(in the Greek original, and the same liturgies in an English translation, with an introduction and appendices, also at Lond. 1859). Comp. also Neale's History of the Holy Eastern Church. Lond. 1850; Gen. Introd. vol. second; and his Essays on Liturgiology and Church History. Lond. 1863. (The latter, dedicated to the metropolitan Philaret of Moscow, is a collec- tion of various learned treatises of the author from the "Christian Eemembrancer " on the Roman and Galiican Breviary, the Church Collects, the Mozarabic and Ambrosian Liturgies, Liturgical Quotii- tions, etc.) The already cited work, of kindred spirit, by the English Episcopal divine, Freeman, likewise treats much of the old Liturgies, with a predilection for the "Western, while Neale has an especial reve- rence for the Eastern ritual. (Comp. also Buxsen: Christianity and Mankind, Loud. 1854, vol. vii., which contains Reliquiae Liturgicee; the Irvixgite work : Readings upon the Liturgy and other Divine Offices of the Church, Lond. 1848-'54; Hoflixg: Liturgisches Ur- kundenbuch. Leipz. 1854.) Liturgy' means, in ecclesiastical language," tlie order and administration of public worship in general, and the celebration ' AeiTovpyia, from Xelros, i. e., belonging to the \ews or \a6s, public, and tpyov — ipyov Tov Keeli or rod AooD, public work, office, function. In Athens the term was applied especially to the directing of public spectacles, festive dances, and the distribution of food to the people on festal occasions. Paul, in Rom. xiii. 6, calls secular magistrates \€LTovpyo\ Qeov. ^ Comp. Luke i. 23, where the priestly service of Zacharias is called Xeirovpyia ; Heb. viii. 2, 6 ; ix. 21 ; x. 11, where the word is applied to the High-Priesthood of § 98. THE LITURGIES. THEIR ORIGIX AND CONTENTS. 519 of the Eucharist in particular ; then, the book or collection of the prayers used in this celebration. Tlie Latin church calls the public eucharistic service Mass, and the liturgical books, saci'amentarium, Htuale, missale, also libri mtjsteriorum, or simply libelli. The Jewish worship consisted more of acts than of words, but it included also fixed prayers and psalms (as Ps. 113-118) and the Amen of the congregation (Comj). 1 Cor. xiv. 16). The pagan Greeks and Romans had, in connection with their sacrifices, some fixed prayers and formulas of consecration, which, however, were not written, but perpetuated by oral tradition. The Indian literature, on the contrary, has liturgical books, and even the Koran contains prescribed forms of prayer. The New Testament gives us neither a liturgy nor a ritual, but the main elements for both. The Lord's Prayer, and the "Words of the Institution of baptism and of the Holy Supper, are the living germs from which the best prayers and baptismal and eucharistic formulas of the church, whether oral or written, have grown. From the confession of Peter and the formula of baptism gradually arose in the Western church the Apostles' Creed, which besides its doctrinal import, has also a liturgical officej as a public profession of candidates for baptism and of the faithful.