these were by no means univer- sally credited, even by monks of the same cloister. His piety was characterized by a union of monastic humility with clerical arrogance. At a supper at the court of the tyrannical emperor Maximns in Trier, he handed the goblet of wine, after he him- self had drunk of it, first to his presbyter, thus giving him precedence of the emperor.' The empress on this occasion showed him an idolatrous veneration, even preparing the meal, laying the cloth, and standing as a servant before him, like Martha before the Lord.* More to the bishop's honor was his ^ Toward the close of his biography, c. 26, 21 (Gallandi, torn. viii. 399). ■•^ Comp. Dial. ii. 5 (in Gallandi Bibl. torn. viii. p. 412). ' Vita M. c. 20 (in Gallandi, viii. 39'7). * Dial. ii. 7, which probably relates to the same banquet, since Martin declined other invitations to the imperial table. Severus gives us to understand that this was the only time Martin allowed a woman so near him, or received her service. He commended a nun for declining even his official visit as bishop, and Severus re- marks thereupon : " 0 glorious virgin, who would not even suffer herself to be seen by Martin ! 0 blessed Martin, who took not this refusal for an insult, but com- mended its virtue, and rejoiced to find in that region so rare an example ! " (Dial, ii. c. 12, Gall. viii. 414.) \ § 41. ST. JEROME AS A MONK. 205 protest against the execution of the Priscillianists in Treves. Martin died in 397 or 400 : his funeral was attended by two thousand monks, besides many nuns and a great multitude of people ; and nis grave became oue of the most frequented cen- tres of pilgrimage in France. In Southern Gaul, monasticism spread with equal rapidity. John Cassian, an ascetic writer and a Semipelagian (f 432), founded two cloisters in Massilia (Marseilles), where literary studies also were carried on ; and Honoratus (after 426, bishop of Aries) established the cloister of St. Honoratus on the island of Leriua. § 41. 8i. Jerome as a Monk. S. Eus. HiEEOXTiii : Opera omnia, ed. Erasmus (assisted by CEcolampadins), Bas. 1516-'20, 9 vols. fol. ; ed. (Bened.) Martianay, Par. 1693-1706, 5 vols. fol. (incomplete); ed. Vallarsi and Maifei, Veron. 1731— '42, 11 vols, fol., also Venet. 1766 (best edition). Oomp. especially the 150 Epistles, often separately edited (tlie chronological order of which Vallarsi, in tom. i. of his edition, has finally established). For extended works on the life of Jerome see Du Pix (iSTouvelle Biblioth. des auteurs eccles. tom. iii. p. 100-140) ; Tillemont (tom. xii. 1-356) ; Maetias^at (La vie de St. Jerome, Par. 1706) ; Jon. Stilting (in the Acta Sanctorum, Sept. tom. viii. p. 418-688, Antw. 1762) ; Bctlee (sub Sept. 30) ; Vallaesi (in Op. Hieron., tom. xi. p. 1-240) ; Scheockh (viii. 859 sqq., and especially xi. 8-254) ;