第三黨 (美國)

第三黨（Third party）是一個政治術語，在現今的美國指除共和黨、民主黨兩大政黨外的其它所有政黨。這些政黨也參加各種公職選舉，但在美國現行的兩黨制體制下，勝選幾率極其微小。目前，美國主要的第三黨有自由意志黨、美國綠黨和憲法黨。但是「第三黨」在其他類似選制的國家，勝選相對容易。

**現在的第三黨列表**
 自由意志黨- 美國綠黨- 非洲人民社會黨- 全非人民革命黨- 美國黨- 美國自由黨- 美國勞工黨- 美國團結黨- 黑人騎士解放黨- 美國公民黨- 美國共產黨- 憲法黨- 美國民主社會主義者- 自由道路社會主義組織- 自由社會黨- 人道黨- 獨立美國黨- 公正黨- 現在合法大麻黨- 美國大麻黨- 現代輝格黨- 國家社會主義運動- 新非洲黑豹黨- 新黑豹黨- 美國海盜黨- 進步勞工黨- 禁酒黨- 美國改革黨- 革命黑豹黨- 美國革命共產黨- 爭取社會主義和解放黨- 美國社會黨- 社會主義行動- 社會主義替代- 社會主義平等黨- 社會主義工人黨- 美國團結黨 (2004年)- 工作家庭黨- 工人世界黨- 美國世界社會黨- 前進黨

**參見**
美國選舉人團
*無黨籍
*政黨
*比例代表制
*第三勢力
*選舉權

**參考文獻**

**延伸閱讀**

**調查**
 Epstein, David A. (2012). Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. 978-0-578-10654-0- Gillespie, J. David. Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics (University of South Carolina Press, 2012)- Green, Donald J. Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History (Praeger, 2010)- Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. Multiparty Politics in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997)- Hesseltine, William B. Third-Party Movements in the United States (1962), Brief survey- Hicks, John D. "The Third Party Tradition in American Politics." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 20 (1933): 3–28. in JSTOR- Kruschke, Earl R. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States (ABC-CLIO, 1991)- Ness, Immanuel and James Ciment, eds. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America (4 vol. 2006)- Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004.- Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1996)- Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties (1973) multivolume compilation includes essays by experts on the more important third parties, plus some primary sources-  Sifry, Micah L. Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America (Routledge, 2002)

**學術研究**
 Abramson Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David W. Rohde. "Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot." Political Science Quarterly 110 (1995): 349–67- Argersinger, Peter H. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics (University Press of Kansas, 1995)- Berg, John C. "Beyond a Third Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996 Elections," in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties ed by Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green (3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 212–28- Berg, John C. "Spoiler or Builder? The Effect of Ralph Nader's 2000 Campaign on the U.S. Greens." in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, (4th ed. 2003) edited by John C. Green and Rick Farmer, pp. 323–36. - Brooks, Corey M. Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics (University of Chicago Press, 2016). 302 pp. - Burden, Barry C. "Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." American Politics Research 33 (2005): 672–99.- Carlin, Diana B., and Mitchell S. McKinney, eds. The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus (1994), includes Ross Parot- Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country (2009)- Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument." Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 434–52.- Gould, Lewis L. Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics (2008)- Hazlett, Joseph. The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States (McFarland & Company, 1992)- Hogan, J. Michael. "Wallace and the Wallacites: A Reexamination." Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1984): 24–48. On George Wallace in 1968- Jelen, Ted G. ed.  Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond (State University of New York Press, 2001)- Koch, Jeffrey. "The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Government and Politics." Political Research Quarterly 51 (1998): 141–53.- Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Cynicism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," American Politics Research 31 (2003): 48–65.- Lee, Michael J. "The Populist Chameleon: The People's Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame." Quarterly Journal of Speech (2006): 355–78.- Mowry, George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (1946), on 1912- Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence (University of Michigan Press, 2005)- Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period (2007) 506 pp- Richardson, Darcy G.  A Toast to Glory: The Prohibition Party Flirts With Greatness  59 pp- Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace's Populist Rhetoric." Southern Communication Journal 64 (1999): 316–22.- Rohler, Lloyd. George Wallace: Conservative Populist (Praeger, 2004)- Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. "George Wallace Plays Rosemary's Baby." Quarterly Journal of Speech 55 (1969): 36–44.- Ross, Jack. The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History (2015) 824 pp- Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas 2011)  online date=20170622131847 

**外部連結**
 The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger- Ballot Access News – Ballot Access news on all parties- Free and Equal date=20171128022552  – Election Reform to end partisan duopoly- Independent Political Report date=20200903061342  – Frequently updated source for third party news