' Cone. Constant, i. can. 3 : lov /xiuToi KwvcrTavTivovTr6\€a:s iiridKoirov exeiv t a IT p e <T ^ ela T 7] s T I firi s /J. er a t o v r 7) s 'V ui fxi) s f nr i a kow o v , dia rh eivai aiir^v viav 'Pccfn)v. This canon is quoted also by Socrates, v. 8, and Sozomen, Tii. 9, and confirmed by the council of Chalcedon (see below) ; so that it must be from pure dogmatical bias, that Baronius (Annal. ad ann. 381, n. 35, 36) questions its genuineness. ^ The latter is not, indeed, expressly said in the above canon, which seems to speak only of an honorary precedence. But the canon was so understood by the bishops of Constantinople, and by the historians Socrates (v. 8) and Theodoret (Epist. 86, ad Flavianum), and so interpreted by the Chalcedonian council (can. 28). The relation of the bishop of Constantinople to the metropohtan of Heraclea, how- ever remained for a long time uncertain, and at the coimcil ad Quercum, 403, in the affair of Chrysostom, Paul of Heraclea took the presidency, though the patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria was present. Comp. Le Quien, torn, i, p. 18 ; and Wiltsch, i, p. 139. 278 THIED PERIOD. A.D. 311-590. of Alexandria, because this see had hitherto held the second rank, and was now required to take the third. Hence the canon was not subscribed by Timotheus of Alexandria, and was regarded in Egypt as void. Afterward, however, the emperors prevailed with the Alexandrian patriarchs to yield this point. After the council of 3S1, the bishop of Constantinople in- dulged in manifold encroachments on the rights of the metro- politans of Ephesus and Csesarea in Cappadocia, and even on the rights of the other patriarchs. In this extension of his authority he was favored by the fact that, in spite of the pro- hibition of the council of Sardica, the bishops of all the districts of the East continually resided in Constantinople, hi order to present all kinds of interests to the emperor. These con- cerns of distant bishops were generally referred by the empe- ror to the bishop of Constantinople and his council, the crvpoBot; ivSrjjjLovaa, as it was called, that is, a council of the bishops resident {ivSrjfiovvrcov) in Constantinople, under his presidency. In this way his trespasses even upon the bounds of other patriarchs obtained the right of custom by consent of parties, if not the sanction of church legislation. ISfectarius, wlio was not elected till after that council, claimed the presidency at a council in 394, over the two patriarchs who were present, Theophilus of Alexandria and Flavian of Antioch ; decided the matter almost alone ; and thus was the first to exercise the primacy over the entire East. Under his successor, Chrysos- tom, the compass of the see extended itself still farther, and, according to Theodoret,' stretched over the capital, over all Thrace with its six provinces, over