contrary, be seems to guard against it, Tract, viii. in Ev. Joann. c. 9. " Secundum quod Deus erat [Christus] matrem uon habebat." ^ Orat. li. '738 : Elf ns oii ^eoroKOv rijv yiaplav vno\afJiPdvei, x^P'^ ^''^"' ''"^^ ^^°* T7JT0S. § 81. THE WORSHIP OF MAHY. MARIOLOGY, 421 took offence at tlie predicate -Seoro/co?, saw in it a relapse into the heathen mythology, if not a blasphemy against the eter- nal and unchangeable Godhead, and preferred the expression Xpca-TOTo Ko<i , mater Christi. Upon this broke out the violent controversy between him and the bishop Cyril of Alex- andria, which ended in the condemnation of E^estorianism at Ephesus in 431. Thenceforth the ^eoroKOf; was a test of orthodox Christology, and the rejection of it amounted to the beginning or the end of all heresy. The overthrow of Nestorianism was at the same time the victory of Mary-worship. With the hoitor of the Son, the honor also of the Mother was secured. The oppo- nents of Nestorius, especially Proclus, his successor in Constan- tinople (t 44 Y), and Cyril of Alexandria (f 444), could scarcely find predicates enough to express the transcendent glory of the mother of God. She was the crown of virginit}'^, the indestruc- tible temple of God, the dwelling place of the Holy Trinity, the paradise of the second Adam, the bridge from God to man, the loom of the incarnation, the sceptre of orthodoxy ; through her the Trinity is glorified and adored, the devil and demons are put to flight, the nations converted, and the fallen crea- ture raised to heaven.' The people were all on the side of the Ephesian decision, and gave vent to their joy in bound- less enthusiasm, amidst bonfires, processions, and illumina- tions. With this the worship of Mary, the mother of God, the queen of heaven, seemed to be solemnly established for all time. But soon a reaction appeared in favor of Kestorianism, and the church found it necessary to condemn the opposite extreme of Eutychianism or Monophysitism. This was the oflfice of the council of Chalcedon in 451 : to give expression to the element of truth in Nestorianism, the duality of nature in the one divine-human person of Christ. Nevertheless the ' Comp. Cyril's Encom. iu S. M. Deiparam and Homil. Ephes., and the Orationes of Proclus in Gallandi, vol. ix. Similar extravagant laudation had already been used by Ephraim Syrus (f 3'78) in his work, De laudibus Dei genetricis, and in the col- lection of prayers which bore his name, but are in part doubtless of later origin, in the 3d volume of his works, pp. 524-552, ed. Benedetti and S. Assemani. 422 THIRD PERIOD. A.D. 311-590. ^eoroKo^ was expressly retained, though it originated in a rather monophysite view.* § 82. Mariolatry. Thus much respecting the doctrine of Mary, Now the corresponding practice. From this Mariology follows Mari- olatry. K Mary is, in the strict sense of the word, the mother of God, it seems to follow