美國工會

美國的工會受法律認可為代表勞工利益的組織。工會行使集體協商權，為會員談判勞動條件、工資、福利；並監督、糾正僱主違法或違背勞動契約的管理行為，必要時以爭議行為作為談判籌碼。較大的工會還會透過政治遊說或競選，影響美國聯邦政府及各州政治人物的決策。
大多數美國的工會都是兩個大型工會聯盟的會員工會，分別是1955年成立的美國勞工聯合會-產業工會聯合會（AFL-CIO），與2005年自AFL-CIO分家的Change to Win Federation。兩者都主張自己代表美國和加拿大勞工的政治利益，積極從事政治遊說工作。其中，AFL-CIO特別關注全球貿易議題。
1983年時，美國的工會共有1,770萬名會員，工會組織率為20.1%；然而2013年卻僅剩1,450萬名會員，工會組織率僅有10.8% 民營事業單位的工會組織率甚至僅有7%，創下1932年來的最低紀錄。與其它國家相比，2013年時法國的工會組織率為7.7%、德國為18.1%、加拿大為27.1%，冰島更以85.5%的工會組織率冠居全球。以統計數字而言，美國勞工參與工會的比例顯著偏低。美國的工會組織率與雖大幅滑落，但仍能透過群眾動員或跨領域結盟（例如與移民權益、貿易政策、健康照顧與維生工資等議題團體合作），對美國政治有一定程度的影響力。其中，美國的工會尤其關注各級政府因預算縮減，產生勞工退休金減少或延遲給付等問題。 如有茶黨背景的共和黨籍Governor of Wisconsin斯考特·沃克就曾透過刪減預算限制公部門工會的集體協商權。
21世紀的美國工會運動以公部門受僱者，如公務員、教師、消防員、警察、清潔隊員等勞工為主力。此外，工會會員不成比例地以年長、男性勞工居多，且以美國東北部、中西部及加州勞工為主。 整體而言，一個美國工會若能掌握工作和勞動市場特性，平均而言能讓工會會員比非會員多10－30%工資；而在工會組織率較高的州，其勞工比其它州份的勞工有較高的收入和生活水準。國際貨幣基金組織則進一步將美國的收入差距問題，歸因於美國整體的勞工運動與工會組織率衰退所致。

**歷史**
19世紀中葉，工業革命對人類經濟、社會帶來巨大變革，勞資關係逐漸受到社會矚目，工會也隨之誕生。美國早期的工會誕生於南北戰爭之後，1880年代的勞動騎士團是美國最具影響力的勞工團體，但因組織鬆散、缺乏有效領導中心和組織目標不一致等因素，並受到資方和政府聯手打壓而解散。
1886年，龔帕斯創立美國勞工聯合會，創立時仍是不同職種的地方工會組成的鬆散團體，透過協調、支持勞工罷工發展茁壯，如今已是美國最具影響力的工會團體。
1930年代，美國第32任總統富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福推行新政，其中《華格納法案》保障工會的組織權利，促使美國勞工擴大團結、提升組織率。因此，美國的工會在政治上多傾向民主黨，在羅斯福時期更加入新政聯盟，支持羅斯福勝選連任。

**二戰後**
1946年，親商的保守派政治人物在選舉中大勝，美國國會在1947年通過共和黨籍參議員羅伯特·A·塔夫脫起草的《Taft-Hartley Act》。該法案不只受到共和黨人支持，連多數民主黨人也贊成該法案；即使時任美國第33任總統的哈瑞·杜魯門動用否決權，仍遭跨黨派議員組成的Conservative coalition推翻。《塔夫特-哈特萊法案》禁止工會向候選人提供政治獻金、以「危害國家安全」之名提高工會發動罷工的門檻，並強迫工會除名有共產主義傾向的幹部（後美國最高法院裁定該條款違憲，不再適用）；因而遭到美國工運圈強力抵制，但仍無力迴天。國會在1959年通過《勞資關係報告法》，要求美國各級工會需向美國勞工部繳交年度報告，以限制有犯罪前科者擔任工會管理職務，從而加強聯邦政府對國際卡車司機工會等工會的行政控制。
美國的工會組織率在1954年達到高峰，為35%；而工會會員人數則以1979年最多，達2,100萬人。其後人數因民營部門工會組織不易逐年下滑。

**參見**
 Labor federation competition in the United States- Union affiliation by U.S. state- Public-sector trade unions in the United States
歷史- Labor history of the United States- Timeline of labor unions in the United States- Commission on Industrial Relations- List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
國際- 世界產業工人

