ingirakamaro ) , gukuraho amababi ashaje kugira ngo umurima ube winjiramo umucyo , no kwirinda gukoresha ifumbire irimo azote nyinshi . Imiti ikoreshwa : Lambda - cyhalothrin ( Lamdex ) : ml 15 - 20 ; Acetamiprid : ml 20 ; Azadirachtin ( Nimbecidine ) :
Ibimenyetso by' indwara y' Isazi y' umweru mu binyomoro ; Aka gasimba gatera ikibazo mu gihingwa gakonona amababi n' imbuto binyuze mu kunyunyuzamo amatembabuzi , kagasiga umushongi ku mababi no ku mbuto , bigatuma imbuto zisa nabi . Isazi y' umweru kandi ikwirakwiza virusi nyinshi ziterwa n' ibyonnyi , bikaba intandaro y' indwara zitandukanye . Uko wayirwanya : Kugenzura umurima kenshi kugira ngo havanwemo ibimaze kwangirika n' isazi nyinshi ; gukoresha imitego ifite ibara ry' umuhondo rikurura isazi , irimo kole ifata iyo sazi ( ikomekwa hejuru y' amababi ) . Imiti ikoreshwa : Lambda - cyhalothrin ( Lamdex ) : ml 15 - 20 ; Acetamiprid : ml 20 ; Azadirachtin ( Nimbecidine ) :
Ibimenyetso by' Indwara ya Tiripusi y' ibinyomoro ; Tiripusi yangiza cyane mu gihe cy' izuba , ziryagagura amababi agasigara yarashwanyutse . Iyo ziririye ku mbuto , hahita hamera nk' ahakobotse , hakaba igikovu . Tiripusi ni udukoko duto dufite ibishorobwa bibiri bifasha kwinjira no ku mababi bigatera ubugari . Uko wazirwanya : Gukuraho ibyatsi bibi mu murima ; gutunganya ubutaka neza nyuma yo gusarura ; no gusiga intera ihagije hagati y' ibihingwa . Imiti ikoreshwa : Lambda - cyhalothrin ( Lamdex ) : ml 15 - 20 ; Acetamiprid : ml 20 ; Azadirachtin ( Nimbecidine ) :
Kokombure ni igihingwa kiri mu muryango w' ibinyanzuzi kimwe n' amadegede , kurujete , wotameloni . Biikekwa ko cyaturutse mu gihugu cya Nepali giherereye ku mugabane wa Aziya y' amajyepfo . Kokombure ikunda ubutaka burebure , bwumutse , bwera kandi buhitisha umwuka uhagije . Ubutaka burimo umucanga bufite ubusharire ( PH ) buri ku gipimo cya 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 nibwo buberanye na kokombure . Kokombure zera neza ahantu haboneka ubushyure buri hagati ya dogere 15 kugera kuri dogere 30 .
amoko atandukanye ya kokombure aboneka mu Rwanda hamwe n' ibiranga buri bwoko . Cucumber Ashley : ni ubwoko butari iburide , butanga imbuto zifite uburebure bwa cm 20 zifite ikirungo cyiza kandi zikera nyuma y' iminsi 65 . Bologna RZ F1 : ni kokombure ndende ( cm34 – cm38 ) , ziremereye kandi zifite imigozi irabyibushye . Zirihanganira indwara y' ifu y' umweru iterwa n' uduhumyo . Boreal RZ F1 : nayo ni kokombure ndende ( cm32 – cm35 ) , igira utubabi duto n' imigozi irabyibushye , kandi irihanganira indwara y' ifu y' umweru iterwa n' uduhumyo , ikanarera cyane . Maydas RZ F1 : itanga imbuto zifite uburebure bwa cm 22 , irera cyane kandi imbuto zayo zigira ibara ry' icyatsi kibisi kijiimye . Multistar RZ F1 : ni ubwoko butanga imbuto ngufi ( cm15 – cm17 ) , buri pfundo rikaba rifite imbuto eshatu , kandi irihanganira indwara y' ifu y' umweru iterwa n' uduhumyo . Ayo moko yose agaragaza ubwiza bwihariye mu birebana n' uburebure , uburumbuke , ihangana n' indwara , ndetse n' amasoko yo kuyikoresha .
