difference between the !Nicene or ante-Nicene form of worship and the later additions and alterations. The Clementine liturgy rigidly separates the service of the catechumens from that of the faithful.^ It contains the sim- plest form for the distribution of the sacred elements : " Tlie body of Christ," and " The blood of Christ, the cup of life," with the " Amen " of the congregation to each. In the com- memoration of the departed it mentions no particular names of saints, not even the mother of God, who first found a place in public worship after the council of Ephesus in 431 ; and it omits several prefatory prayers of the priest. Finally it lacks the JSTicene creed, and even the Lord's Prayer, which is added to all other eucharistic prayers, and, according to the princi- ples of some canonists, is absolutely necessary.* 2. The liturgy of St. James. This is ascribed by tradition * It is given in Cotelier's edition of the Patres Apostolici, in the various editions of the pseudo-Apostolic Constitutions, and in the liturgical collections of Daniel, Neale, and others. ' Xeale considers the liturgy the oldest part of the ApostoUc Constitutions, places its composition in the second or third century, and ascribes its chief elements to the apostle Paul, with whose spirit and ideas it in many respects coincides. ^ Before the Sursum corda, or beginning of the Eucharist proper, the deacon says : " Xo catechumens, no hearers, no imbelievers, no heretics may remain here {fxr] Tij Tcov KaTTi^ovixevwi', fjii] tis twv aKpowjiiVciiv^ pL-i) ris rwv a.Trlcrru)v, /jlt) tis toiv fTepoSo^dii'). Depart, ye who have spoken the former prayer. Mothers, take your children," etc. This arrangement is traced to James, the brother of John, the son of Zebedee. ' The absence of the Lord's Prayer in the Clementine Liturgy is suflBcient to refute the view of Bunsen, that this prayer was originally the Prayer of Consecration in all liturgies. 528 THrRD PEEIOD. A.D. 311-590. to James, the brother to the Lord, and bishop of Jerusalem.* It, of com'se, cannot have been composed by him, even consider- ing only the Nicene creed and the expressions 6/j,oov(7co<> and OeoTOKo^i, which occnr in it, and which belong to the Nicene and post-Nicene theology. The following passage also bespeaks a umch later origin : " Let us remember the most holy, im- maculate, most glorious, blessed Mother of God and perpetual Virgin Mary, with all saints, that we through their prayers and intercessions may obtain mercy." The first express mention of its use meets us in Proclus of Constantinople about the middle of the fifth century. But it is, as to subst«,nce, at all events one of the oldest liturgies, and must have been in use as early as the fourth century ; for the liturgical quotations in Cyril of Jerusalem (in his fifth Mystagogic Catechesis), who died in 386, verbally agree with it. It was intended for the church of Jerusalem, which is mentioned in the