ecclesi- astical. 'Next to them, in the second rank, come the bishops of Ephesus in the Asiatic diocese of the empire, of JN^eo-Coesa- rea in the Pontic, and of Heraclea in the Thracian ; while Con- stantinople, which was not founded till five years later, is wholly unnoticed in the ISTicene council, and Jerusalem is mentioned only under the name of ^lia. Between the first and second ecumenical councils arose the new patriarchate of Constantinople, or New Rome, built by Con- stantine in 330, and elevated to the rank of the imperial residence. The bishop of this city was not only the successor of the bishop ".So Greenwood also views the matter, Cathedra Petri, 1859, vol. i. p. 181 : " It was manifestly not the object of this canon to confer any new jurisdiction upon the church of Alexandria, but simply to confirm its customary prerogative. By way of illustration, it places that prerogative, whatever it was, upon the same level with that of the two other eparchal churches of Rome and Antioch. Moreover, the words of the canon disclose no other ground of claim but custom ; and the customs of each eparchia are restricted to the territorial limits of the diocese or cparchia itself And though, within those limits, the several customary rights and prerogatives may have differed, yet beyond them no jurisdiction of any kind could, by virtue of this canon, have any existence at all." § 56, SYNODICAL LEGISLATION, ETC. 277 of tlie ancient Byzantium, liitlierto under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan of Heraclea, but, through tlie favor of the imperial court and the bishops who were always numerously assembled there, it placed itself in a few decennia among the first metropolitans of the East, and in the fifth century became the most powerful rival of the bishop of old Rome. This new patriarchate was first officially recognized at the first ecumenical council, held at Constantinople in 381, and was conceded '■Hhe precedence in honor, next to the hishop of Rome^'^ the second place among all bishops ; and that, on the purely political consideration, that jSTcw Kome was the resi- dence of the emperor.' At the same time the imperial city and the diocese of Thrace (whose ecclesiastical metropolis hitherto had been Heraclea) were assigned as its district." Many Greeks took this as a formal assertion of the equality of the bishop of Constantinople with the bishop of Rome, understanding " next " or " after " (/tera) as referring only to time, not to rank. But it is more natural to regard this as conceding a primacy of honor, which the Roman see could claim on dififerent grounds. The popes, as the subsequent protest of Leo shows, were not satisfied with this, because they were unwilling to be placed in the same category with the Constantinopolitan fledgling, and at the same time assumed a supremacy of jurisdiction over the whole church. On the other hand, this decree was unwelcome also to the patriarch