the emperor, give us the first example of a defensive and offensive alliance of the central spmtual and temporal powers in the pursuit of an unlimited sovereignty. The edict, how- ever, could of course have power, at most, only in the West, to which the authority of Valentinian was limited. In fact, even Hilary and his successors maintained, in spite of Leo, the prerogatives they had formerly received from Pope Zosimus, and were confirmed in them by later popes.^ Beyond this the issue of the contest is unknown. Hilary of Aries died in 449, universally esteemed and loved, without, so far as we know, having become formally reconciled with Rome ; ^ though, not- withstanding this, he figures in a remarkable manner in the Roman calendar, by the side of his j^apal antagonist Leo, as a canonical saint. Undoubtedly Leo proceeded in this contro- versy far too rigorously and intemperately against Hilary ; yet it was important that he should hold fast the right of appeal as a guarantee of the freedom of bishops against the encroachments of metropolitans. The papal despotism often proved itself a wholesome check upon the despotism of sub- ordinate prelates. * The popes Vigil. 539-555, Pelagius, 555-559, and Gregory tlie Great con- ferred on the archbishop of Aries, besides the pallium, also the papal vicariate (vices). Comp. Wiltsch, i. 71 sq. ^ At all events, no reconciliation can be certainly proved. Hilary did, indeed, according to the account of his disciple and biographer, who some forty years after his death encircled him with the halo, take some steps toward reconciliation, and sent two priests as delegates with a letter to the Roman prefect, Auxiliaris. The latter endeavored to act the mediator, but gave the delegates to understand, that ■ Hilary, by his vehement boldness, had too deeply wounded the delicate ears of the . Romans. In Leo's letter a new trespass is charged upon Hilary, on the rights of the bishop Projectus, after the deposition of Celidonius. And Hilary died soon after this contest (449). Waterland ascribed to him the Athanasian Creed, thougli with- outigood reason. § 60. THE PAPACY. 299 AYitli Nortliem Gaul the Koman bishops came into less frequent contact ; yet in this region also there occur, in the fourth and fifth centuries, examples of the successful assertion of their jurisdiction. The early Britisii church held from the first a very isolated position, and was driven back by the invasion of the pagan Anglo-Saxons, about the middle of the fifth century, into the mountains of Wales, Corn\vall[|, Cumberland, and the still more secluded islands. Kot till the conversion of the Ang-lo- Saxons imder Gregory the Great did a regular connection be- fjin between Eno-land and Rome. Finally, the Roman bishops succeeded also in extending their patriarchal power eastward, over the prsefecture of East Illyria. Illyria belonged originally to the Western empire, re:uaiiied true to the Nicene faith through the Arian contro- versies, and for the vindication of that faith attached itself closely