the priesthood, dates only from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and was then justified by the scholastic doctrine of concomitance. In the Greek church it was customary to dip the bread in the wine, and deliver both elements in a spoon. The customs of house-communion and after-commmiion for the sick and for prisoners, of distributing the unconsecrated remainder of the bread among the non-communicants, and of sending tlie consecrated elements, or their substitutes,' to dis- tant bishops or churches at Easter as a token of fellowship, are very old. The Greek chm'ch used leavened bread, the Latin, mileav- ened. This difference ultimately led to intricate controversies. The mixing of the wine with water was considered essential, and was explained in various mystical ways ; chiefly by refer- ence to the blood and water which flowed from the side of Je- sus on the cross. § 98. The Liturgies. Their Origin and Contents. J. GoAR (a learned Dominican, 1 1653) : 'Evxokoyiov. sive Eituale Grseco- mm, etc. Gr. et Lat. Par. 1647 (another ed. at Venice, 1740). Jos, Aloys. AssEMAia (R. 0.) : Codex Liturgicus ecclesige universse, ... in quo contiaentur libri rituales, missales, pontificales, officia, dypticha, etc., ecclesiarum Occidentis et Orientis (published under the auspices of Pope Boniface XIV.). Rom. l749-'66, 13 vols. Euseb. Renaudot (R. C.) : Liturgiarum orientalium collectio. Par. 1716 (reprinted 1847), 2 vols. L. A. Mtjeatoei (R. C., tl7oO): Liturgia Romana vetus. Venet. 1748, 2 vols, (contains the three Roman sacra- mentaries of Leo, Gelasius, and Gregory I., also the Missale Gothicum, and a learned introductory dissertation, De rebus liturgicis). W. Paliiee (Anglican) : Origines Liturgicas. Lond. 1832 (and 1845), 2 These substitutes for the consecrated elements were called ax/riSoipc (i. e., drri run/ Scipuiv evxapiuTiKwv), and eulogice (from the benediction at the close of the ser- vice). 618 THIRD PERIOD. A.D. 311-590. vols, (with special reference to the Anghcan liturgy). Ths. Beett : A Collection of the Principal Liturgies used in the Christian Church in the celebration of the Eucharist, particularly the ancient (translated into Englisli), with a Dissertation upon them. Lond. 1838 (pp. 465). "W. Teollope (Anglican) : The Greek Liturgy of St. James. Edinb. 1848. H. A. Daxiel (Lutheran, the most learned German liturgist) : Codex Liturgicus ecclesise uiiiversa} in epitomem redactus. Lips. 1847 sqq. 4 vols. (vol. i. contains the Eoman, vol. iv. the Oriental Liturgies). Er. J. MoxE (R. C.) : Lateinische u. Griechische Messen aus dem 2ten bis 6ten Jahrhundert. Frankf. a. if. 1850 (with valuable treatises on the Galiican, African, and Roman Mass). J. M. Neale (t 1866, the most learned Anglican ritualist and liturgist, who studied the Eastern liturgies daily for thirty years, and almost knew them by heart) : Tetralogia liturgica; sive S. Chrysostomi, S. Jacobi, S. Marci divinge missse: quibus accedit ordo Mozarabicus. Lond. 1849. The same: The Liturgies of S. Mai'k, S. James, S. Clement, S. Chrysostom, S. Basil, or according to the use of the churches of Alexandria, Jerusa- lem, Constantinople. Lond. 1859 f.