萊佛士豬籠草

萊佛士豬籠草63-64（學名：Nepenthes rafflesiana）得名於斯坦福·萊佛士。其分佈極為廣泛，包括婆羅洲、蘇門答臘、西馬來西亞和新加坡。已描述的萊佛士豬籠草的變型和變種是豬籠草屬中最多的。僅在婆羅洲就至少有3種不同的變種。萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的捕蟲籠大小可與馬來王豬籠草（N. rajah）相媲美。

**植物學史**
1819年，威廉·傑克博士（Dr. William Jack）發現了萊佛士豬籠。並在《柯蒂斯植物學雜誌》上刊登了威廉·傑克博士從新加坡寄來的信，他這樣寫道：
在那時，萊佛士豬籠草是當時所知的豬籠草屬中體型最大的物種。1850年的《園丁與農夫雜誌》（Gardener's and Farmer's Journal）中，對萊佛士豬籠草進行了這樣的描述：

**形態特徵**
萊佛士豬籠草下位籠唇的特寫照
萊佛士豬籠草為藤本植物。莖可長達15米，直徑可達10毫米。節間距最長達20釐米。籠蔓最長可超過110釐米。
萊佛士豬籠草的下位籠呈球狀，具發達的籠翼。下位籠的高度很少超過20釐米，但萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的高度也可達35釐米，寬至15釐米。上位籠呈漏斗狀，唇的前端凸出。這兩種捕蟲籠都有超過3cm的細長唇頸。
捕蟲籠的顏色豐富，可為暗紫色至幾乎全白。萊佛士豬籠草典型變型的下位籠為淺綠色且帶有紫色斑點，上位籠則為奶油色。
萊佛士豬籠草的花序為總狀花序，長16至70釐米。花為紅色或紫色。每個花梗通常只帶一個朵花，偶爾帶兩朵。
幼苗具棕色或白色且容易脫落的長毛，成株則僅在花序上具一些稀疏的棕色短毛，但也可能完全無毛。

**原生地**
萊佛士豬籠草的典型原生地
萊佛士豬籠草為分佈廣泛的低地豬籠草。其常見於婆羅洲和廖內群島，但在西馬來西亞和蘇門答臘分佈侷限。在西馬來西亞僅於東南地區分別廣泛，特別是在柔佛州相當充裕。而在蘇門答臘萊佛士豬籠草僅存在於因陀羅補羅到巴魯斯（Barus）之間的西部海岸。其也分佈於周圍一些小型島嶼，包括邦加島、納閩島、大納土納島及林加群島。
萊佛士豬籠草一般生長於開闊的砂質潮溼地區中。也曾在巽他荒原森林、次生林、泥炭沼澤森林邊緣、石楠林和海邊的懸崖發現過萊佛士豬籠草。其海拔分佈範圍為0至1200米或至1500米的地區。

**種下類群**
由於萊佛士豬籠草分佈廣泛，所以萊佛士豬籠草的捕蟲籠無論是在形狀或顏色方面都存在很大差異。以下為已被描述的萊佛士豬籠草種下類群。其中大部分在現在已被認為是非正式的。原被非正式描述為長萊佛士豬籠草的類群在2011年被描述為巴蘭豬籠草（N. baramensis），現被置於赫姆斯利豬籠草（N. hemsleyana）下。
*Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000) nom.nud.
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990)
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. ambigua Beck (1895)
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata Hort.Kew ex Dyer (1897) nom.nud. =N. hemsleyana
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams) Beck (1895)=(N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook.f. (1873)
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non Low: Hort.Veitch ex Mast.) Becc. (1886) =N. × hookeriana
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast. (1882)
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. =N. longifolia
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc. (1886)
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpureaMast. (1882)
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nivea Hook.f. (1873)
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. pallida Hort.Veitch ex Burb. (1883) =(N. khasiana × N. gracilis) × N. rafflesiana
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. striata Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)nom.nud.
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006)=N. hemsleyana
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica Beck (1895)nom.illeg.
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. viridis Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)nom.nud.
*Nepenthes rafflesiana var. vittata Lauffenburger (1995) nom.nud.
*Nepenthes rafflesiana "glaberrima" Burb. (1880)=N. hemsleyana

**巨型變型**
萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型（N. rafflesiana f. gigantea）存在於婆羅洲西北海岸的一些相互分離的地區，及古晉以西110公里的海濱小鎮三馬丹（Sematan）。該變型典型的原生地茂密的石楠森林，特別是植被邊緣的地區。
萊佛士豬籠草巨型的方方面面都比普通的萊佛士豬籠草更大。其莖可攀至15米的高處。葉片長度可達典型變型的2.5倍。下位籠可高達35釐米，寬至15釐米，容積可達到1升。其捕蟲籠的顏色多種多樣，可為白底紅斑至深紫色。上位籠可能為全綠或帶斑點。花序也很巨大，可長達1米。花梗可達1.5釐米，具暗紅色的花被片。
除了大小之外，萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型的發育中葉片也與典型變型不同，其葉片具 深紅棕色光澤。人工種植的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型也具有這樣的特徵，所以其並非由特殊的環境因素造成的。
曾記錄到野外的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型捕獲老鼠。

**相關物種**
萊佛士豬籠草與貝卡利豬籠草、長葉豬籠草和蘇門答臘豬籠草之間存在著密切的近緣關係。
2001年，查爾斯·克拉克對來自蘇門答臘島和西馬來西亞的豬籠草進行了分支系統學分析，共利用了70個形態特徵。萊佛士豬籠草被歸入“第5分支”。其中蘇門答臘豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的相關性達58%。貝卡利豬籠草未被包括在該研究中。貝卡利豬籠草未被包含於該研究中。
萊佛士豬籠草與蘇門答臘豬籠草的主要區別在於其下位籠唇的結構不同。蘇門答臘豬籠草下位籠的唇齒不明顯，而萊佛士豬籠草反之。萊佛士豬籠草具細長的唇頸，而蘇門答臘豬籠草則無。蘇門答臘豬籠草的下位籠通體為卵形，而萊佛士豬籠草下位籠的上半部為圓柱形。此外，蘇門答臘豬籠草的葉片較窄，具棕色短毛。

**自然雜交種**
N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana
*N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana =N. × hookeriana
*? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis =N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis
*N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana
*? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma
*N. clipeata × N. rafflesiana
*N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana
*N. hemsleyana × N. rafflesiana
*N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana（包括N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）87

**註釋**

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