" In vain is the daily sacrifice, in vain stand we at the altar ; there is no one to take ^^art." ' 2. It is not a new sacrifice added to that of the cross, but a daily, unbloody repetition and perpetual application of that one only sacrifice. Augustine represents it, on the one hand, a . sacramentum memorice, a symbolical commemoration of the sacrificial death of Christ ; to which of course there is no objection.^ But, on the other hand, he calls the celebration of the communion verissimum sacrifiaium of the body of Christ. The church, he says, offers {immolat) to God the sacrifice of thanks in the body of Christ, from the days of the apostles through the sure succession of the bishops down to our time. But the church at the same time offers, with Christ, herself, as the body of Christ, to God. As all are one body, so also all are together the same sacrifice." According to Chrysostora the same Christ, and the whole Chi-ist, is everywhere ofiered. It is not a different sacrifice from that which the High Priest for- merly ofiered, but we offer always the same sacrifice, or rather, we perform a memorial of this sacrifice.* This last clause would decidedly favor a symbolical conception, if Chrysostom ' Horn. iii. in Ep. ad Ephes. (new Par. Bened. ed. torn. xi. p. 26) : EiVj} bvaia Ka^rtufpii/rj, dicfj irapearriKaufi/ t^ dvaiaffT-qpiw, ovSeis 6 /j.eTiX'^v, L e., Frustra est quotidianum sacrificium, frustra adstamus altari : nemo est qui participet. - CoDtr. Faust. Manich. 1. xx. 18: "Unde jam Chnstiam, peracfi ejusdem sacri- ficii memoriam celebrant, sacrosancta oblatione et participatione corporis et sangui- nis Christi." Comp. I. xx. 21. This agrees with Augustine's symbolical conception of the consecrated elements as signa, imagines, similitudines corporis et sangiiinis Christi. Steitz, 1. c. p. 379, would make him altogether a symbolist, but does not succeed ; comp. the preceding section, and Xeander, Dogmengesch. i. p. 432. ^ De civit. Dei, x. 20: "Per hoc [homo Jesus Christus] et sacerdos est ipse offerens, ipse et oblatio. Cujus rei sacramentum quotidianum esse voluit ecclesiae sacrificium, quae cum ipsius capitis corpus sit, se ipsam per ipsum offere discit." And the faithful in heaven form with us one sacrifice, since they with us are one civitas DeL * Horn. xvii. in Ep. ad Hebr. torn. xii. pp. 241 and 242 : Tov-ro yap TroieTTe. (pTjali', ils rrjv ip-Tju a.i.dfiirq(Tiy. Ouk aWriu duffiav, Ka^direp 6 apx^ep^^s to't«, oAAo rr]v avrriv dfl iroiovfxiy ' /xaWoy 5e a.v6.fxv7)<T iv ipya^of^e^a Sua i as. 508 THIRD PEEIOD. A.D. 311-590. in otlier places had not used such strong expressions as this : " When thou seest the Lord slain, and lying there, and the priest standing at the sacrifice," or : " Christ lies slain upon the altar." ' 3. The sacrifice is the anti-type of the Mosaic sacrifice, and is related to it as substance to typical shadows. It is also especially foreshadowed by