of the sixth century, and were ordained without him or his pallium. Gregory I., in 593, during the ravages, of the Longobards, was the first who endeavored to exercise patriarchal rights there : he reinstated an excommunicated presbyter, who had appealed to him.^ The metropolitans of Aquileia, who derived their church from the evangelist Mark, and whose city was elevated by Constantine the Great to be the capital of Venetia and Istria, vied with Milan, and even with Rome, calling themselves "patriarchs," and refusing submission to the papal jurisdiction even under Gregory the Great." The bishop of Ravenna likewise, after 408, when the ' This is conceded by Hefele, i. 383 sq. : " It is, however, not to be mistaken, that the bishop of Rome did not everywhere, in all the West, exercise /mW patriarchal rights ; that, to wit, in several provinces, simple bishops were ordained without his cooperation." And not only simple bishops, but also metropolitans. See the text. ^ AvTOKicpaKoi, also a.Ke(pa\ot, as in the East especially the archbishops of Cyprus and Bulgaria were called, and some other metropolitans, who were'subject to no patriarch. ' Comp. Wiltsch, i. 234. * Comp. Gregory I., Epist. 1. iv. 49 ; and Wiltsch, i. 236 sq. To the metropolis of Aquileia belonged the bishoprics of Verona, Tridentum (the Trent, since become so famous), ^mona, Altinum, Torcellum, Pola, Celina, Sabiona, Forum Julii, Bellu- mun, Concordia, Feltria, Tarvisium, and Vicentia. 294 THLBD PERIOD. A,D. 311-590. emperor Ilonorius selected that city for his residence, became a powerful metropolitan, with jurisdiction over fourteen bish- oprics. ]^ evertheless he received the pallium from Gregory the Great, and examples occur of ordination by the Roman bishop.* The J^ortli African bishops and councils in the beginning of the fifth century, with all traditional reverence for the apos- tolic see, repeatedly protested, in the spirit of Cyprian, against encroachments of Rome, and even prohibited all appeal in church controversies from their own to a transmarine or foreign tribunal, upon pain of excommunication.'^ The' occasion of this was an appeal to Rome by the presbyter Apiarius, who had been deposed for sundry offences by Bishop Urbanus, of Sicca, a disciple and friend of Augustine, and whose restora- tion was twice attempted, by Pope Zosimus in 418, and by Pope Coelestine in 424. From this we see that the popes gladly undertook to interfere for a palpably unworthy priest, and thus sacrificed the interests of local discipline, only to make their own superior authority felt. The Africans referred to the genuine ITicene canon (for which Zosimus had substi- tuted the Sardican appendix respecting the appellate jurisdic- tion of Rome, of which the Nicene council knew nothing), and reminded the pope, that the gift of the Holy Ghost, needful for passing a just judgment, was not lacking to any province, and that he could as well inspire a whole province as a single bishop. The last document in the case of this appeal of Api- arius is a letter of