費茨法則

費茨法則在人機互動中的應用
費茨法則又稱菲茲定律，是一個人機交互以及人體工程學中人類活動的模型，它預測了快速移動到目標區域所需的時間是目標區域的距離和目標區域的大小的函數。費茨法則多用於表現 指、點 這個動作的概念模型，無論是用手或者手指進行物理接觸，抑或是在電腦屏幕上用假想的設備（例如鼠標）進行虛擬的觸碰。 該法則由 Paul Fitts 於 1954 年提出。

**模型**
費茨法則可以用多種不同的公式進行表達。比較通用的是用於一維運動的 Shannon 公式（由 Scott MacKenzie date=20220606182127 ，約克大學教授提出，並因為其與香農定理的相似而命名）。
 
這裡:- T 是完成動作的平均時間。（傳統的命名方式，會寫成MT ，表示運動時間 Movement Time）- a 代表裝置（攔截）開始/結束的時間，b 表示該裝置本身的速度（斜率）。這些常數可以以測得數據進行直線近似的方式通過實驗取得。- D 是起始位置到目標中心的距離。（傳統上來說，研究者多用 A 來表示，意味著運動的振幅 Amplitude）- W 是目標區域在運動維向上的寬度。因為運動的最終點必須落在目標中心 ±2 以內，所以 W 也可以被認為是被允許的最終位置的容差。
從這個等式我們可以看出，小並且/或者遠的目標，需要更長的時間才能得以準確到達，這便是權衡指的動作的 速度的準確性。

**參考文獻**
 Paul M. Fitts (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, volume 47, number 6, June 1954, pp. 381-391. (Reprinted in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(3):262–269, 1992).- Paul M. Fitts and James R. Peterson (1964). Information capacity of discrete motor responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(2):103–112, February 1964.- Stuart K. Card, William K. English, and Betty J. Burr (1978). Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT. Ergonomics, 21(8):601–613, 1978.- I. Scott MacKenzie and William A. S. Buxton (1992). Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks.                              Proceedings of 電腦協會 CHI 1992 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 219–226. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/142750.142794- A. Murata. Extending effective target width in Fitts' law to a two-dimensional pointing task. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 11(2):137–152, 1999. http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S153275901102_4fix-attempted=yes - Johnny Accot and Shumin Zhai (2003). Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2003 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 193–200. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/642611.642646- Johnny Accot and Shumin Zhai (2002). More than dotting the i's — foundations for crossing-based interfaces. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 73–80. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/503376.503390- Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, 艾倫·紐厄爾 (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction.- I. Scott MacKenzie (1992). Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, volume 7, 1992, pp. 91–139. http://www.yorku.ca/mack/hci1992.pdf date=20210415132317 - Meyer, D. E., Smith, J. E. K., Kornblum, S., Abrams, R. A., & Wright, C. E. (1990). Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in aimed movements: Toward a theory of rapid voluntary action. In M. Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and performance XIII (pp. 173–226). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. http://www.umich.edu/~bcalab/Meyer_Bibliography.html date=20170322145707 - A. T. Welford (1968). Fundamentals of Skill. Methuen, 1968.- Shumin Zhai (2002). On the Validity of Throughput as a Characteristic of Computer Input, IBM Research Report RJ 10253, 2002, Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California. https://web.archive.org/web/20070824104223/http://www.almaden.ibm.com/u/zhai/papers/ZhaiIBMReporRJ10253.pdf

**外部鏈接**
  Peer-reviewed Encyclopedia entry on Fitts' Law date=20150705022642  by Mehmet Gokturk-  Fittsbits - A game investigating Fitts' Law by Willem Vervuurt and Laura Cuijpers (this game, a Web-based experiment, is no longer available)-  Fitts' Law date=20201109033521  at AskTog-  A Quiz Designed to Give You Fitts date=20210504231024  at AskTog-  Fitts' Law date=20210501115220  at CS Dept. NSF-Supported Education Infrastructure Project-  Fitts’ Law: Modeling Movement Time in HCI date=20180101185849 -  Bibliography of Fitts’ Law Research date=20210227145457  compiled by I. Scott MacKenzie-  Fitts' Law in Microsoft Office User Interfacedate=20100212112146  by Jensen Harris-  Visualizing Fitts's Law  date=20210502003338  by Kevin Hale