领域：学术论文 · 自然科学

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE UNESCO SITE
1.1 Location
Country: Italy
Geographical Coordinates (Central point of the site): 
Longitude: 45°94’84.84’’ N
Latitude: 12°17’53.03’’ E
Located in the Northeast of Italy, in the Veneto Region, “Le colline del Prosecco e Valdobbiadene” was recognized as a World Heritage Site in 2019. The site is located entirely in the Province of Treviso. 
It includes the municipalities of Vidor, Miane, Farra di Soligo, Pieve di Soligo, Follina, Cison di Valmarino, Refrontolo, San Pietro di Feletto, Revine Lago, Tarzo, Vittorio Veneto, and partial territories of Valdobbiadene. 
The buffer zone includes the municipalities of Susegana, Conegliano, and San Vendemiano. Instead, the territories of the municipalities of Segusino, Moriago della Battaglia, Sernaglia della Battaglia, Santa Lucia di Piave, Mareno di Piave, Vazzola, Codogne, San Fior, Godega Sant’Urbano, Colle Umberto, Cordignano, Cappella are part of the commitment zone.
1.2 Boundaries and the Zones that Make up the Site
Core zone: 9.197,45 ha
Buffer zone: 9.769,80 ha
Total: 18.967,25 ha

The site includes a core zone of 9,197.45 hectares surrounded by a buffer zone (Fig. 4) of 9,769.80 hectares, ensuring the protection of its ecological and cultural integrity. When identifying these zones, the peculiar geographical and historical individuality was taken into consideration, and not the administrative limits of the Province. In fact, the site is an example of a process of adaptation to a fraught and fragile peripheral territory in which a rural and cultural evolutionary landscape has been generated strongly characterized by viticulture. The physical nature of the site is interlinked with the historical facts, and the agricultural, social, and cultural characteristics developed on the property over time. 
The tectonic hogback hill system has been, and will continue to be, a conditioning element of the territory characteristics and land use limitations. As a result of these agricultural limitations, a highly adaptive agricultural landscape has developed on ciglionature, which over time has proven to be the most efficient way to protect the soil and make the most of the hills' soil and climate characteristics. As can be seen in the Fig. 4 a commitment zone is introduced. This zone is useful in terms of site management, which, in the southern part of the site, takes the form of highly urbanized territories where services and infrastructure that logistically support the site are located, and accommodates the population working for or within the site.
Based on the parameters described in the previous paragraphs the perimeters of the site are defined as
North: the valleys separate the hills from the foothills 
West: the Piave River
Southwest: the bottom of the foothills to the great Po Valley 
1.3 Characteristics of the Site
1.3.1 Geomorphology 
The Conegliano Valdobbiadene region is characterized by steep hogback hills formed through tectonic processes, alongside karst (typical landri) formations that dominate its southern zones. These hogbacks consist of stratified marl and rocky layers, shaped over millions of years by tectonic activity and erosion. Landri landscapes, which feature karst formations created by water erosion on softer rocks, further diversify the terrain. 
The dynamic topography has necessitated innovative agricultural practices. The ciglioni terraces, a hallmark of this region, demonstrate both functionality and aesthetics, solidifying the landscape’s recognition as a cultural and agricultural landmark. These terraces not only mitigate soil erosion but also facilitate the cultivation of high-quality Prosecco grapes, leveraging the region’s unique geological conditions.
Also, the area has a unique geomorphological structure, making it a popular building material for centuries. The inhabitants used native stones for grinding stones, millstones, architraves, sills, columns, and statues for villa gardens. The paths along these structures offer stunning views and interactive experiences, making them sacred sites. Devotional climbs and Via Crucis, such as S. Augusta and Colle S. Paolo in Vittorio Veneto, S. Gallo in Soligo, and S. Francesco da Paola in Revine, are merely extensions of previous pagan worship sites. The valleys between the hogbacks are often uncontaminated and crossed by streams.

1.3.2 The Hydrographical System
As can be seen in the hydrological map (Fig. 6) the area has significant water resources, including small glacial lakes, and numerous fluvial incisions like the Lierza, Crevada (Fig. 7), and Cervano streams which are very important since they characterize the length of the hogback face, rivers such as the Soligo and Monticano, and a considerable number of springs. The presence of numerous waterways allowed for a varied range of morphologies, such as unique landscapes and waterfalls (Fig. 8). The recursion of underlying morphological structures, highlighted by erosion, also contributes to landscape similarity. Groundwater springs and numerous streams ensure water supply, allowing for agricultural processing and industrial activities like weaving. The unique landscapes and morphologies of the area are influenced by the recursion of erosion-influenced underlying structures.

