priests. Christ teaches us to bear wrong, not to revenge it." The Donatist bishop Gaudentius says : " God appointed proph- ets and fishermen, not princes and soldiers, to spread the faith." Still we cannot forget, that the Donatists were the iirst who appealed to the imperial tribunal in an ecclesiastical matter, and did not, till after that tribunal had decided against them, turn against the state-church system. CHAPTEK lY. THE EISE AND PKOGEESS OF MOXASTICISM. SOURCES. 1. Greek : Soceates : Hist. Eccles. lib. iy. cap. 23 sqq. Sozojiex : H. E. 1. i. c. 12-14 ; iii, 14 ; vi. 28-34. Palladiijs (first a monk and disciple of the younger Macarius, then bishop of Heleuopolis in Bithynia. ordained by Chrysostom ; t 431) : Historia Lausiaca (laropia npui AavCToi/, a court officer under Theodosius II., to whom the work was dedicated), composed about 421, with enthusiastic admu-atiou, from personal acquaintance, of the most celebrated contemporaneous ascetics of Egypt, Theodoeet (t 457) : Historia religiosa, seu ascetica vivendi ratio ((piXo'^eos IcrTopia), biographies of thirty Oriental anchorets and monks, for the most part from personal observation. ISTilus the elder (an anchoret on Mt. Sinai, t about 450) : De vita ascetica, De exerci- tatione monastica, Epistolte 355, and other writings. 2. Latin : Rufinus (t 410) : Histor. Eremitica, s. Vita3 Patrum. SuLPicirs Seveeus (about 400) : Dialog! III. (the first dialogue contains a lively and entertaining account of the Egyptian monks, whom he visited : the two others relate to Martin of Tours). Oassiaxds (t 432) : Insti- tutiones coenobiales, and CoUationes Patrum (spiritual conversations of eastern monks). Also the ascetic writings of Athanasius (Vita Antonii), Basil, Geegoey ISTazianzen', Chetsostom, Niltjs, Isidoee of PsLrsiuM, among the Greek ; Ambeose, Augustine, Jebome (his Lives of anchorets, and his letters), Oassiodoeus, and Geegoet the Geeat, among the Latin fathers. LATER LITERATURE. L. Holstenius (born at Hamburg 1596, a Protest., then a Romanist convert, and librarian of the Vatican) : Codex regularum monastic, first Rom. 1661 ; then, enlarged, Par. and Augsb. in 6 vols. fol. The older Greek Menologia (fXTjuoKoyia), and Men^a (p.T]vaLa), and the Latin Calendaeia and Maetteologia, 1. e. church calendars or indices of memorial days (days of the earthly death and heavenly birth) of the r 148 THIED PEEIOD. A.D. 311-590. saints, with sliort biographical notices for liturgical use. P. Herbert KoswEYDE (Jesuit) : Vitte Patrum, sive Historige EremiticfB, libri x. Antw. 1628. Acta Sanctorum, quotquot toto orbe coluutur, Antw. 1643-1786, 5-3 vols. fol. (begun by the Jesuit Bollandus, continued by several scholars of his order, called Bollandists, down to the 11th Oct. in the calendar of saints' days, and resumed in 1845, after long interrup- tion, by Theiuer and others). D'Aohert and Mabillon (Benedictines) : Acta Sanctorum ordinis S. Benedict!, Par. 1668-1701, 9 vols. fol. (to 1100). Pet. Helyot (Franciscan) : Histoire des ordres monastiques religieux et militaires. Par. 1714-'19, 8 vols. 4to. Albax Butler (R. 0.) : The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other principal