**參考文獻**

**參考書目**

**調查報告**
 Arnesen, Eric, ed. Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History (2006), 3 vol; 2064pp; 650 articles by experts  excerpt and text search date=20210321150657 - Beard, Mary Ritter. A Short History of the American Labor Movement 1920 - 176 pages  online edition date=20210415111247 - Beik, Millie, ed. Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History (2005) over 100 annotated primary documents  excerpt and text search date=20210317224355 -  Boris, Eileen, and Nelson Lichtenstein, eds. Major Problems In The History Of American Workers: Documents and Essays (2002)-  Brody, David. In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker (1993)  excerpt and text search date=20230820111906 - Browne, Waldo Ralph. What's what in the Labor Movement: A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor (1921) 577pp; encyclopedia of labor terms, organizations and history.  complete text online date=20210415101716 - Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. Labor in America: A History (2004), textbook, based on earlier textbooks by Dulles.- Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine, eds. Labor Leaders in America (1987) biographies of key leaders, written by scholars  excerpt and text search date=20200615175708 - LeBlanc, Paul. A Short History of the U.S. Working Class: From Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century (1999), 160pp  excerpt and text search date=20210315134200 - Lichtenstein, Nelson. State of the Union: A Century of American Labor (2003)  excerpt and text search date=20200615175708 - Perlman, Selig. A History of Trade Unionism in the United States 1922 - 313 pages  online edition date=20190610132740 - Taylor, Paul F.  The ABC-CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement (1993)  237pp; short encyclopedia- Zieger, Robert H.,  and Gilbert J. Gall, American Workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century(3rd ed. 2002)  excerpt and text search date=20210316094721 - Zieger, Robert H. For Jobs and Freedom: Race and Labor in America Since 1865 (2007)  excerpt and text search date=20210315225801 

**1900年**
 Commons, John R. History of Labour in the United States - vol 1 and Vol. 2 1860-1896 (1918)  vol 2 online edition date=20120728074915  (note spelling of "Labour")- Commons, John R.  "American Shoemakers, 1648-1895: A Sketch of Industrial Evolution," Quarterly Journal of Economics 24 (November, 1909), 39-83.  in JSTOR date=20210418070134 - Commons, John R. ed. Trade Unionism and Labor Problems (1905) articles by experts on unions and working condition  online edition date=20210415100731 - Grob, Gerald N. Workers and Utopia: A Study of Ideological Conflict in the American Labor Movement, 1865-1900 (1961)  online edition date=20050105100049 - Hall, John P. "The Knights of St. Crispin in Massachusetts, 1869-1878," Journal of Economic History 18 (June, 1958), p 161-175  in JSTOR date=20210421032346 - Laslett, John H. M. Labor and the Left: A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement, 1881-1924 (1970)  online edition date=20050103072608 - Mandel, Bernard. Samuel Gompers: A Biography (1963)  online edition date=20100603111007 - Orth, Samuel P. The Armies of Labor: A Chronicle of the Organized Wage-Earners (1919) short popular overview online edition- Taillon, Paul Michel. Good, Reliable, White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods, 1877-1917 (2009)- Taft, Philip Taft and Philip Ross, "American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome," in The History of Violence in America: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, ed. Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, 1969.  online edition date=20210415093638 - Van Tine, Warren R. The Making of the Labor Bureaucrat: Union Leadership in the United States, 1870-1920 (1973)  online edition- Voss, Kim. The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century (1993)  online edition date=20120525173350 - Weir, Robert E. Beyond Labor's Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor (1996)  online edition date=20081006021911 -  Bibliography of online resources on railway labor in late 19th century date=20150801073325 

**1900年–1932年**
 Bernstein, Irving. The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920-33 (1966)- Brody, David. Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919 (1965)- Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Tine. John L. Lewis: A Biography (1986)- Brody, David. Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919 (1965)- Faue, Elizabeth. Community of Suffering & Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (1991)- Fraser, Steve. Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (1993)- Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920-1935 (1994)- Greene, Julie . Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881-1917 (1998)- Hooker, Clarence. Life in the Shadows of the Crystal Palace, 1910-1927: Ford Workers in the Model T Era (1997)- Laslett, John H. M. Labor and the Left: A Study of Socialist and Radical Influences in the American Labor Movement, 1881-1924 (1970)- Karson, Marc. American Labor Unions and Politics, 1900-1918 (1958)- McCartin, Joseph A. Labor's Great War: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations, 1912-1921 (1997)- Mandel, Bernard. Samuel Gompers: A Biography (1963)- Meyer, Stephen. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921 (1981)- Mink, Gwendolyn. Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875-1920 (1986)- Orth, Samuel P. The Armies of Labor: A Chronicle of the Organized Wage-Earners (1919) short overview- Quint, Howard H. The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement (1964)- Warne, Colston E. ed. The Steel Strike of 1919 (1963), primary and secondary documents- Zieger, Robert. Republicans and Labor, 1919-1929. (1969)

