利哈喬夫汽車廠

莫斯科利哈喬夫工廠股份有限公司（Завод имени Лихачёва），簡稱吉爾汽車廠（ЗиЛ, ZiL），是俄羅斯一家汽車與重型裝備製造廠。有吉斯（ЗиС, ZiS）和吉爾（ЗиЛ, ZiL）兩大汽車品牌，汽車技術更新換代較慢。 
1916的建廠方案

**歷史**
1915年從意大利菲亞特汽車廠引進卡車生產線，1916年沙俄建設的6家汽車廠之一，時稱莫斯科汽車廠 (縮寫為AMO，Автомобильное Московское Общество）。按許可證生產意大利菲亞特的F-15 1.5噸級卡車。雖然到1917年僅完成了三分之二的工程量，但這已是6家中進展最快的一家。由於隨後的十月革命與俄國內戰，該廠於1924年11月1日生產出第一輛車，AMO-F-15。1926年—1927年工廠只生產425輛汽車。1928年工廠年生產總量只有800輛。
1931年，蘇聯第一個五年計劃期間，該廠得到美國A.J. Brandt Co.的技術改造, 美方還派專家赴蘇現場指導，蘇方也派人到美國汽車廠實習，援助中國一汽建廠的總專家（專家組組長）希格喬夫就曾在美國實習過。新建起巨大廠房，面積達120萬平方米，工廠佔地為500公傾，職工2.5萬人，年產能力擴大到2.5萬輛，1931年10月21日，新建工廠流水線投產。1931年10月1日起，“阿莫”工廠被命名為斯大林汽車廠（縮寫為ZIS或ZiS，簡稱“吉斯”工廠）。1934年到1937年斯大林汽車廠又進行第二次擴建工程，生產新型的3NC—5載重車。1937年產量超過6萬輛。1946年3月工廠進行第三次擴建改造，換型產品，新產品為“吉斯—150”，到1948年末日產達到250輛規模。
1956年6月24日，赫魯曉夫反個人崇拜運動中，更名為利哈喬夫汽車廠，以其首任總經理Лихачёв, Иван Алексеевич命名。

**子公司**
生產越野牽引車與底盤，載重14-40噸。

**車型**

**豪華車**
 ZIS-101 (1936)仿製美國豪華轎車帕克德（Packard）製造出了供政府公務專用的8缸- ZIS-102 (1938, convertible version of ZIS-101)- ZIS-110 (1945年8月) 仿製美國1942年款“派克超八”。一說該生產線是美國派克公司“派克180”的淘汰生產線。每年的產量只有十幾輛手工定製車。“吉斯-110”還有敞篷版本。採用直列8缸汽油發動機，140匹馬力，帶同步器的3速手動變速箱，油耗為每百公里23升，最高車速能到達140公里。1958年停產時總產量為2083臺。- ZIS-115 (ZIS-110的防彈型，車身安裝8mm厚的裝甲，70mm厚的防彈玻璃，底盤也安裝了裝甲，能經受反步兵地雷的爆炸衝擊，車廂內還有一道可升降的中隔玻璃。自重達到7.5噸。)- ZIL-MZ (prototype sub-compact convertible, 1962)- ZIL-111 (1958)- ZIL-114 (1970)- ZIL-115 (1972)- ZIL-117 (1972, shortened ZIL-114)- ZIL-4102 (prototype, 1988)- ZIL-4104 (1978)- ZIL-4105 (1988, armoured version of ZIL-41047)- ZIL-41041 (1985, five-seat version of ZIL-41047)- ZIL-41042 (station wagon version of ZIL-4104)- ZIL-41044 (convertible version of ZIL-4104)- ZIL-41045 (1983, upgraded ZIL-4104)- ZIL-41047 (1985)- ZIL-41072 (1988, escort version of ZIL-41047)- ZIL-4112 (2005?, concept)- ZIL-4112R (2012)

