哥倫比亞內戰

哥倫比亞內戰是在哥倫比亞境內始於1960年代持續至今的一系列低強度不對稱戰爭。衝突在哥倫比亞執政當局，極右翼準軍事組織（如哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍和美洲反共聯盟）、販毒機構（如麥德林集團）還有極左翼游擊隊（如哥倫比亞革命武裝力量－人民軍和民族解放軍）多方之間展開，以在哥倫比亞境內控制更多地區和獲得更大影響力。對哥倫比亞內戰的國際贊助者包括跨國集團公司、美國古巴以及販毒集團。

**現代**
冷戰後，由於失去蘇聯及其它前社會主義國家的支援，哥倫比亞革命武裝力量因要籌集經費，開始插足可卡因及綁架政客等勾當，以致形象急劇轉差，被視為恐怖主義組織。 因此，哥倫比亞共產黨解除了哥倫比亞革命武裝力量與其之間的隸屬關係，哥倫比亞革命武裝力量遂成為一個獨立的政治軍事組織。2007年，哥倫比亞革命武裝力量人數約為3000-4000人。哥革武參與了哥倫比亞25-30%恐怖事件，尤其是在該國東南部的叢林以及安第斯山脈腳下的平原地區。哥倫比亞革命武裝力量曾釋放多名「有價值」人質，意圖改善形象。
2012年，在以古巴和挪威作為擔保國、以委內瑞拉和智利作為觀察國的斡旋框架下，雙方開始在古巴首都哈瓦那進行和談。2016年6月23日，雙方簽署最終停火協議，8月24日哥倫比亞政府與哥倫比亞革命武裝力量在古巴首都哈瓦那達成最終全面和平協議，協議包括停戰、農村改革、打擊販毒、被遣散的游擊隊員可參與政治、建立過渡性司法機構等內容，但和平協議內容的合法性最終將由全民公投決定。但哥倫比亞前總統烏里韋認為，最初的和平協議向反政府武裝妥協過多、對受害者不公，呼籲民眾投反對票，並要求對協議進行深入修改。與先前民調結果大相逕庭，10月2日舉行的公投結果為支持 49.77%，反對 50.22%，協議意外遭到否決。11月24日哥倫比亞總統胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯與哥倫比亞革命武裝力量領導人羅德里格·隆多尼奧在波哥大的科隆劇院簽署了一份經修改的新的和平協議。而這一次，新的協議將會在國會核准，無需再進行全民表決。2017年6月27日，哥倫比亞革命武裝力量停止作為武裝團體存在。9月1日，該組織正式改組為共同替代革命力量，並於10月31日向官方註冊為合法政黨。

**另見**
爭取進步聯盟
*墨西哥毒品戰爭
*巴拉圭東北部動亂
*秘魯內部衝突

**參考資料**

**註解**
# talks PDF file
# AUC
# Graham 
# Egeland
# Stokes
# Stokes2 Stokes, p. 26, quoting Marc Grossman, U.S. undersecretary of state for political affairs.
# ghosts
# Corbyn
# InsideColombia Livingstone, (Foreword by Pearce, Jenny), p. xvii (f24)
# 5a Livingstone, p. 5; 
# xx Pearce's forward in Livingstone, p. xx
# Legrand
# Latin-focus
# Legrand2 Legrand, p. 165. See  Note #15 for more on women in the conflict.
# Legrand3 Legrand, p. 165. See  Note #18 for more on peasant support for the guerrillas. (see also Ortiz 2001; Reyes Posada and A. Bejarano 1988; Archila N. 1996)",  Notes.
# Legrand4 Legrand, p. 165. Lengrand states: "Some observers noted that this percentage of supposed paramilitary supporters elected to congress in March 2002 corresponded to the number of representatives elected from Uraba and the Atlantic coast where the paramilitaries are strong. (El Tiempo March 13–14, 2002)", see  Notes.
# military PDF file
# military2 PDF file
# military3 PDF file
# 5b Livingstone, p. 5; 
# poor Livingstone, p. 110.
# poor Livingstone, p. 7; Quoting: Colombia: Inseguridad, Violencia, y Desempeño Económico en las Areas Rurales, Consejería para la Paz de la Presidencia de la República, Colombia, 1999, Director de Investigación: Jesus Antonio Bejarano Avila.
# 5 Livingstone, p. 5
# 5c Livingstone, p. 5; Canby, p 31 dead-url=no 
# 6 Livingstone, p. 6; access-date=2017-05-05 
# 6a Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists; 
# 6b Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists; 
# 7 Livingstone, p. 7; Source: Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS); 
# 7a Livingstone, p. 7; Richani, p. 87
# 7b Livingstone, p. 7

