the water and the blood which flowed from the side of the Lord, the genuine or chief sacraments, on which the church subsists.* But he includes under the wider conception of the sacrament other mysterious and holy usages, which were commended in the Scriptures,^ naming expressly confirmation,* marriage,^ and ordination.' Thus he already recognizes to some extent five Christian sacra- ments, to which the Roman- church has since added penance and extreme unction. Cyril of Jerusalem, in his Mystagogic Catechism, and Am- brose of Milan, in the six books De Sacramentis ascribed to him, mention only three sacraments : baptism, confirmation, and the Lord's supper; and Gregory of Nyssa likewise men- tions three, but puts ordination in the place of confirmation. For in the Eastern church confirmation, or the laying on of hands, was less prominent, and formed a part of the sacrament of baptism ; while in the "Western church it gradually estab- lished itself in the rank of an independent sacrament. The unknown Greek author of the pseudo-Dionysian writings of the sixth century enumerates six sacraments {fivaT7]pt,a) : ' (1.) baptism, or illumination ; (2.) the eucharist, or the consecration of consecrations ; (3.) the consecration with ' Contra Faust, xix. 13: "Prima sacramenta prEenunciativa erant Christi ven- turi ; quas cum suo adventu Christus implevisset, ablata sunt, et alia sunt instituta, virtute majora, numero pa2icio)'a." ^ De symb. ad Catech. c. 6 : " Quomodo Eva facta est ex latere Adam, ita eccle- sia formatur ex latere Christi. Percussimi est ejus latus et statim manavit sanguix ct aqua^ quae sunt ecclesiae genuina sacramenta.'''' De ordine baptismi, c. 5 (Bibl. max. tom. xiv. p. 11): "Profluxerunt ex ejus latere sanguis et aqua, duo sanctas ecclesice prcecipua sacramenta." Serm. 218: "Sacramenta, quibus formatur eccle- sia." Comp. Chrysostom, Homil. 85 in Job. : e| afj-cporepuv t) (KK\-r)<jia. awiarriKe. TertuUian called baptism and the eucharist " sacramenta propria," Adv. Marc. i. 14. . ^ " Et si quid aliud in divinis Uteris commendatur," or : " omne mysticum sa- crumque signum." * "Sacramentum chrismatis," Contr. lit. Petihani ii. 104. So even Cyprian, Ep. 12. ' " Sacramentum nuptiarum," De nuptiis et concupisc. i. 2. " " Sacramentum dandi baptismum," De bapt. ad Donat. i. 2 ; Epist. Parm. ii. 13. ^ De hierarch. cedes, c. 2 sq. § 91. Tin: SACEAMENTS IN GENEKAL. 479 anointing oil, or coniinnation ; (4.) the consecration of priests ; (5.) the consecration of monks ; (6.) the consecration of the dead, or extreme unction. Here marriage and penance are ■wanting ; in place of them appears the consecration of monks, which however was afterwards excluded from the number of the sacraments. In the ]S"orth African, the Milanese, and the Galilean churches the washing of feet also long maintained the place of a distinct sacrament.' Ambrose asserted its sacramental char- acter against the church of Rome, and even declared it to be as necessary as baptism, because it was instituted by Christ, and delivered men from