史蒂芬·阿諾·道格拉斯

史蒂芬·阿諾·道格拉斯（Stephen Arnold Douglas，6月3日），美國佛蒙特州布蘭登人，是一名民主黨籍的政治家。道格拉斯曾任聯邦眾議員與聯邦參議員，也是內布拉斯加法案的設計者，並曾在1860年代表民主黨參選美國總統，但敗於共和黨的亞伯拉罕·林肯。道格拉斯先前在1858–59 United States Senate elections中與林肯的辯論中戰勝了他。他曾推動通過了1850年妥協案來防止蓄奴問題導致更大的南北區域分歧。道格拉斯堅持倡導人民主權，認為美國領地蓄奴與否的問題應自行解決、而不受到聯邦干涉。該立場同時被proslavery和廢奴主義者反對。由於其較小的體型和具有影響力的政治地位，道格拉斯常被稱為“小巨人”（英語：Little Giant）。

**職業生涯**

**1860年總統選舉**

**提名**
道格拉斯在1858年重新勝選參議員鞏固了他在民主黨黨內獲取1860年美國總統選舉提名的可能。他的支持者主要來自北方和中西部，而如亞歷山大·史蒂芬斯的一些親聯邦南方政客也同意他的主張。道格拉斯和時任總統詹姆斯·布坎南不合，而他的Freeport Doctrine主張則讓更多南方參議員對其反感。在36th United States Congress中，布坎南聯合其南方盟友豁免了道格拉斯的United States House Committee on Territories主席的職位。道格拉斯協助阻止了通過聯邦奴隸條款，而後他建立農業贈地大學的法案被布坎南否決。

**後續**
選舉結束後，道格拉斯重返參議院，致力於防止美國分裂。他加入了由約翰·J·克里滕登領導的十三名參議員組成的特別委員會，尋求通過立法手段解決南北之間日益加劇的地區緊張局勢。他支持克里滕登妥協案，該妥協案呼籲進行一系列憲法修正案，將密蘇里妥協案寫入憲法，但克里滕登妥協案在委員會中被共和黨人和南方極端分子聯手否決。1860年聖誕節，道格拉斯寫信給亞歷山大·H·斯蒂芬斯，表示支持吞併墨西哥作為奴隸領地，以避免分裂。南卡羅來納州於1860年12月20日投票決定脫離聯邦，到1月中旬，其他五個南方州也做出了同樣的決定。1861年2月，傑斐遜·戴維斯就任美利堅聯盟國總統，該聯盟國由幾個決定脫離美國的南方州組成。
道格拉斯希望當選總統林肯支持1861年和會，這是阻止分裂的另一次嘗試，但沒有成功。林肯不願意支持這次會議，儘管道格拉斯稱他與林肯的會面“特別愉快”。作為長期反對保護主義的人，他投票反對莫里爾關稅，而是呼籲與加拿大、墨西哥、古巴和中美洲建立關稅同盟。道格拉斯稱讚林肯的第一次就職演說，稱其為“向南方發出的和平信號，而非戰爭信息”。
1861年4月，在南方軍隊襲擊薩姆特堡後，林肯決定宣佈叛亂狀態，並呼籲75,000名士兵鎮壓叛亂。道格拉斯與林肯私下會面，在公告發布前審閱並批准了公告。他只提出了一個修改意見：林肯應該徵召20萬軍隊，而不僅僅是7萬5千（事實上，當時法律規定林肯只能徵召7萬5千）。他對一位朋友說：“我認識林肯先生的時間比你或這個國家都要長。他會沒事的，我們都會支持他。” 4 月下旬，道格拉斯離開華盛頓前往中西部，在那裡他為聯邦事業爭取支持。
1861年5月，道格拉斯病倒，臥床不起。儘管他的同伴最初預計他會很快康復，但道格拉斯卻感染了傷寒並造成了其他的併發症，最終於6月3日去世，年僅48歲，此日恰逢南北戰爭第一場衝突腓立比戰役爆發。