**來源**

**延伸閱讀**

**書**

**=英文=**
isbn =1-84277-547-2 
*url=https://books.google.com/?id=pNxSYwP1TdEC&printsec=frontcover&q=
*isbn =0-520-08289-3
*isbn =0-415-93303-X 
*isbn=1-58648-104-5
*isbn=0-7864-1084-1
*author=Safford, Frank and Marco Palacios
*isbn=1-56584-863-2

**=其他語言=**
author=Murillo, Mario and Jesus Rey Avirama
*language=es
*language=es
*language=de
*isbn=
*isbn=

**期刊文獻**
 Sherman, John W. "Political Violence in Colombia: Dirty Wars Since 1977." History Compass (Sep 2015) 13#9 pp 454–465.
*dead-url=no
*dead-url =no 
*cite journal|author=James Petras|title=Neglected Dimensions of Violence|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume= 23|issue= 27|date=1988-07-02|page=1367|jstor=4378701
*pages=381–420
*date=January–February 2010

**政府及非政府組織報告**
archivedate=2006-02-23 - dead-url=no
*archivedate=2004-08-03  Extensive ideas on solutions to the Colombia conflict- dead-url=no  (Spanish and English)- dead-url=yes  (Spanish and English)- dead-url=no  - dead-url=no - dead-url=no 

**新聞**
accessdate=2017-05-05 
*cite web |title=Indigenous Community in Colombia Fears Start of "Dirty War |work=Democracy Now! |url=http://www.democracynow.org/print.pl?sid=05/05/20/1425246 |accessdate=2006-02-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223154742/http://www.democracynow.org/print.pl?sid=05%2F05%2F20%2F1425246 |archivedate=2006-02-23  Guests: Ezequiel Vitonas, former mayor of Toribio, and Manuel Rozental, human rights activist. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Segment available in  and via  streaming real audiofix-attempted=yes ,  128k streaming Real Videofix-attempted=yes  or  MP3 download.- The Colombian Miracledate=20151018095926 

**外部連結**
 Overview of Colombian–FARC Peace Process-   Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombiadate=20191017181703  – (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive)
*archivedate=2011-07-26  (Ongoing reporting on the Colombian conflict and active criminal groups)
*archivedate=2006-02-03  (collection of declassified U.S. documents online)
*dead-url=no- deadurl=yes- Plan Colombia by Carmen Guhn-Knight- archivedate=2011-07-06 - dead-url=no - dead-url= no- dead-url=yes  (In Spanish and English with chronology and key texts and agreements)
*accessdate=2017-05-05  Colombian-based private research center that studies the conflict (In Spanish and English)- dead-url=yes  (In Spanish and English)
*archivedate=2008-11-18  (In Spanish and English)- dead-url=no 
*accessdate=2006-02-24 bot=medic  Maps of the conflict.- dead-url=no  (in Spanish)
*archivedate=2008-07-05  (in Spanish and English) – No longer available online (censored by U.S. government)- dead-url=no 
*deadurl=yes  (PDF) Is the Colombia conflict a civil war?- dead-url=yes  (in German and English)- dead-url=no - dead-url=yes- dead-url=yes  by Doug Stokes- Red Resistenciadate=20201026014256 - dead-url = no - Crisis briefing on displacement because of the wardate=20101119164040  from Reuters AlertNet