tor in Carlsruhe) : Lateinische u. griechische Messen aus dem 2ten bis 6ten Jahrhun- dert, Frankf. a. 11. 1850. This is one of the most important hturgical discoverie?. Mone gives fragments of eleven mass-formularies from a codex rescriptus of the former cloister of Reichenau, which are older than those previously known, but hardly reach back, as he thinks, to the second century (the time of the persecution at Lyons, a. d. 177). Comp. against this, Denzinger, in the Tubingen Quartalschrift, 1S50, p. 500 ff. Neale agrees with Mone: Essays on Liturgiology, p. 137. 532 TiriRD PERIOD. A.D, 311-590. Asiatic, Ephesian, and so far we may say Johannean origin, and took its later form in the fifth century. Among its composers, or rather the revisers, Hilary of Poictiers is particularly named. In the time of Charlemagne it ^fas superseded by the Roman. Gallicanism, which in church organization and polity boldly asserted its rights, sujffered itself easily to be Romanized in its worship. The Old British liturgy was without doubt identical with the Galilean, but after the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons it was likewise supplanted by the Roman. 2. The Old Spanish or (though incorrectly so called) Gothic, also named Mozarabic liturgy.' This is in many respects allied to the Gallic, and probably came through the latter from a similar Eastern source. It appears to have existed before the incursion of the West Goths in 409 ; for it shows no trace of the influence of the Ariau heresy, or of the ritual system of Constantinople.' Its present form is attributed to Isidore of Seville and the fourth council of Toledo in 633. It maintained itself in Spain down to the thirteenth century and was then superseded by the Roman liturgy.^ It has, like the Gallican, besides the Gospels and Epistles, * Called " Gothic," because its development and bloom falls in the time of the Gothic nUe in Spain ; " Mozarabic " it came to be called after the conquest of Spain by the Arabs. Mozarab, Muzarab, Mostarab, is a kind of term of contempt for 'the Spanish Christians under the Arabic dominion, in distinction from the Arabs of pure blood. The word comes not from mbuti and Arabes, nor from Iluza, the Maurian chieftain who subjugated Spain, but from a participle of the tenth conjugation of the Arabic verb araba ; therefore something hke "arabizing Arab," or Arab by adop- tion, in distinction from Arabs of the pure blood. Comp. the similar distinction be- tween Hellenist and Hebrew. '^ Pinius (in a dissertation prefixed to the 32d vol. of the Acta Sanctorum) sup- poses that the Spanish liturgy came from the Goths, therefore from Constantinople ; but Neale (Essays on Liturgiology, p. 130 ff.) endeavors to prove that it was con- temporaneous with the introduction of Christianity in Spain, but afterward, by Lean- (ler of Seville (about 589), was conformed in some points to the Oriental ceremonial. ^ The Spanish cardinal Ximenes edited from defective manuscripts the first printed