to use the humble-proud title : " servant of the servants of God." His successors, not- withstanding his protest, called themselves "the universal bishops " of Christendom. What he had condemned in his oriental colleagues as antichristian arrogance, the later popes considered but the appropriate expression of their ofiicial posi- tion in the church universal. ' Even Justinian repeatedly applied to the patriarch of Constantinople officially the title o'lKov/j-evLKhs Trarpidpxv^i universalis patriarcha. ^ Bellarmine disposes of this apparent testimony of one of the greatest and best popes against the system of popery, which has frequently been urged since Calvin by Protestant controversialists, by assuming that the term episcopus uiiiversalis is used in two very different senses. "Respondeo," he says (in his great controversial work, De controversiis christianse fidei, etc., de Romano pontifice, hb. ii. cap. 31), " duobus modis posse intelligi nomen universalis episcopi. Uno modo, ut ille, qui dicitur universalis, inteUigatur esse solus episcopus omnium urbium Christianarum, ita ut cffiteri non sint episcopi, sed vicarii tantum illius, qui dicitur episcopus univer- salis, et hoc modo nomen Hoc est vere profanum, sacrilegum et antichristianum. . . . . Altero modo dici potest episcopus universaUs, qui habet curam totius ecclesiae, sed generalem, ita ut non excludat particidares episcopos. Et hoc modo nomen hoc posse tribui Romano pontifici ex mente Gregorii probatur." 330 THIRD PEKIOD. A.D. 311-590. § 65. The Synodical System. The EGumenical Councils, J. The principal sources are the Acts of the Councils, the hest and most complete collections of which are those of the Jesuit Sihmond (Eom. 1608-1612, 4 vols, fol.); the so-called Gollectio regia (Paris, 1644-, 37 vols, fol ; a copy of it in the Astor Libr , New York) ; but especially th(ise of the Jesuit HARDorix(t 1729): Cnllectio maxima Conciliorum generali im et provincialiam (Par. 1715 sqq., 12 vols, fol.), coming down to 1714, and very available through its five copious indexes (torn. i. and ii. embrace the first six centuries ; a copy of it, from Van Ess's library, in the Union Theol. Sem. Library, at New York) ; and the Italian Joanxes Domimcus Maxst (archbishop of Lucca, died 1769) : Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, Florence, 1759-'98, in 31 (30) vols. fol. This is the most complete and the best collection down to the fifteenth century, but unfinished, and therefore without general indexes; torn. i. contains the Councils from the beginning of Christianity to a. d. 304; torn, ii.-ix. include our period to a. d. 590 (I quote from an excellent copy of this rare collection in the Union Theol. Sem. Libr., at Xew York, 30 t. James Darling, in his Cyclop. Bibliographica, p. 740-756, gives the list of the contents of an earlier edition of the Councils hj Xic. Coleti^ Venet., 1728, in 23 vols., with a supplement of Mansi, in 6 vols. 1748- '52, which goes down to 1727, while the new edition of Mansi only reaches to 1509. Brunet, in the "Manuel du Libraire," quotes the edition of Mansi,