substitute for the true Pauline doctrine of an antityj^ical parallel between the first and second Adam.* It tends to substitute Mary for Christ. Justin Martyr, Irenseus, and Tertullian, are the first who present Mary as the counterpart of Eve, as a " mother of all living " in the higher, spiritual sense, and teach that she became through her obedience the mediate or instrumental cause of the blessings of redemption to the human race, as Eve by her disobedience was the fountain of sin and death." Jreuseus ' Epiphanius also, Haer. 78, no. 17, gives the parents of Jesus these names. To reconcile this with Luke iii. 23, the Roman theologians suppose, that Eli, or Heli, is an abbreviation of HeUakim, and that this is the same with Joakini, or Joachim. - According to the apocryphal Historia Josephi he was already ninety years old ; according to Epiphanius at least eighty ; and was blessed with children by a former marriage. According to Origen, also, and Eusebius, and Gregory of Nyssa, Joseph was an aged widower. Jerome, on the contrary, makes him, like Mary, a pure ccelebs, and says of him : " Mariae quam putatus est habuisse, custos potius fuit quam maritus ; " consequently he must " virginem mansisse cum Maria, qui pater Domini meruit adpellari." Contr. Helvid. c. 19. ' Rom. V. 12 ff. ; 1 Cor. xv. 22. But Paul ignores here Eve and Mary altogether. * In later times in the Latin church even the yl ye with which Gaoriel saluted the Virgin, was received as the converse of the name oi Eva ; though the Greek x"^pf. Luke i. 28, admits no such far-fetched accommodation. In like manner the bruising of the serpent's head. Gen. iii. 15, was applied to Mary instead of Christ, because the Vulgate wrongly translates the Hebrew rxi ViSVIJ';' XW , " 'psa, conteret caput tuum;" while the LXX. rightly refers the s-in to i'lt as masc, avros, and likewise all Protestant versions of the Bible. * Irenaeus : Adv. hser. lib. iii. c. 22, § 4 : " Consequenter autem et Maria virgo obediens invenitur, dicens : ' Ecce ancilla tua, Dotrmie, fiat mild secundum verhuiu Umm ' (Luke i. 88) ; Eva vero disobcdicns : non obedivit enim, quum adhuc essei ^i^:^^ y^^ '^4 4' ^'^-^ y^>^ l^pc^ t^'^-^ /^ r*^£^''-'^!iy "^^ ^ ^^^^^ /^. ^^ ^^.*^ ..^^^^ XiS...^:!. ^^^ Ce.^^irT^ d ^ ^^<r^^t^ //ir,j/^^/. L^^-^^^^^Z- ^f9l<.J-^^^ iCrt/T H'^ ^'^t-i-a^ nA.<^h »rz^^ox/ /rt-V-j^ /^yt-Hy -^4^-*t^ >/ , Z^. Z* § 81. THE WOKSIIIP OF MARY. MARIOLOGY. 415 calls lier also the "" advocate of the virgin Eve," which, at a later day, is understood in the sense of intercessor.' On this account this father stands as the oldest leading authority in the Catholic Mariology ; though with only partial justice ; for he v/as still widely removed from the notion of the sinlessness of Mary, and expressly declares the answer of Christ in John ii. 4, to be