物種歧視

物種歧視論（Speciesism），最早出現於英國心理學家Richard D. Ryder1975年的作品《科學的受害者》，是指人類對非人類存有的一種偏見，主張人類的利益凌駕於一切同樣生活在地球上的其他物種的利益之上。這是一種從倫理、道德層面到具體行為方式上對其他物種的深入侵害。物種歧視指的是針對某一個群體僅僅因物種歸屬不同而產生的一系列價值、權利差別判斷和特殊對待的現象。這個詞彙主要使用於動物權利保護者的觀點中。他們認為物種歧視與性別歧視和種族歧視和同性戀恐懼等等有相似，其核心都是根據個體的群體歸屬和與道德無關的生理因素決定對其個體的待遇的。這個論點主張物種歸屬沒有道德價值。
物種歧視這個詞在用法上多種多樣，在一般情況下是指“人類物種歧視主義” （人類中心主義），即把非人類的動物排除於人類的道德範圍以外，視之為可隨意處置的對象。它也可以更廣泛地指一種僅通過物種差別而決定個體價值的思想：例如人類會因為某些物種長得不夠可愛而認定牠們為可隨意處置甚至虐殺對象，而某些物種卻因為可愛的外表──如貓和狗──而受到法律上的特殊保護。而由這個思想引申出的“人類-大猩猩物種歧視主義”則是指：人類因為跟大猩猩的相似性而更傾向於保護大猩猩的權利（相較於保護貓狗的權利）。

**參見**
動物審判
*人類中心主義
*反自然主義 (政治)
*生物中心主義
*深層生態學
*知覺中心主義
*純素主義

**筆記**

**參考資料**
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#Rorty, Richard (1998) 1993. "Human rights, rationality and sentimentality," in Truth and Progress, Cambridge University Press.
#Scully, Matthew (2003). Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy, St. Martin's Griffin.
#Singer, Peter (1990) 1975. Animal Liberation, New York Review/Random House.
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#Zamir, Tzachi (2009). Ethics and the Beast: A Speciesist Argument for Animal Liberation. Princeton University Press.

**擴展閱讀**
#BBC (2006).  "The ethics of speciesism".
#Dunayer, Joan (2004). Speciesism, Ryce Publishing.
#Geoghegan, Tom (2007).  "Should apes have human rights?" date=20201109041221 , BBC News Magazine, 29 March.
#Nibert, David (2003).  "Humans and other animals: sociology's moral and intellectual challenge" date=20131210151815 , International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23(3), pp. 4–25.
#Ryder, Richard D. (1975). Victims of Science: The Use of Animals in Research, Davis-Poynter.
#Horta, Oscar (2010).  "What Is Speciesism", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Volume 23, Issue 3, pp. 243–266.
#Kaufman, Frederik (1998).  "Speciesism and the Argument from Misfortune" date=20170630042306  Journal of Applied Philosophy, 15(2), pp. 155–163.
#Perry, Constance K. (2001). "A Compassionate Autonomy Alternative to Speciesism," Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 22(3), June 2001.
# Discussion between Peter Singer and Richard Dawkins date=20160416132112 
# Anti-speciesism  date=20070205085406 
# Les Cahiers Antispécistes date=20000521125116  (in French)
# Liberazioni (in Italian)