**卡車**
ZIL 130
ZIL 5301
ZIL 4331
fire truck AC 3.2-40 (ZiL-4331)
fire truck AC 3,0-40 (ZiL-4334)- AMO-懷特：建廠後依靠維修美國懷特（White）卡車的過程中所積累的經驗，自己開始生產載質量為3t的卡車。使用了該廠自己生產的部件及總成，其中一些還是由該廠設計的。- AMO F-15 (1924, 菲亞特F-15的生產許可證)4缸化油器式水冷發動機，使用了磁石點火系統。4擋變速箱。後橋橫樑與傳動軸殼體設計成一個部件。為了防止車輪內胎的磨損加劇，該車型前輪的半軸角度設計為178°。原來變速器的操作杆及手剎均設置在駕駛室外側，之後該廠對其作了改動，把它們移至靠近司機的地方，並新配備了蓄電池照明系統及喇叭。- AMO-2 (1930)採用進口的汽車零部件，掌握了生產AMO-2型軍用卡車的技術- AMO-3 (1931)- AMO-7 (1932, prototype tractor-trailer based on AMO-3)- ZIS-5：1934年，AMO-3使用了一些新的更為先進的零部件，重新命名為吉斯（ZIS）-5型。可靠性強、維修便利、耐低溫性好，6缸化油器發動機，帶有蓄電池點火系統。乾式雙片離合器、4擋變速箱、雙級主傳動器以及機械傳動式剎車裝置。1944年，烏拉爾汽車與發動機廠生產的吉斯-5卡車投產，配備了56kW發動機以及輪胎壓力更大的新型輪胎。至1948年停產，共生產了532311輛。- ZIS-6 (1934, 引進了美國Autocar的Dispatch Model SA and Model SD)- ZIS-10 (1934, tractor-trailer version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-11 (1934, extra long wheelbase version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-12 (1934, long wheelbase version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-13 (1936, gas generator version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-14 (1934, long wheelbase version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-15 (prototype replacement for ZIS-5, 1938)- ZIS-21 (1939-1941, based on ZIS-5 but powered by wood gas)- ZIS-22 (半履帶車, 1939-1941, based on the ZIS-5)- ZIS-23 (three axle prototype based on the ZIS-15)- ZIS-24 (four-wheel-drive prototype based on the ZIS-15)- ZIS-30 (1940, multifuel version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-32 (1941, 4x4 version of the ZIS-5)- ZIS-33 (1940, halftrack, based on the ZIS-5)- ZIS-36 (1944, prototype 6x6 version of ZIS-5)- ZIS-41 (1940, simplified version of ZIS-21)- ZIS-42 (Halftrack, 1942-1944, based on the ZIS-5)- ZIS-43 (1944, armed version of ZIS-42)- ZIS-50 (1946, re-engined ZIS-5)- ZIS-120N (1956, tractor-trailer version of ZIS-150)- ZIS-121 (tractor-trailer version of ZIS-151)- ZIS-128 (1954, prototype for ZIL-131)- ZIS-E134 (1955, prototype off road vehicle)- ZIS-150 (1947，中國引進後為CA-10)- ZIS-151 (1948, ZIS-150的3軸全驅越野型，中國的對應車型為CA-30
)- ZIS-153 (1952?, prototype halftrack based on ZIS-151)- ZIS-156 (1947, gas generator version of ZIS-150)- ZIS-253 (prototype)- ZIS-585 (1949, dump-truck version of ZIS-150)- ZIL-130 (1962, 1987年生產轉移給烏拉爾汽車與發動機廠- ZIL-131 (1967,3軸全驅越野型，防水發電機、密封性好的起動機以及屏蔽和密封良好的發動機點火系統，能用於氣溫在零下40℃至零上55℃。保有量較大，在俄羅斯隨處可見。1987年生產轉移給烏拉爾汽車與發動機廠- ZIL-132 (1960, prototype off road vehicle)- ZIL-133 (1975, three-axle version of ZIL-130)- ZIL-134 (1957, prototype off road vehicle)- ZIL-135 (1959, prototype off road vehicle) - later built by BAZ- ZIL-136 (1957, prototype off road vehicle)- ZIL-137 (prototype off road tractor-trailer based on ZIL-131)- ZIL-138 (1975, LPG powered version of ZIL-130)- ZIL-157軍卡 (1958，3軸全驅越野型ZiS-150的改進型，具有了輪胎壓力中央控制系統)- ZIL-157R (1957, prototype off road vehicle based on ZIL-157)- ZIL-164 (1957, improved ZIS-150)- ZIL-164N (1957, tractor trailer version of ZIL-164)- ZIL-165 (1958, prototype for ZIL-131)- ZIL-166 (1957, gas generator version of ZIL-164)- ZIL-E-167 (1962?)- ZIL-169G (prototype for ZIL-4331)- ZIL-E169A (1964, prototype cab-over truck)- ZIL-170 (1969, prototype for KAMAZ-5320)- ZIL-175 (1969, two-axle version of ZIL-170, prototype for Kamaz)- ZIL-485 (amphibious vehicle based on ZIS-151)- ZIL-553 (cement mixer based on ZIL-164)- ZIL-555 (1964, dump truck based on ZIL-130)- ZIL-585 (1957, dump truck based on ZIL-164)- ZIL-2502 (dump truck based on ZIL-5301)- ZIL-3302 (1992, prototype truck based on ZIL-119)- ZIL-3906- ZIL-4305 (1983, prototype truck based on ZIL-4104)- ZIL-4327 (2004?)- ZIL-4331 (1986)- ZIL-4334 (2004)- ZIL-4514 (dump truck based on ZIL-133)- ZIL-4972- ZIL-5301 "Bychok" ("Bull") (1992)- ZIL-5901 (1970)- ZIL-6404 (1996)- ZIL-6309 (1999)- ZIL-6409 (1999)- ZIL-432720- ZIL-432930 (2003)- ZIL-433180 (2003)- ZIL-436200 (2009)

