should worship him, each nation in its own way, and that the Syrians again should divide into small sects, no one of which agrees entirely with another. Why should we thus enforce what is impossible ? " In the same style argues Sym- machus, who withholds all direct opposition to Christianity and contends only against its exclusive supremacy. Libanius, in his plea for the temples addressed to Theodo- sius I. (384 or, 390), called to his aid every argument, religious, . political, arid artistic, in behalf of the heathen sanctuaries, but interspersed bitter remarks against the temple-storming monks. He asserts among other things, that the principles of Christianity itself condemn the use of force in religion, and commend the indulgence of free conviction. Of course this heathen plea for toleration was but the last desperate defence of a hopeless minority, and an indirect self- condemnation of heathenism for its persecution of the Christian religion in the first three centuries. § 11. Christian Apologists and Polemics. SOURCES. I. The Geeek Apologists : EusEBirs Oaes. : TlpoTrapaaKevrj fiayyeXiKti (Preparatio evang.), and 'An68ei$is fvayyeXiKr/ (Demonstratio evang.) ; besides -his controversial work against Hierocles; and his Theophany, discovered in 1842 in a Sji-iac version (ed. Lee, Lond. 1842). Atha- KASius : Kara tcov 'eWtjvcov (Oratio contra Gentes), and llfpi ttjs ivav- "ipcoTTTja-ews Tov Aoyov (De incamatione Verbi Dei) : two treatises belong- ing together (Opera, ed. Bened. torn. i. 1 sqq.). Cyeil of Alex. : Contra inipium Julianum libri X (with extracts from the three books of Julian against Christianity). Theodoeet : Graecarum aifectionum CUratio (^EKKtivikcov ^epmrevTiKri Tra^rjpdrav), disput. XII. II. The Latin Apologists: Lactantius: Instit. divin. 1. vii (particularly the first'three books, de falsa religione, de origine erroris, and de falsa sapientia: the third against the heathen philosophy). Jr-rrrs FiEMicrs .Mateentts: De errore profanarum religionum (not mentioned by the ancients. I>ttt-e4i*«l several times in the sixteenth century, and lat- terly by F. Miinter, Havn. 1826^. AiiBEOSE: Ep. 17 and 18 (against ^ VOL n— 6 '^--'^^.<fUc'l^Ca^,^i6c^J2s6;(^'M^y*'*'^f^f< /SSt, omJL '7 82 THIRD PERIOD. A.D. 311-590. ' Symmaclius). Peudentius: In Symmaclium (an apologetic poem). Paul. Oeosius : Adv. paganos historiarura 1. vii (an apologetic uni- versal history, against Eunapius and Zosimus). Augustine : De civi- . tate Dei 1. xxii (often separately published).* Salvianus: De guber- natione Dei 1. viii (the eighth book incomplete). MODERN LITER ATUEE. Comp. in part the apologetic literature at § 63 of vol. i. Also Soheookii : vii., p. 263-355. Neander: iii., 188-195 (Engl. ed. of Torrey, ii., 90- 93). DoLLiNGER (R. C): Hdbuch der K. G., vol. I., part 2, p 50-9 i. K. Werner (R. 0.) : Geschichte der apolog. und polem. Literatiir der y^^ christl. Tlieol. Schaffh. 1861-'65, P&M. vol. \,Jt» Z^S ^ In the new state of tilings tlie defence of Christianity was no longer of so urgent and direct importance as it had been before the time of Constantino. And the theological activity of the church now addressed itself mainly to internal doctrinal controversy. Still