1.3.3 Climate and Vegetation
The Köppen climatic classification classifies the site as Cfa, with C representing a temperate-hot and rainy climate, f indicating the presence of rainy precipitation, and for areas with hotter months exceeding 22°C. The average annual temperature is 12.6°C, and the average precipitation is 1099mm/year.
The area’s climate and geomorphology foster a rich diversity of vegetation. The vegetation is influenced by the area's climatic and geomorphological characteristics, such as steep, thickly wooded north-facing slopes and genus south-facing slopes colonized by thermophile forests and cultivations. The cool slopes are mainly populated by chestnut tree plant associations, with seasonal changes in appearance, particularly in spring with the flowering of yellow dogwood and white wild cherry trees (Fig. 12). The warmer slopes, characterized by manna ash or Querco-ostryeto, represent a less evolved portion due to disturbances and transformations. The southern portions are characterized by juniper and cypress trees, while the warmer wooded areas take on an interesting appearance in spring with dogwood flowering and many wild or previously cultivated fruit trees.
The forestry vegetation of the site is primarily classified as Orno-ostrieto tipico, a type of calcareous sedimentary substrate characterized by numerous species, mostly Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifoli, and Quercus pubescens. This forestry type is widespread in the Veneto region's Piedmont area and pre-alpine zone and is influenced by zones with more evolved soil structures or less wind exposure. The typical Ostrio-querceto is one of the more prevalent forestry types in the area, characterized by Quercus pubescens and a higher number of grass species.
The fundamental component of a landscape is crucial for defense against erosion, reducing hydrogeological risk, and improving soil structure and habitats for various species. The presence of a uniform forest cover in upper slopes controls water flow in lower elevations, while in lower hills, it forms a fundamental component of the landscape matrix (Fig. 13-14). The combination of terraced vineyards and woodlands in the proposed property can be understood as an integrated landscape system, with each element playing an essential role in the site's value. The widespread presence of forests and human-based viticulture contributes to the system's sustainability.

1.3.3.1 The flora of the Conegliano Valdobbiadene DOCG territory vineyards
The Conegliano-Valdobbiadene DOCG area has been entrusted with optimizing and disseminating the biodiversity heritage of the UNESCO site. For the UNESCO nomination, an interactive guide, titled “Guida alla flora dei vigneti del territorio DOCG Conegliano-Valdobbiadene,” was developed as part of a project coordinated by the University of Padua in partnership with the University of Trieste. The guide includes about 450 species surveyed in the vineyards and semi-natural habitats adjacent to them. 
This is not an exhaustive inventory of the site's flora, but a basic representation of the main plant species found along the roads of the vineyards. The area has natural and semi-natural habitats that are closely linked to the management of viticulture sites. Many of these habitats are recognized by the European Union under the Habitats Directive as key elements in biodiversity conservation. Priority habitat 6110, characterized by calcareous rupicolous grasslands, meadows, and forests, is a prime example of these habitats.
Habitat 6210, semi-natural dry grassland, and bush-covered strips on calcareous substrates are considered a priority if they host important orchids. This habitat includes herbaceous or partly bushy formations, from dry to mesophilic, whose persistence is guaranteed by low-intensity management practices such as occasional mowing. The typical species of these formations is Bromus erectus, flanked by Bromus condensatus in areas with drier conditions. Other species of other families vary by the dryness of the conditions.

1.3.4 Agrobiodiversity
The site’s landscape is characterized by the continuous relation between semi-natural habitats and agricultural areas, affecting vegetational and agricultural biodiversity. Such a relationship is crucial for the ecosystem's functionality and its services, including soil formation, pathogen control, pollination, and cultural, recreational, and educational valorization. Farmers in hills are increasingly integrating production with biodiversity, recognizing the long-term maintenance of environmental assets. A study comparing vineyards in complex landscapes to vineyards in simple landscapes found the former performing better since semi-natural habitats contributed to increased plant biodiversity. This effect is even enhanced when vineyards are in contact with a forest or meadow since this provides access to species living in semi-natural habitats to the vineyard and thus increases the specific richness. The most interesting aspects of the area's biodiversity are linked to the semi-natural habitats, with arid meadows home to interesting plant species like orchids, common yet typical species such as Anthyllis vulneraria, Artemisia alba, Bromus erectus, Bromus condensatus, Chrysopogon gryllus, Helianthemum nummularium, Koeleria pyramidata, Galium verum and Galium lucidum (see Fig 20), and vineyards with species typical of ruderal environments or permanent meadows used for haymaking.
Management practices applied to vineyards play a fundamental role in determining biodiversity patterns. Semi-natural habitats occurring in the area show multifunctionality, providing crucial ecosystem services, such as enhancing crop ecological stability, reducing pesticide use, increasing the populations of pollinators, reducing weeds, decreasing herbicide dispersion, and reducing erosion in cropland. The simplification of the landscape and conversion of semi-natural habitats can lead to the rapid depletion of the environmental heritage of the area. However, this trend can very well be reversed by favoring sustainable practices.
Equally important for the territory's ecological responsiveness is the increase in forest formations, which are generally more extensive due to the abandonment of previously cultivated surfaces. The BTC analysis confirms that the expansion of the forest corresponds to higher values in 2007 than those in 1960 and, therefore, the growth in the system's capacity to produce plant biomass and resist external perturbations.
Despite the challenges, the area has great potential to meet future challenges in a landscape complicated by global changes that increasingly require the reconciliation of biodiversity and production. The analysis underlines the importance of sustainable practices for protecting the environment and promoting biodiversity.

翻译考点：
考点1：“Valdobbiadene”推荐译为“瓦尔多比亚德内”
考点2：“manna ash" 必须译为“花白蜡树”,不可译为“槐叶槭” 
考点3："increasing the populations of pollinators" 中的"pollinators应译为“传粉昆虫”   
考点4：“Valdobbiadene”必须统一译为“瓦尔多比亚代内”