the (twentieth) council of Carthage, in 424, to Pope Coelestine I., to the following purport : ^ " Apiarius asked a new trial, and gross misdeeds of his were thereby brought to light. The papal legate, Faustinus, has, in the face of tliis, in a very harsh manner demanded the reception of this man into the fellowship of the Africans, because he has appealed to the pope and been received into fellowship by him. ^ Baron. Ann. ad aun. 433 ; Wiltsch, i. 69, 87. '^ Comp. the relevant Acts of councils in Gieseler, i 2, p. 221 sqq., and an ex- tended description of this case of appeal in Greenwood, Cath. Petri, i. p. 299-310, and in Ilefele, Concilien-Gesch. ii. 107 sqq., 120, 123 sq. ^ Alansi, iii. 839 sq. § 59. CONFLICTS or THE LATIN PATKIAECHATE. 295 'But tins very tliin<T ought not to liave l5een clone. At last has Apiarius himself acknowledged all his crimes. The pope may hereafter no longer so readily give audience to those wlio come from Africa to Rome, like Apiarius, nor receive the ex- communicated into church communion, be they bishops or priests, as the council of Nice (can. 5) has ordained, in whose direction bishops are included. The assumption of appeal to Pome is a trespass on the rights of the African church, and what has been [by Zogimus and his legates] brought foi-ward as a Nicene ordinance for it, is not Nicene, and is not to be found in the genuine copies of the Nicene Acts, which have been received from Constantinople and Alexandria. Let the pope, therefore, in future send no more judges to Africa, and since Apiarius has now been excluded for his offences, the pope will surely not expect the African church to submit longer to the annoyances of the legate Faustinus. May God the Lord long preserve tlie pope, and may the pope pray for the Africans." Li the Pelagian controversy the weak Zosi- mus, who, in opposition to the judgment of his predecessor Innocent, had at first expressed himself favorably to the here- tics, was even compelled by the Africans to yield. The l^orth African church maintained this position under the lead of the greatest of the Latin fathers, St. Augustine, who in other re- spects contributed more than any other theologian or bishop to the erection of the Catholic system. She first made sub- mission to the Roman jurisdiction, in the sense of her weak- ness, under the shocks of the Vandals. Leo (440-461) was the first pope who could boast of having extended the diocese of Rome beyond Europe into another quarter of the globe.' He and Gregory the Great wrote to the African bishops entirely in the tone of paternal authority w^ithout provoking reply. In Spain the popes found from the first a more favorable field. The orthodox bishops there were so pressed in the fifth century by the Arian Yandals, Suevi, Alani, and soon after by the Goths, that they sought