Hilary against Leo, hence condemned by the Roman Index) ; and ed. Petr. et Eieron. Ballerini (two very learned brothers and presbyters, who wrote at the request of Pope Benedict XIV.), Venet. 1753-1757, 3 vols, fol. (Vol. i. contains 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the two other vol- umes doubtful writings and learned dissertations.) This edition is re- printed in Migne's Patrologife Oursus completus, vol. 54^57, Par. 1846. II. Acta Saxctoeum, sub Apr. 11 (Apr. tom. ii. p. 14-30, brief and un- satisfactory). Tillemont: Mem. t. xv. p. 414-882 (very full). Bdt- lee: Lives of the Saints, sub Apr. 11. W. A. Aeendt (R. C.) : Leo der Grosse u. seine Zeit, Mainz, 1835 (apologetic and panegyric). Edw. Perthel : P. Leo's I. Leben u. Lehren, Jena, 1843 (Protestant). Fe. Bobringek : Die Kirche Christi u. ihre Zeugen, Zilrich, 1846, vol. 1. div. 4, p. 170-309. Pn. Jaffe : Regesta Pontif. Rom., Berol. 1851, p. 34 sqq. Comp. also Greenwood : Cathedra Petri, Lond. 1859, vol. i. bk. ii. chap, iv.-vi. (The Leonine Period) ; and H. II. Milman: Hist, of Latin Christianity, Lond. and New York, 1860, vol. i. bk. ii. ch. iv. In most of the earlier bishops of Rome the person is eclipsed by the office. The spirit of the age and public opinion rule the bishops, not the bishops them. In the preceding period, / "' Je^ ^'^ "^ '^f^- ^" ^^"^"^' § 63. LEO TUE GREAT. 315 Victor in the controversy on Easter, Callistus in that on tlie restoration of tlie lapsed, and Stephen in that on heretical bap- tism, were the first to come out with hierarchical arrogance ; but they were somewhat premature, and found vigorous resist- ance in Irengeus, Ilippolytus, and Cyprian, though on all three questions the Roman view at last carried the day. In the period before us, Damasus, who subjected Illyria to the Roman jurisdiction, and established the authority of the Vulgate, and Smcius, who issued the first genuine decretal letter, trod in the steps of those predecessors. Innocent 1. (-102-417) took a step beyond, and in the Pelagian controversy ventured the bold assertion, that in the wliole Christian world nothino- should be decided without the cognizance of the Roman see, and that, especially in matters of faith, all bishops must turn to St. Peter.' But the first pope, in the proper sense of the word, is Leo I., who justly bears the title of " the Great " in the history of the Latin hierarchy. Li him the idea of the papacy, as it were, became flesh and blood. He conceived it in great energy and clearness, and carried it out with the Roman spirit of domin- ion, so far as the circumstances of the time at all allowed. He marks the same relative epoch in the development of the papacy, as Cyprian in the history of the episcopate. He had even a higher idea of the prerogatives of the see of Rome than Gregory the Great, who,