of ayaTTiiffiv avrov) in the Anaphora of the Liturgia Jacobi, while the parallel common- ly cited from Is. Ixiv. 4 is hardly suitable. But if there had been such a primitive written apostohc hturgy, there would have undoubtedly Deen other and clearer traces of it. The passages adduced may as well have been quotations from primi- tive Christian hymns and psalms, though such are very nearly akin to Uturgical prayers. 522 THIRD PEEIOD. A.D. 311-590. congregation together. Originally the whole congregation of the faithful ' was intended to respond ; but with the advance of the hierarchical principle the democratic and popular ele- ment fell away, and the deacons or the choir assumed the re- sponses of the congregation, especially where the liturgical language was not intelligible to the people.'' Several of the oldest liturgies, like those of St. Clement and St. James, have long since gone out of use, and have only a historical interest. Others, like those of St. Basil and St. Chrysostom, and the Roman, are still used, with various changes and additions made at various times, in the Greek and Latin churches. Many of their most valuable parts have passed, through the medium of the Latin mass-books, into the liturgies and agenda of the Anglican, the Lutheran, and some of the Reformed churches. But in general they breathe an entirely different atmos- phere from the Protestant liturgies, even the Anglican not excepted. For in them all the eucharistic sacrifice is the centre around which all the prayers and services revolve. This act of sacrifice for the quick and the dead is a complete service, the sermon being entirely unessential, and in fact usually dispensed with. In Protestantism, on the contrary, the Lord's Supper is almost exclusively Cmnmunion, and the sermon is the chief matter in every ordinary service. Between the Oriental and Occidental liturgies there are the following characteristic differences : 1. The Eastern retain the ante-Kicene division of public worship into two parts : the Xe ltov p<y ia Karri'^ov fjuevayv, MissA Catechumenokum, which is mainly didactic, and the XecTovpy ia tmv tt icTTMv, Miss A FroELrtiM, which contains the celebration of the Eucharist proper. This division lost its primitive import upon the union of church and state, and the ' In the Clementine Liturgy, all, ttolvt is; in the Liturgy of St. James, the Peo- ple, 6 \a6 s . ^ In the Liturgies ft" St. Basil and St. Chrysostom, which have displaced the older Greek liturgies, the Sia/coros or xop'^s usually responds. In the Roman mass the people fall still further out of view, but accompany the priest with silent prayers. § 98. THE LITURGIES. THEIR ORIGIN AJST3 C02hTENTS. 523 universal introduction of infant baptism. The Latin liturgies connect the two parts in one whole. 2. The Eastern liturgies contain, after the Words of In- stitution, an erpress Invocation of the Holy Ghost, without which the sanctification of the elements is not fully effected. Traces of this appear in the Galilean liturgies. But