**註釋**

**參考文獻**
 Robert W. Johannsen, ed. The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (1961)- Paul M. Angle, ed., Created Equal? The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 (1958)- Clinton, Anita Watkins. "Stephen Arnold Douglas - His Mississippi Experience," Journal of Mississippi History 1988 50(2): 56-88.- Lincoln, Abraham and Douglas, Stephen A. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text. Harold Holzer, Ed. Harpercollins, 1993.- Harry V. Jaffa and Robert W. Johannsen, eds. In the Name of the People: Speeches and Writings of Lincoln and Douglas in the Ohio Campaign of 1859. (1959)  online versiondate=20120108181737 - Douglas, Stephen Arnold.  A brief treatise upon constitutional and party questions, and the history of political partiesdate=20150407013715 , (1861) James Madison Cutts, ed. (1866)- wstitle=Douglas, Stephen Arnold

**延伸閱讀**
 Barbee, David R.,  and Milledge L. Bonham, Jr. "The Montgomery Address of Stephen A. Douglas," Journal of Southern History, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Nov., 1939), pp. 527–552  in JSTORdate=20170203233647 - Bordewich, Fergus M. America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union (2012)  excerpt and text searchdate=20150604102857 - Capers, Gerald M. Stephen A. Douglas: Defender of the Union (1959), short biography- Childers, Christopher. "Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay," Civil War History Volume 57, Number 1, March 2011 pp. 48–70  in Project MUSE- Clinton, Anita Watkins. "Stephen Arnold Douglas - His Mississippi Experience" Journal of Mississippi History 1988 50(2): 56-88.- Dean; Eric T., Jr. "Stephen A. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty" Historian 1995 57(4): 733-748  online versiondate=20080221210913 - Egerton, Douglas R., Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War, Bloomsbury Press, 2010.  more on the bookdate=20120920221734 - Eyal, Yonatan. "With His Eyes Open: Stephen A. Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Disaster of 1854" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 1998 91(4): 175-217. ISSN 1522-1067- Glickstein, Jonathan A., American exceptionalism, American anxiety: wages, competition, and degraded labor in the Antebellum United States; University of Virginia Press, (2002)- Hansen, Stephen and Nygard, Paul. "Stephen A. Douglas, the Know-nothings, and the Democratic Party in Illinois, 1854-1858" Illinois Historical Journal 1994 87(2): 109-130.- Huston, James L.  "Democracy by Scripture versus Democracy by Process: A Reflection on Stephen A. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty." Civil War History. 43#1 (1997) pp: 189+.  online versiondate=20091110070849 - Huston, James L. "Stephen A. Douglas and the Dilemmas of Democratic Equality." Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007.- Jaffa, Harry V. Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates. 1959.  online versiondate=20120109182021 - Johannsen, Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas (1973), 993pp- Johannsen, Robert W. The Frontier, the Union, and Stephen A. Douglas U. of Illinois Press, 1989.- McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom. Oxford Univ. Press, 1988. Standard modern history of the war.- Milton, George Fort. The Eve of Conflict: Stephen A. Douglas and the Needless War (1934), older scholarly biography- Morris, Roy, Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln's Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America, HarperCollins Publishers, 2008.- Morrison, Michael A.Slavery and the American west: the eclipse of manifest destiny and the coming of the American Civil War University of North Carolina Press, (1997)- Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union especially vol 1-4 (1947–63): Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852; A House Dividing, 1852-1857; Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857-1859; Prologue to Civil War, 1859-1861.- Nichols, Roy F. "The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography", Mississippi Valley Historical Review 43 (1956): 187-212;  JSTOR- Peck, Graham A. "Was Stephen A. Douglas Antislavery?," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, Summer 2005  online- Quitt, Martin H. "Stephen A. Douglas and Antebellum Democracy." (2012) New York: Cambridge University Press.- Rhodes, James Ford.  History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850  (1920) vol 1-2, detailed narrative- Russel, Robert R.  "What Was the Compromise of 1850?" Journal of Southern History 20 (1956): 292-309  in JSTOR- Russel, Robert R. "The Issues in the Congressional Struggle Over the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854," Journal of Southern History 29 (May 1963): 187-210;  in JSTOR- Stevenson, James A. "Lincoln vs. Douglas over the Republican Ideal" American Studies 1994 35(1): 63-89- Zarefsky, David. Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: in the Crucible of Public Debate (1990). 309 pp

**外部連結**
D000457
*Project Gutenberg text of  Life of Stephen A. Douglasdate=20090924195405  by William Gardner- Page images of two Speeches made by Douglas, one on the Compromise of 1850- Speech made before the NY State Agricultural Society- Association dedicated to preservation of Douglas history. Site contains many speeches and images.date=20200131110817 
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