: ^^ £Jrunt sacerdotes Dei et Christi et regnabunt cum eo milk annos (Apoc. xx. 6) : non utique de solis episcopis et presbyteris dictum est, qui proprie jam vocantur in Ecclesia sacerdotes ; Bed sicut omnes Christianos dicimus propter mysticum chrisma, sic omnes sacerdotes, quoniam membra sunt unius sacerdotis. De quibus apostolus Petrus: Plebs, inquit, sancta regale sacer- dotium, (1 Pet. ii. 9)." Comp. Ambrosiaster ad Eph. iv. 11 ; Jerome ad Tit. i. 1 ; and Pope Leo I., Sermon, iv. 1. ^ According to Clemens Romanus, ad Corinth, c. 44, the consent of the whole congregation in the choice of their officers was the apostolic and post-apostolic cus- tom ^and the Epistles of Cyprian, especially Ep. 68, show that the same rule con- tinued in the middle of the third century. Comp. vol. i. § 105. ' Z)7T7j(rir, ^yjcpLfffxa, ^rjtpos, scrutinium. * "Alloy, dignus, or avd^io^, indignus. Constitut. Apost. viii. 4 ; Concil. Aurelat. ii. (a. d. 452) c. 54 ; Gregor. Naz. Orat. xxi. According to a letter of Peter of Alexandria, in Theodor. Hist. Eccl. iv. 22, the bishop in tRe East was elected iirnr- K6-iT(av (TvvoSqj, ^■n<pa) KArjptKuy, alrrjaei Kawv, He himself was elected archbishop of Alexandria and successor of Athanasius (a. d. 373), according to the desire of the latter, "by the unanimous consent of the clergy and of the chief men of the city" (iv. cap. 20), and, after his expulsion, he objected to his wicked successor Lucius, among other things, that " he had purchased the episcopal office with gold, as though it had been a secular dignity, . . . and had not been elected by a synod of bishops, by the votes of the clergy, or by the request of the people, according to the regulations of the church " (iv. c. 22). 240 THIRD PERIOD. A.D. 311-590. most prominently in tlie election of bishops. The Roman bishop Leo, in spite of his papal absolutism, asserted the thoroughly democratic principle, long since abandoned by his successors : " He who is to preside over all, should be elected by all." ' Oftentimes the popular will decided before the pro- vincial bishops and the clergy assembled and the regular elec- tion could be held. Ambrose of Milan and Xectariiis of Con- stantinople were appointed to the bishopric even before they were baptized ; the former by the people, the latter by the emperor Theodosius ; though in palpable violation of the eightieth apostolic canon and the second Mcene." Martin of Tours owed his elevation likewise to the popular voice, while some bishops objected to it on account of his small and wasted form.^ Chrysostom was called from Antioch to Constantinople by tlie emj)eror Arcadius, in consequence of a unanimous vote of the clergy and people.* Sometimes the people acted under outside considerations and the management of demagogues, and demanded unworthy or ignorant men for the highest offices. Thus there were frequent disturbances and collisions, and even bloody conflicts, as in