**大客車**
interurban bus ZIS-127
ZIL-119- AKZ-1 (1947-1948, based on ZIS-150 truck)- AMO-4 (1932-1934, based on the AMO-3)- ZIS-lux (prototype, based on the ZIS-6, 1934)- ZIS-8 (1934-1938, 基於ZIS-11)- ZIS-16 (1938-1942, 基於ZIS-5)- ZIS-17 (prototype, based on the ZIS-15, 1939)- ZIS-44 (based on the ZIS-5)- ZIS-127 (1955-1961)- ZIL-129 (short-range version of ZIS-127)- ZIS-154 (1946–1950)- ZIS-155 (1949–1957)- ZIL-118 "Yunost" (1962-1970, based on ZIL-111)- ZIL-119 (1971-1994, based on ZIL-118; also called ZIL-118K)- ZIL-158 (1957-1959, based on ZIL-164)- ZIL-159 (1959, prototype for LiAZ)- ZIL-3207 (1991-1999, based on ZIL-41047)- ZIL-3250 (1998-present, based on ZIL-5301)

**運動型車**
ZIS-112 Sports- ZIS-101 Sport (1939)- ZIS-112/1 (1951, based on ZIS-110)- ZIS-112/2 (1956)- ZIS-112/3 (1956)- ZIL-112/4 (1957)- ZIL-112/5 (1957, lengthened ZIL-112/4)- ZIL-112 Sports (1960–62)- ZIL-412 S (1962)

**其它**
Edward T. Lu, having landed with Soyuz TMA-2, is being recovered with a ZIL-49061 vehicle.- B-3 half-tracked transporter- ZIS-152 armored personnel carrier- PES-1 amphibious vehicle (1966)- ZIL-PKU-1 pneumatic tracked off-road vehicle (1965)- ZIL-SHN-1 Amphibious Screw Vehicle (1968)- ZIL-29061 Amphibious Screw Vehicle - ZIL-4904 Amphibious Screw Vehicle - ZIL-49042 prototype for "Bluebird" (1973)- ZIL-4906 (1975?) "Bluebird" 6-wheeled amphibious vehicle, designed to carry the ZIL-2906. Used for the recovery of Soyuz capsules. - ZIL-49061 (1975?) Amphibious rescue vehicle, passenger version of the ZIL-4906. Used for the recovery of Soyuz crews.

**參見**
 蘇聯第92火炮廠也以斯大林命名(ZiS)
*GM "old-look" transit bus: Soviet versions (ZIS-154 & ZIS-155)

**參考文獻**
 Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two, p. 44. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-606-8.

**外部鏈接**
 http://www.bert-hein.dedate=20200809210557  All about the ZIS-110 and database of existing ZIS cars-  Official web-site of ZILdate=20030412072306 -  History of ZIL at ukcar.comdate=20110824064003 -  History of ZIL at digilander.libero.itdate=20121108075627 - English website for Russian Military Trucksdate=20141218052031 -   History of ZIL at avtomash.rudate=20141019003800