counsel and protection with the bishop of Rome, which, for his own sake, he was always glad ' Epist, 87 ; Mansi, vi. 120. 296 THIRD PEKIOD. A.D. 311-590. to give. So early as 385, Siricius, as we have before observed, issued a decretal letter to a Spanish bishop. The epistles of Leo to Bishop Turibius of Asturica, and the bishops of Gaul and Spain,' are instances of the same authoritative style. Simplicius (467-483) appointed the bishop Zeno of Sevilla papal vicar,'^ and Gregory the Great, with a paternal letter, conferred the pallium on Leander, bishop of Sevilla.^ In Gaul, Leo succeeded in asserting the Roman jurisdiction, though not without opposition, in the affair of the archbishop Hilary of Ai'les, or Arelate. The affair has been differently represented from the Gallican and the ultramontane points of view.* Hilary (born 403, died 449), first a rigid monk, then, against his will, elevated to the bishopric, an eloquent preacher, an energetic prelate, and the hrst champion of the freedom of the Gallican church against the pretensions of Rome, but him- self not free from hierarchical ambition, deposed Celidonius, the bishop of Besan9on, at a councif in that city {aynodus Ve- so?itio7ie?isis), because he had married a widow before his ordination, and had presided as judge at a criminal trial and pronounced sentence of death ; which things, according to the ecclesiastical law, incapacitated him for the episcopal office. This was unquestionably an encroachment on the province of Yienne, to wdiich Besangon belonged. Pope Zosimus had, indeed, in 417, twenty-eight years before, appointed the bishop of Aries, which was a capital of seven provinces, to be papal * Ep. 93 and 95 ; Mansi, vi. 131 and 132. - Mansi, vii. 972. ^ Greg. Ep. i. 41 ; Mansi, ix. 1059. Comp. Wiltsch, i. 71. * This difference shows itself in the two editions of the works of Leo the Great, respectively : that of the French Pasquier Qcksxel, a Gallican and Jansenist (exiled 1681, died at Brussels 1719), which also contains the works, and a vindica- tion, of Hilary of Aries (Par. 1675, in 2 vols.), and was condemned in 1676 by the Congregation of the Index, without their even reading it ; and that of the two brothers Ballerini, which appeared in opposition to the former (Ven. 1755-1757, 3 vols.), and represents the Italian ultramontane side. Comp. further on this contest of Hilarius Arelatensis (not to be confounded with Hilarius Pictaviensi-s, Hilarius Navbonensis, and others of the same name) with Pope Leo, the Vita Hilarii of Honoratus Massihensis, of about the year 490 (printed in Mansi, vi. 461 sqq., and in the Acta Sanct. ad d. 5 Maji) ; the article by Perthel, in Illgen's Zeitschrift for hist. Theol. 1843 ; Greenwood, 1. c. i. p. 350-356 ; Milman, Lat. Christianity, i. p. 269-276 (Amer. ed.); and the article "Hilarius" in Wetzer and Welte's Kirchen- lexic vol. V. p. 181 sqq. § 59. CONFLICTS OF THE LATIN rATRIAKCHATE. 297 vicar in