indiscriminate massacre and extermination. The victory of Stilicho over Rhadagaisus threw 200,000 Goths and other Germans into the market, and lowered the price of a slave from twenk-five pieces of gold to one. The capture and sale of men was part of the piratical system ' Comp. vol. i. § 89, and the author's "Hist, of the Apost. Church," § 113. ^ Instit. lib. i. tit. 5-8 ; Digest. 1. i. tit. 5 and 6, etc. " The legal price, which, however, was generally under the market price, wa."* thus established under Justinian (Cod. 1. vi. tit. xliii. 1. 3) : Ten pieces of gold for an ordinary male or female slave under ten years ; twenty, for slaves over ten ; thirty, for such as understood a trade ; fifty, for notaries and scribes ; sixty, for physicians and midwives. Eunuchs ranged to seventy pieces. t 116 TniRD PEKIOD. A.D. 311-590. along all the shores of Europe. Anglo-Saxons were freely sold in Rome at the time of Gregory the Great. The barbarian codes prohibited as severely as the Justinian code the debasing alliance of the freeman with the slave, but they seem to excel the latter in acknowledging the legality and religious sanc- tity of marriages between slaves ; that of the Lombards on the authority of the Scripture sentence : "Whom God has joined together, let no man put asunder." The legal wall of partition, which separated the slaves from free citizens and excluded them from the universal rights of man, was indeed undermined, but by no means broken down, by the ancient church, who taught only the moral and religious equality of men. We find slaveholders even among the bishops and the higher clergy of the empire. Slaves belonged to the papal household at Rome, as we learn incidentally from the acts of a Roman synod held in 501 in consequence of the disputed election of Symmachus, where his opponents insisted upon Ms slaves being called in as witnesses, while his adherents protested against this extraordinary request, since the civil law excluded the slaves from the right of giving testimony before a court of justice.' Among the barbarians, likewise, we read of slaveholding churches, and of special provisions to protect their slaves.'^ Constantine issued rigid laws against intermarriage with slaves, all the offspring of which must be slaves ; and against fugitive slaves (a. d. 319 and 326), who at that time in great multitudes plundered de- serted provinces or joined with hostile barbarians against the empire. But on the other hand he facilitated manumission, permitted it even on Sunday, and gave the clergy the right to emancipate their slaves simply by their own word, without the witnesses and ceremonies required in other cases.^ By Theodosius and Justinian the liberation of slaves was still fur- * Comp. Hefele : " Conciliengeschichte," ii. p. 620 ; and Milman : " Latin Chris- tianity," vol. i. p. 419 (Am. ed.), who infers from this fact, "that slaves formed the