Constantinopolitan liturgy, and passed at the same time into the Grse co-Russian church. Both descend from the liturgy of St. James and give that ritu- al in an abridged form. They are living books, not dead like the liturgies of Clement and of James. The liturgy of bishop Basil of Neo-Cffisarea (f 379) is read in the orthodox Greek, and Bussian church, during Lent (except on Palm Sunday), on the eve of Ephipany, Easter and Christ- mas, and OU' the feast of St. Basil (1st of January). From it proceeded the Armenian liturgy. The liturgy of St. Clnysostom (t407) is used on all otiier ' There is only one important manuscript of the Greek Liturgy of St. Mark, the (Jodex Rossanensis, printed in Renaudot's CoUectio, and more recently by Daniel and Neale. ^ The^printed edition is a revision by the Portuguese archbishop of Goa, Alexis of Menuze, and the council of Diamper (1599), who understood nothhig of the Orien- tal liturgies. Neale says : " The Malabar Liturgy I have never been able to see in *ho original ; and an unadulterated copy of the original docs not seem to exist." lie gives a translation of this liturgy in Primitive Liturgies, p. ItiS fF. § 100. THE OCCIDENTAL LITURGIES. 531 Sundays. It is an abridgment and improvement of that of St. Basil, and, through the influence of the distinguished patriarchs of Constantinople, it has since the sixth century dislodged the liturgies of St. James and St. Mark. The original text can hardly be ascertained, as the extant copies differ greatly from one another. The present Greek and Russian ritual, which surpasses even tlie Roman in pomp, cannot possibly have come down in all its details from the age of Chrysostom. Chrysostora is indeed supposed, as Proclus says, to have shortened in many respects the worship in Constantinople on account of the weakness of human nature ; but the liturgy which bears his name is still in the seventh century called '"' the Liturgy of the Holy Apostles," and appears to have received his name not before the eighth. § 100. The Occidental' Liturgies. The liturgies of the Western church may be divided into three classes : (1) the Ephesian family, which is traced to a Johannean origin, and embraces the Mozarabic and the Galil- ean liturgies ; (2) the Roman litm-gy, which, of course, like the papacy itself, must come down from St, Peter ; (3) the Am- brosian and Aquileian, which is a mixture of the other two. We have therefore here less diversity than in the East. The tendency of the Latin church everywhere pressed strongly to- ward uniformity, and the Roman liturgy at last excluded all others. 1 . The Old Gallican liturgy,' in many of its features, points back, like the beginnings of Christianity in South Gaul, to an ' Edited by Mabillon: De liturgia Gallicaua, libri iii. Par. 1*729 ; and recently in much more complete form, from older MSS. by Francis Joseph Mone (archive-direc-