Guhitamo umurima wo guhingamo kokombure , kuwutegura , no gutera : 1 Guhitamo umurimaHitamo umurima udaherukamo ibihingwa biri mu muryango w' ibinyanzuzi ( urugero : kurujete , ibicuma , wotemeroni , amadegede , kokombure ) nibura nyuma y' ibihembwe bibiri by' ihinga . 2 Gutegura umurimaTegura umurima mu byumweru 2 mbere yo kugemura , unatabike ibisigazwa by' ibimera mu butaka . Hinga ubutaka kugeza nibura ku bujyakuzimu bwa cm 30 kugira ngo imizi izakure neza . Kokombure bishobora guterwa mu mitabo yegutse ku bujyejuru bwa cm 20 , cyane cyane ahantu hareka amazi . Iyo mitabo iba ifite ubugari bwa cm 100 yangwa cm 120 . Hagati y' umutabo n' undi hasigara inzira ya cm 40 . 3 GuteraTera ingemwe hashize ibyumweru 3 - 4 zifite amababi 3 - 4 utabariyemo amababi y' ingarama . Mu gutera cukura imyobo ifite ubugari bwa cm 30 na cm 30 z' ubujyakuzimu . Shyira intera ya cm 100 hagati y' imirongo na cm 50 hagati y' imyobo mu murongo ; Shyira mu mwobo ifumbire y' imborera iboze neza inga na kg 2 ( inshuro ebyiri z' amashyi yombi mu mwobo ) kandi uvange neza ifumbire n' itaka . Ongeraho NPK 17 - 17 - 17 ingana na garama 20 ( udufuniko 2 tw' icupa ry' amazi y' inyange ku mwobo ) ; igihe cyo gutera hakenerwa kg 4 za NPK17 - 17 - 17 kuri ari . Kura ingemwe mu bihoho maze uzitere mu myobo wateguwe . Icyitonderwa : Igihe kokombure zitereweho mu murima zitanyujijwe mu bihoho , zihabwa ifumbire mvaruganda kuburyo bukurikira :
Kwita kuri kokombure nyuma yo gutera bikorwa bitya : 1 . GusasiraKoresha ibyatsi byumye neza . Isaso ituma ubutaka bugumana ubuhehere , ibuza ibyatsi bibi gukura , irinda indwara zituruka mu butaka kandi irinda kokombure kubora igihe iri gukura cyane cyane mu gihe cy' imvura . 12 . 4 . 2 . Kubagara no kumeneraNyuma y' ibyumweru bibiri ingemwe zitewe , menera kugira ngo amazi n' umwuka bibashe kwinjira mu butaka . Bagara igihe cyose ibyatsi bibi bigaragara mu murima . 3 . Kuvomerera Hita uvomerera nyuma yo gutera n' igihe cyose imvura itagwa cyangwa idahagije . Vomerera witonze , udatosa amababi kugira ngo hatabaho kwanduza indwara zituruka mu butaka ; 4 . Kongeraho ifumbire mvarugandaOngeraho NPK 17 - 17 - 17 ingana na garama 20 ( udufuniko 2 tw' icupa ry' amazi y' inyange kuri buri mwobo ) ; mu gihe cy' ukwezi nyuma yo gutera . Hakenerwa kg 4 za NPK17 - 17 - 17 Kuri ari . 5 . Gukata no kuyobora igihingwaKuyobora butaka ( Umbrella system ) Ambika umugozi uruyuzi rwa kokombure rumaze kugira cm 20 - 30 uruyobore ku rusinga rutambitse kuri m 2 . 10 uvuye aho rutereye . Iyo uruyuzi rugeze kuri urwo rusinga uruca umutwe ( A ) . Kuraho udushami twose tuza ku ruyuzi rwa kokombure ( B ) wazamuye kurusinga , ariko urekereho imyungu yeraho uhereye kuri m1uhereye aho rutereye . Yobora hejuru yurusinga udushami tubiri twashibutse hafi yaho wakatiye umutwe wa rwaruyuzi dutendere kumpande zombi kugeza kuri bibiri bya gatatu bya rwaruyuzi shingiro . ( E ) Igihe imyungu yokugashami kambere ( C ) yasaruwe ako gashami gakureho kugirango wemerere akakabiri ( D ) kwera . Iki gikorwa kirakomeza kugeza udushami dusigaye natwo dusaruwe ( E ) . Ubu buryo bushobora kongera gutangizwa bityo bikongera umusaruro w' igihingwa .
Genzura umurima inshuro eshatu mu cyumweru cyangwa buri munsi urebamo ibyonnyi n' ibimenyetso bigaragaza indwara z' uduhumyo , virusi na bagiteri . Wibanda kureba munsi y' amababi kuko ni ho udusimba dufata mu gihe twihisha izuba n' imvura .
Gusarura no gufata neza umusaruro wa kokombure bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira : 1 . Ibimenyetso byo kwera − Sarura kokombure nyuma y' iminsi 60 uhereye igihe watereyeho , imbuto zimaze kugira nibura hagati ya cm 15 kugera kuri cm 30 bitewe n' ubwoko wateye . 12 . 5 . 2 . Igihe cyo gusarura − Sarura kokombure , igihe hari amafu . Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko usarura ku zuba cyangwa hari ubushyuhe , ibyiza ni ugushyira kokombure mu gicucu bwa bushyuhe bukagabanuka . 3 . Uburyo bwo gusarura − Sarura ukoresheje icyuma , usige agakondo gato ku mutwe kuko birinda kokombure kubora vuba . 4 . Kwita ku musaruro − Sarura kokombure mu bikoresho byabugenewe byitwa kurete , ibase cyangwa indobo bifite isuku . Shyira kokombure zasaruwe ahantu hafutse , zitwarwe mu buryo zitangirika kugera zigeze aho zigurishirizwa .