Cvril had excommunicated Xestorins, § 66. LIST OF ECUMENICAL COUNCILS. 351 four councils, as it stands lowest also in moral character. It is entirely rejected by the Nestorian or Chaldaic Christians. Its six canons relate exclusively to Nestorian and Pelagian affairs, and are wholly omitted by Dionysius Exiguus in his collection. ■i. The Concilium Chalcedonense, a. d. 451 ; summoned by the emperor Marciau, at the instance of the Koman bishop Leo ; held at Chalcedon in Bithynia, opposite Constantinople ; and composed of five hundred and twenty (some say six hun- dred and thirty) bishops.' Among these were three delegates of the bishop of Rome, two bishops of Africa, and the rest all Greeks and orientals. The fourth general council fixed the orthodox doctrine of the person of Christ in opposition to Eutychianism and Kestorianism, and enacted thirty canons (according to some manuscripts only twenty-seven or twenty- eight), of which the twenty-eighth was resisted by the Roman legates and Leo I. This was the most numerous, and next to the Nicene, the most important of all the general councils, but is repudiated by all the Monophysite sects of the Eastern church. 5. The Concilium Constantinopolitanu^i II. was assembled a full century later, by the emperor Justinian, a. d. 553, with- out consent of the pope, for the adjustment of the tedious Mono- physite controversy. It was presided over by the patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople, consisted of only one hundred and sixty-four bishops, and issued fourteen anathemas against the three chapters," so called, or the christological views of three departed bishops and divines, Theodore of Mopsueste, Theodoret of Cyros, and Ibas of Edessa, who were charged with leaning toward the Nestorian heresy. The fifth council was not recognized, however, by many Western bishops, even after the vacillating Pope Vigilius gave in his assent to it, and it induced a temporary schism between Upper Italy and the ' The synod itself, in a letter to Leo, states the number as only five hundred and twenty; Leo, on the contrary (Ep. 102), speaks of about six hundred members ; and the usual opinion (Tillemont, Memoires, t. xr. p. 641) raises the whole number of members, including deputies, to six hundred and thirty. ^ Tria capitula, Ke^aAeia. 352 THIRD PERIOD. A.D. 311-590. Roman see. As to importance, it stands far below the four previous conncils. Its Acts, in Greek, with the exception of the fourteen anathemas, arc lost. Besides these, there are two later councils, which have attained among the Greeks and Latins an undisputed ecumeni- cal authority : the third council of Co^'STA]S(Tr!s^oPLE, under Constantino Progonatus, a. d. 680, which condemned Mono- thelitism (and Pope Honorius, f 638),' and consummated the old Catholic christologj ; and the second council of XiciEA, under the empress Irene, a. d. YST, which sanctioned the image-worship of the Catholic church, but has no dogmatical importance. Thus XicsKa — now the miserable Turkish hamlet Is-nik * — has the honor of both opening and closing the succession