and more recently, with newly discovered books and fragments, by G. Uaenel, Bonn, 1842), and in the Codex Justinianeus of 534 (in the numerous editions of the Corpus juris civilis Eomani). Also Eusebius : Vita Constant., and H. Eccl. 1. x. On the other hand, the lamentations of the church fathers, especially Gkegort Naz., Chrysostom, and Augus- tine (in their sermons), over the secularized Christianity of their time. LITERATURE. C. G, de Rhoer : Dissertationes de eflPectu religionis Christianae in jurispru- dentiam Romanam. Groning. 1776. Martini: Die Einfiihrung der christl. Religion als Staatsreligion im rom. Reiche durch Constantin. Munch. 1813. H. O. de Metsenburg: De christ. religionis vi et ef- fectu in jus civile. Gott. 1828. C. Riffel (R. C.) : Gesch. Darstel- lung des Verhiiltnisses zwischen Kirche u. Staat. Mainz. 1838, vol. i. Tboplong : De I'influence du Christianisme sur le droit civil des Ro- / >2 , £ ijf mains. Par. 1843. P. E. Lind : Christendommens inflydelse paa den / </ 5 OJi^UL » t. * sociale forfatning. Kjobenh. 1852. / B. -O. Cooper : The Free Church of Ancient Christendom and its Subjugation ty Constantine. Lond. lefll-t?) UnM.^) Comp. also Gibbon, chap. xx. ScHRooKn, several sections from vol. v. onward. Neandeb, iii. 273-303. Milman, Anc. Christ. Book iv. ch. 1. 'V/^e^«'^. a^/»«; § 13. NEW POSITION OF TIIE CHURCH IN THE EMPIEE. 91 § 13. The New Position of the Church in the Empire. The previous chapter has shown us how Christianity grad' ually supplanted the Grseco-Roraau heathenism and became the established religion in the empire of the Caesars. Since that time the church and the state, though frequently jarring, have remained united in Europe, either on the hierarchical /_ basis, with the temporal power under the tiuelage of the spirit- ^ ual, or on tlie ccesaro-papal, with the spiritual power merged in tlie temporal ; while in the United States of America, since the end of the eighteenth century, the two powers have stood peacefully but independently side by side. The- church coidd now act upon the st^ite ; Jbut so could tiie state act upon the church ; and this mutual influence became a source of both profit and loss, blessing and curse, on either side. The martyrs and confessors of the first three centuries, in their expectation of the impending end of the world and their desire for the speedy return of the Lord, had never once thought of such a thing as the great and sudden change,- which meets us at the begi\iing of this-period in the relation of the Roman state to the Christian church. Tertullian had even held the Christian profession to be irreconcilable with the office of a Roman emperor.* jS"evertheless, clergy and people very soon and very easily accommodated themselves to the new order of things, and recognized in it a rej)roduction of the theocratic constitution of the people of God under the ancient covenant. Save that the dissenting sects, who derived no bene- fit from this union,