Latin church after Gregory the Great), investing with the insignia of the ofhce (the holy books, and in the case of bishops the ring and staff), the kiss of brotherhood, etc. Only bishops can ordain, though presbyters assist. The ordination or consecra- ion of a bishop generally requires, for greater solemnity, the presence of three bishops. No one can receive priestly orders without a fixed field of labor which yields him support.^ In the course of time fur- ther restrictions, derived in part from the Old Testament, in regard to age, education, physical and moral constitution, freedom from the bonds of marriage, etc., were established by ecclesiastical legislation. The favorite times for ordination were Pentecost and the quarterly Quatember terms ^ {i. e., the beginning of Quadrage- ' On the character of the ordination of the sub-deacons, as well as of diaconissse and presbyterse, there were afterward diverse views. Usually this was considered ordination only in an improper sense. ^ After the fifth century, but under various foi'ms, tonsura Petri, etc. It was first applied to penitents, then to monks, and finally to the clergy. ' Hence the old rules: "Ne quis vage ordinetur," and, "Nemo ordinatur sine titulo." Comp. Acts xiv. 23 ; Tit. i. 5 ; 1 Pet. v. 1. * Quatuor tempora. Comp. the old verse: "Post crux (Holyrood day, 14th September), post cineres (Ash Wednesday), post spiritus (Pentecost) atque Lucia) (18th December), Sit tibi in auguria quarta sequens feria." I i i § 95. THE SACKAMENT OF TUE EUCHARIST. 491 sima, the weeks after Pentecost, after the fourteenth of Sep- tember, and after the thirteenth of December), which were observed, after Gelasius or Leo the Great, as ordinary peniten- tial seasons of the church. The candidates were obliged to prepare themelves for consecration by prayer and fasting. § 95. The Sacrament of the Eucharist. ^ /^^ t^ Comp. the Literature in vol. i. § 38 and § 102, the corresponding sections ^, X/,//^' in the Doctrine Histories and Archaeologies, and the treatises of G. E. ■ ^ Steitz on the historical development of the doctrine of the Lord's Supper in the Greek church, in Z)<?raer'« " Jahrbucher fiir Deutsche Theologie," for 1864 &!u} 18GJ^. In part also the liturgical works of Neale, Daniel, etc., cited below (§ 98), and Philip Freeman : The " Principles of Divine Service. Lond. Part i. 1855, Part ii. 1862^ (The author, in the introduction to the second part, states as his object; " To unravel, by means of an historical survey of the ancient belief concerning the Holy Euchaeist, viewed as a mystery, and of the later departures from it, the manifold confusions which have grown up around the. subject, more especially since the fatal epoch of the eleventh century." But the book treats not so much of the doctrine of the Eucharist, as of the ceremony of it, and the eucharistic sacrifice, with special reference to the Anglican church.) The Eucharist is both a sacrament wherein God con- veys