**早期文獻**
 Gompers, Samuel. Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography (1925)

**1932年 - 1955年**
 Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (1970)- Boyle, Kevin. The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968 (1995)- Campbell, D'Ann. "Sisterhood versus the Brotherhoods: Women in Unions" Women at War With America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (1984).- Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Time John L. Lewis (1986).- Faue, Elizabeth. Community of Suffering & Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (1991), social history- Fraser, Steve. Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (1993).- Galenson, Walter. The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1935-1941 (1960)- Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920-1935 (1994)- Jensen, Richard J. "The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (1989) p. 553-83- Kennedy, David M. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945. (1999) recent narrative.- Lichtenstein, Nelson. Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II (2003)- Lichtenstein, Nelson. The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (1995)- Miller, Sally M., and Daniel A. Cornford eds. American Labor in the Era of World War II (1995), essays by historians, mostly on California- Seidman; Joel. Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen: The Internal Political Life of a National Union (1962)- Vittoz, Stanley. New Deal Labor Policy and the American Industrial Economy (1987)- Zieger, Robert H. The CIO, 1935-1955 (1995)

**公平就業委員會**
 Collins, William J. "Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets," American Economic Review 91:1 (March 2001), pp. 272–286- Kersten, Andrew Edmund. Race, Jobs, and the War: The FEPC in the Midwest, 1941-46 (2000)  online review- Reed, Merl E.  Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement: The President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice, 1941-1946 (1991)

**塔夫特-哈特萊法案與全國勞工關係法**
 Abraham, Steven E. "The Impact of the Taft-Hartley Act on the Balance of Power in Industrial Relations" American Business Law Journal Vol. 33, 1996- Ballam, Deborah A. "The Impact of the National Labor Relations Act on the U.S. Labor Movement" American Business Law Journal, Vol. 32, 1995- Brooks, George W., Milton Derber, David A. McCabe, Philip Taft. Interpreting the Labor Movement (1952)- Gall, Gilbert J. The Politics of Right to Work: The Labor Federations as Special Interests, 1943-1979 (1988)- Hartley Jr. Fred A., and Robert A. Taft. Our New National Labor Policy: The Taft-Hartley Act and the Next Steps (1948)- Lee, R. Alton. Truman and Taft-Hartley: A Question of Mandate (1966)- Millis, Harry A., and Emily Clark Brown. From the Wagner Act to Taft-Hartley: A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations (1950)

**早期文獻**
 Christman, Henry M. ed. Walter P. Reuther: Selected Papers (1961)

**1955年至今**
 Bennett, James T., and Bruce E. Kaufman. What do unions do?: a twenty-year perspective (2007)- Dark; Taylor E. The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance (1999)- Dine, Philip. State of the Unions: How Labor Can Strengthen the Middle Class, Improve Our Economy, and Regain Political Influence (2007)- Fantasia, Rick, and Kim Voss. Hard Work: Remaking the American Labor Movement (2004)- Galenson, Walter; The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (1996)- Goldberg, Arthur J. AFL-CIO, Labor United (1956)- Leiter, Robert D. The Teamsters Union: A Study of Its Economic Impact (1957)- Lichtenstein, Nelson. "Two Roads Forward for Labor: The AFL–CIO's New Agenda." Dissent 61.1 (2014): 54-58.  Onlinefix-attempted=yes - Lipset, Seymour Martin, ed. Unions in Transition: Entering the Second Century (1986)- Mort, Jo-Ann, ed. Not Your Father's Union Movement: Inside the AFL-CIO" (2002)- Rosenfeld, Jake. What Unions No Longer Do. (Harvard University Press, 2014) ISBN 0674725115- Yates, Michael D. Why Unions Matter (2009)

**外部連結**
  AFL-CIO official Web site date=20210214012128 -  Change to Win Federation official Web site date=20210421003212 -  The Challenges of Today's Labor Unions date=20210426182919 -  The Cost of a Decline in Unions date=20210415202626  (February 2015), Nicholas Kristof, The New York Times-  The incredible decline of American unions, in one animated map date=20150713013800  (February 2015), Ana Swanson, The Washington Post-  What Happened to Unions in the Midwest? date=20210308094216  (Feb. 2015), Melanie Trottman and Eric Morath, The Wall Street Journal-  Unions still matter date=20150418150135  (April 2015),  Sean McElwee, Al Jazeera America.-  Americans Don't Miss Manufacturing – They Miss Unions date=20210506114739 . FiveThirtyEight, May 13, 2016.