海達語

海達語Xaat Kíl是海達族的語言。該語言有8個元音和超過30個輔音。語言學家愛德華·薩丕爾曾在1915年把海達語歸為納－德內語系，該提議隨即受到諸多語言學家（如Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson，詳見參考文獻列表）的支持；然而，今天大多數語言學家將海達語看作是一個孤立語言。 2008年語言學界提議美洲的納－德內語系和北亞（中西伯利亞）的葉尼塞語系同源並構成德內－葉尼塞語門，卻沒有任何跡象表明海達語屬於該語門。
大約100年前，全體海達族都使用海達語，但今天海達語卻是極度瀕危語言，只有20個人在使用， 而今其使用者幾乎全是長者。 

**書寫系統**
海達語語有兩套基於拉丁字母的書寫系統：在加拿大常用的，約翰·恩里科（John Enrico）提出的恩里科系統，用來書寫南海達語；在美國常用的，阿拉斯加原住民族語言中心（Alaska Native Language Center）提出的ANLC系統，用來書寫北海達語。- ANLC系統區分兩個同位異音IPA|t͡ʃ（英語的ch）和IPA|ts（漢語拼音的c）。- 恩里科系統是一種跨方言文字（儘管只跨了兩個加拿大方言），它在不同方言中給了不同的語音影射，使得在兩種方言中發音相同的詞有著不同的寫法，而寫法相同的詞有著不同的發音。
此外還有一個不常用的系統，由John R. Swanton給出。它更像是基於語音的，而不像是基於音位的。

**註釋**

**參考文獻**
 ref=harv- ref=harv- ref=harv- dead-url=no- ref=harv-  dead-url = no 

**延伸閱讀**
# Andersen, Doris. 1974. "Slave of the Haida." Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada.
# Bengtson, John D. (2008), "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, vol. 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 45–118
# Dauenhauer, Nora Marks. 2008. "The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America." University of Washington Press.
#
# Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch. Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, ed. by Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael. 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa.
# Enrico, John. 1983a. "The Haida Language." The Outer Shores, edited by Scudder, G. E. and Gessler, Nicholas. Queen Charlotte City, B.C.: Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. pp. 223–248.
# Enrico, John. 1983b. "Tense in the Haida Relative Clause." International Journal of American Linguistics 52:91–123.
# Enrico, John. 1986. "Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida." International Journal of American Linguistics 49:136–166.
# Enrico, John. 1991. The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida. (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers, 8.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
# Enrico, John. 1998. "Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida." Gengo Kenkyu 12:115–120.
# Enrico, John. 2003. Haida Syntax. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
# Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute.
# Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press.
# Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
# Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330.
# Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby.
# 
# 
# 
# Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(2).157–70.
# Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages." Anthropological linguistics 38:179–215.
# Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1976. Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung. (Indiana : Beihefte; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2
# Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft.
# Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
# Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert.
# Rosman, Abraham. 1971. "Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies" Columbia University Press.
# Ruhlen M. 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95, no. 23: 13994-6.
# Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report. American Anthropologist 17.534–558.
# Stearns, Mary Lee. 1981. "Haida Culture in Custody." University of Washington Press.
# Swanton, John R. 1905.  Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
# Swanton, John R. 1908.  Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill.

**相關影視**
Edge of the Knife

**外部連結**
 Haida language date=20210219080855 - Listen to the sounds of Haida date=20210211035720 - Skidegate Haida Portal, First Voices date=20170808195123 - Raven, a story in the Haida language date=20030322004749 - Haida writing systems date=20211030220650 - Haida linguistics bibliography date=20200223222022 - The Book of Common Prayer in Haida date=20200222143231 - How to count in Haida date=20201128080807 - FirstVoices Haida iPhone App date=20150924013434 - FirstVoices Haida Online Dictionary date=20170808195123