to Rome. When Gratian, in 379, incoi^porated Illyri- cum Orientale with the Eastern empire, its bishops nevertheless refused to give up their former ecclesiastical connection. Da- masus conferred on the metropolitan Acholius, of Thessalonica, as papal vicar, patriarchal rights in the new prsefecture. The patriarch of Constantinople endeavored, indeed, repeatedly, to bring this ground into his diocese, but in vain. Justinian, in 535, formed of it a new diocese, with an independent patriarch at Prima Justiniana (or Achrida, his native city) ; but this arbitrary innovation had no vitality, and Gregory I. recovered active intercourse with the Illyrian bishops. Not until the eighth century, under the emperor Leo the Isaurian, was East Illyria finally severed from the Roman diocese and incorpo- rated with the patriarchate of Constantinople.' § 60. The Papacy. Literature, as in §55, and vol. i. § 110. At last the Roman bishop, on the ground of his divine institution, and as successor of Peter, the prince of the apostles, * Comp. Gieseler, i, 2, p. 215 sqq. ; and Wiltseh, i. 72 sqq., 431 sqq. 300 THIRD PERIOD. A.D, 311-590. advanced Ms claim to be primate of the entire cliurch, and visible representative of Cliiist, who is the invisible supreme head of the Christian world. This is the strict and exclusive sense of the title, Pope.' Properly speaking, this claim has never been fully realized, and remains to this day an apple of discord in the history of the church. Greek Christendom has never acknowledged it, and Latin, only under manifold protests, which at last con- quered in the Reformation, and deprived the papacy forever of the best part of its domain. The fundamental fallacy of the Roman system is, that it identifies papacy and church, and therefore, to be consistent, must unchurch not only Protestant- ism, but also the entire Oriental church from its origin down. By the "una sancta catholiea apostolica ecclesia" of the Nice- no-Constantinopolitan creed is to be understood the whole body of Catholic Christians, of which the ecclesia Romana^ like the churches of Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Constantino- ple, is only one of the most prominent branches. The idea of the papacy, and its claims to the universal dominion of the church, were distinctly put forward, it is true, so early as the period before us, but could not make themselves good beyond the limits of the West. Consequently the papacy, as a historical fact, or so far as it has been acknowledged, is properly nothing more than the Latin patriarchate run to absolute monarchy. By its advocates the papacy is based not merely upon church usage, like the metropolitan and patriarchal power, but upon divine right ; upon the peculiar position which Christ ' The name papa — according to some an abbreviation oi pater patrum, but more probably, like the kindred abbas, iramras, or jrairoy, pa-pa, simply an imitation of the first prattling of children, thus equivalent to father — was, in the West, for a long time the honorary