utrum essent sine peccato, quid fuisse responsuros putamus : utrum hoc quod iste [Pelagius] dicit, an quod Joannes apostolus" [1 John i. 8]? In other places, however, Augustine says, that the flesh of Mary came "de peccati propagine" (De Gen. ad lit. x. c. 18), and that, in virtue of her descent from Adam, she was subject to death also as the consequence of sin (" Maria ex Adam mortua propter peccatum," Enarrat. in Ps. 34, •vs. 13). This was also the view of Anselm of Canterbury (f 1109), in his Cur Dena § 81, THE WORSHIP OF MARY. MARIOLOGY. 419 versal sinfulness of the race, but no other. He taught the sin- less birth and life of Mary, but not her immaculate conception. He no doubt assumed, as afterward Bernard of Clairvaux and Thomas Aquinas, a sanctificatio in utero, like that of Jeremiah (Jer. i. 5) and John the Baptist (Luke i. 15), whereby, as those two men were fitted for their prophetic office, she in a still higher degree was sanctified by a special operation of the Holy Ghost before her birth, and prepared to be a pm*e receptacle for the divine Logos. The reasoning of Augustine backward from the holiness of Christ to the holiness of His mother was an important turn, which was afterward pursued to further results. The same reasoning leads as easily to the doctrine of the immoGiilate conception of Mary, though also, just as well, to a sinless mother of Mary herself, and thus upward to the beginning of the race, to another Eve who never fell. Augus- tine's opponent, Pelagius, with his monastic, ascetic idea of holiness and his superficial doctrine of sin, remarkably out- stripped him on this point, ascribing to ^2X^ perfect sinless- ness. But, it should be remembered, that his denial of origi- nal sin to all men, and his excepting of sundry saints of the Old Testament besides Mary, such as Abel, Enoch, Abraham, Isaac, Melchizedek, Samuel, Elijah, Daniel, from actual sin,' so that iravre'i in Bom. v. 12, in his view, means only a ma- jority, weaken the honor he thus appears to confer upon the mother of the Lord. The Augustinian view long continued to prevail ; but at last Pelagius won the victory on this point in the Roman church.'' Notwithstanding this exalted representation of Mary, there homo, ii. 16, where he says of Christ that he assumed sinless manhood "de massa peccatrice, id est de humano genere, quod totum iufectum errat peccato," and of Mary : " Virgo ipsa, unde assumptus est, est Lq iniquitatibus concepta, et in peccatis concepit earn mater ejus, et cum originaU peccato nata est, quoniam et ipsa in Adam peccavit, ia quo omnes peccaverunt." Jerome taught the univereal sinfulness with- out any exception. Adv. Pelag. ii. 4. ' See Augustine, De nat. et grat. cap. 36. ^ The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of Mary was, for the £rst time after Pelagius, plainly brought forward in 1140 at Lyons,