西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國

西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國，又稱西班牙-阿茲特克戰爭（1519-1521），是西班牙殖民美洲的過程中最重要的戰役之一。這一場戰役之後西班牙殖民者成功鎮壓了阿茲特克人，並佔領了今日墨西哥中部地區，但並未征服整個現代墨西哥地區。
自從哥倫布發現美洲大陸、並在那裡建立了數個殖民據點之後，在西班牙王室的授權下，殖民者以殖民據點為根據地，四處派出遠征隊，發現、征服並且殖民新領地。1519年2月，西班牙殖民者在埃爾南·科爾特斯的率領下從墨西哥灣登陸，向阿茲特克前進，在此之前，科爾特斯沒有任何軍事經驗。阿茲特克人卻將他們請進了首都特諾奇蒂特蘭。但西班牙人卻軟禁了皇帝蒙特祖馬二世，向阿茲特克人勒索黃金。科爾特斯隨後被憤怒的阿茲特克人擊敗，被迫逃亡到與阿茲特克敵對的國家特拉斯卡拉尋求庇護。一年之後，在特拉斯卡拉、森波阿拉等與阿茲特克敵對國家的幫助下，科爾特斯再次攻打阿茲特克，在1521年8月13日以沉重地代價攻陷了特諾奇提特蘭，將其夷為平地，改建為墨西哥城。

**相關條目**
 Aztec warfare- 阿茲特克- Aztec influence in Spain- Historiography of Colonial Spanish America- History of Mexico City- 墨西哥天花歷史- 新西班牙- Spanish conquest of Chiapas- Spanish conquest of Guatemala- Spanish conquest of Honduras- 西班牙征服尤卡坦- 西班牙帝國

**參考文獻**

**擴展閱讀**

**一手資料**
 Alva Ixtlilxochitil, Fernando.  Ally of Cortés: Account 13 of the Coming of the Spaniards and the Beginning of the Evangelical Law. Douglass K. Ballentine, translator. El Paso: Texas Western Press 1969. 978-0874-04015-9
*Codex Azcatitlan, Introduction de Michel Graulich, commentaire de Robert H. Barlow mis à jour par Michel Graulich comment by Robert h. Barlow put updated by Michel Graulich Bibliothèque nationale de France-Société des Américanistes, Paris, 1995.  978-2717-71944-4- Cortés, Hernán. Letters – available as Letters from Mexico translated by Anthony Pagden (1986) 0-300-09094-3- de Fuentes, Patricia, ed. The Conquistadors: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico.  Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993. Previously published by Orion Press 1963. 978-0806-12562-6- 貝爾納爾·迪亞斯·德爾·卡斯蒂略, The Conquest of New Spain – available as The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico: 1517–1521 0-306-81319-X- Durán, Diego. The History of the Indies of New Spain (1581). Translated and edited by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1994. 978-0806-14107-7-  (textbook, anthology)- Lockhart, James. We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1991. (anthology) 978-1592-44681-0- 弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯·哥馬拉. Cortés: The Life of the Conqueror by His Secretary, Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1964. 978-0520-00491-7- 弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯·哥馬拉, Hispania Victrix; First and Second Parts of the General History of the Indies, with the whole discovery and notable things that have happened since they were acquired until the year 1551, with the conquest of Mexico and New Spain- 貝爾納迪諾·德薩阿貢. General History of the Things of New Spain (The 佛羅倫薩手抄本). Book 12. Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, translators. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 978-1607-81167-1- 貝爾納迪諾·德薩阿貢. The Conquest of New Spain, 1585 Revision. Trans. by Howard F. Cline, introduction and notes by S.L. Cline. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1989.978-0874-80311-2- Schwartz, Stuart B., ed. Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston: Bedford, 2000. (textbook, anthology) 978-0312-39355-7- Siepel, Kevin H. Conquistador Voices: The Spanish Conquest of the Americas as recounted largely by the Participants. vol. 1. Spruce Tree Press 2015. (textbook, anthology) 978-0978-64662-2- Solis, Antonio de. The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards (1753). Trans. Thomas Townsend. 2 vols. New York: AMS Press 1973. 978-1385-12366-9- Solis, Antonio de. Historia de la conquista de Méjico. Reprint, Forgotten Books 2018. 978-0265-70774-6- Vázquez de Tapia, Bernardino. Relación de méritos y servicios del conquistador. (c. 1545). Mexico: UNAM 1972.

**二手資料**
 Berdan, Frances F.. The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, (1982) 0-03-055736-4- Hassig, Ross. Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico. Texas University Press (2001) 0-292-73139-6- Hassig, Ross. Mexico and the Spanish Conquest. Longman: London and New York, (1994) 0-582-06828-2- Gruzinski, Serge. The Conquest of Mexico: Incorporation of Indian Societies into the Western World, 16th – 18th centuries. Polity Press 1993. 978-0745-61226-3- Prescott, William H..  History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortesdate=20120829093011 0-375-75803-8- Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. Oxford University Press (2003) 0-19-516077-0- Restall, Matthew. When Montezuma Met Cortés: The True Story of the Meeting that Changed History. Ecco 2018. 978-0062-42726-7- Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America by  (1996) 0-06-132095-1- Thomas, Hugh .Conquest: Cortés, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico by  (1993) 0-671-51104-1- White, Jon Manchip Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire by  (1971) 0-7867-0271-0

**傳記**
 Brandt, Anthony. "Perfect storm at Tenochtitlan 1521: How Cortes's band of hidalgos destroyed the Mexica Empire." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History (2014): 58.- Daniel, Douglas A. "Tactical Factors in the Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs." Anthropological Quarterly (1992): 187–94.- Raudzens, George. "So Why Were the Aztecs Conquered, and What Were the Wider Implications? Testing Military Superiority as a Cause of Europe's Pre-Industrial Colonial Conquests." War in History (1995): 87–104.- Townsend, Camilla. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.- White, John Manchip. "Cortes and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire: A Study in a Conflict of Cultures." The Hispanic American Historical Review (1972): 467–68.

**外部鏈接**
  Hernán Cortés on the Web – 網絡字典-  Catholic Encyclopedia date=20191109101942  (1911)-  Conquistadors, with Michael Wood date=20210326195922  -  Ibero-American Electronic Text Series date=20041111174018  -  La Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Españadate=20180421234428