美國舊西部

美國西部拓荒時代（American frontier）、美國舊西部（American Old West）或狂野西部（Wild West）是指美國領土擴張時期，美國西部的歷史、地理、居民、文化等多元內涵的呈現。這段時間從17世紀初的英國美洲殖民地時期到1912年建立最後一個美國本土的州亞利桑那州為止。

**美國領土地圖**
File:United States 1789-03-1789-08.png|1789年時的美國領土
File:United States 1845-12-1846-06.png|1845–46年時的美國領土
File:United States 1884-1889-11-02.png|1884–89年時的美國領土
File:United States 1912-08-1959-01.png|1912年時的美國領土

**參考文獻**

**延伸閱讀**

**國勢研究**
 Billington, Ray Allen, and Martin Ridge. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (5th ed. 2001); 892 pp; textbook with 160 –pp of detailed annotated bibliographies  older edition online; also  online 2001 abridged edition to borrow- Billington, Ray Allen. The Far Western frontier, 1830–1860 (1962), Wide-ranging scholarly survey;  online free- Clark, Thomas D. The rampaging frontier: Manners and humors of pioneer days in the South and the Middle West (1939).- Deverell, William, ed. A Companion to the American West (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2004); 572 pp excerpt and text search- Hawgood, John A. America's Western Frontiers (1st ed. 1967); 234 pp; textbook covering pre-Columbian era through the mid-twentieth century- Heard, J. Norman. Handbook of the American Frontier (5 vol Scarecrow Press, 1987–98); Covers 1: The Southeastern Woodlands, 2: The Northeastern Woodlands, 3: The Great Plains, 4: The Far West and vol. 5: Chronology, Bibliography, Index. Compilation of Indian-white contacts & conflicts- Hine, Robert V., and John Mack Faragher. The American West: A New Interpretive History (Yale University Press, 2000). 576 pp.; textbook- Josephy, Alvin. The American heritage book of the pioneer spirit (1965)- Lamar, Howard, ed. The New Encyclopedia of the American West (1998); this is a revised version of Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West ed. by Howard Lamar (1977)- isbn=978-0878424689- Milner, Clyde, Carol O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds. The Oxford History of the American West (1994) long essays by scholars;  online free- Paxson, Frederic Logan. History of the American frontier, 1763–1893 (1924), an old survey by leading authority; Pulitzer Prize- Paxson, Frederic Logan. The Last American Frontier (1910)  online free- Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, ed. Settlers of the American West: The Lives of 231 Notable Pioneers, (2015) McFarland & Company, 978-0786497355- Utley, Robert M. The Story of The West (2003)- White, Richard. "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (1991), textbook focused on the post-1890 far west

**土地政策**
 Gates, Paul W. "An overview of American land policy". Agricultural History (1976): 213–29.  in JSTOR date=20151119134955 - Gates, Paul W. "Homesteading in the High Plains". Agricultural History (1977): 109–33.  in JSTOR date=20181118124301 - Otto, John Solomon. The Southern Frontiers, 1607–1860: The Agricultural Evolution of the Colonial and Antebellum South (ABC-CLIO, 1989).- Swierenga, Robert P. "Land Speculation and Its Impact on American Economic Growth and Welfare: A Historiographical Review". Western Historical Quarterly (1977) 8#3 pp: 283–302.  in JSTOR date=20181118124322 - Unruh, John David. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860 (1993)- Van Atta, John R. Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850 (2014) xiii + 294 pp.  online review date=20230603124606 - isbn=0803247877

**歷史學論**
 Billington, Ray Allen. America's Frontier Heritage (1984), a favorable analysis of Turner's theories about social sciences and historiography  online- Etulain, Richard W., "Clio's Disciples on the Rio Grande: Western History at the University of New Mexico", New Mexico Historical Review 87 (Summer 2012), 277–98.- isbn=978-0874175172- Hurtado, Albert L., "Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism", Western Historical Quarterly, (Spring 2013) 44#1 pp. 5–20.- Lewis, David Rich. "Native Americans in the nineteenth-century American West." in A Companion to the American West ed. by William Deverell (2004) pp: 143–161.  online date=20230712010420  - Limerick, Patricia. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (1987), attacks Turner and promotes the New Western History- Smith, Stacey L. "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction", Journal of the Civil War Era (Dec 2016) 6#4 pp. 566–91. 10.1353/cwe.2016.0073  excerpt date=20230404072320 - Spackman, S. G. F. "The Frontier and Reform in the United States." Historical Journal 13#2  (1970): 333–39.  online date=20230603124607 .- Weber, David J. "The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux." The History Teacher, 39#1 (2005), pp. 43–56.,  online date=20220319210900 .- isbn=978-1444396577

**圖片集合**
 Brégent-Heald Dominique. "Primitive Encounters: Film and Tourism in the North American West", Western Historical Quarterly (2007) 38#1 (Spring, 2007), pp. 47–67  in JSTOR date=20181118122819 - Etulain, Richard W. Re-imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art (1996)- isbn=978-0874176629- Hyde, Anne Farrar. An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820–1920 (New York University Press, 1993)- isbn=978-0226532356- Prown, Jules David, Nancy K. Anderson, and William Cronon, eds. Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West (1994)- Rothman, Hal K. Devil's Bargains: Tourism and the Twentieth-Century American West (University of Kansas Press, 1998)- author-link=Richard Slotkin- author-link=Richard Slotkin- location=Cambridge- isbn=978-0195073058- Wrobel, David M. Global West, American Frontier: Travel, Empire, and Exceptionalism from Manifest Destiny to the Great Depression (University of New Mexico Press, 2013) 312 pp.; evaluates European and American travelers' accounts

**一手資料**
 Phillips, Ulrich B. Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources. Two volumes. (1909).  vol 1 & 2 online- Still, Bayrd, ed. The West; contemporary records of America's expansion across the continent, 1607-1890 (1961)  online- Watts, Edward, and David Rachels, eds. The First West: Writing from the American Frontier, 1776–1860 (Oxford UP, 2002), 960 pp; primary sources' long excerpts from 59 authors;  excerpt date=20230213141438 -  California Gold Rush, from PBS date=20210308153027 -  1860s and 1870s from PBS date=20210308144317 -  1880s from PBS date=20210308164334 -  "Closing the Frontier", from U California date=20230314165512 

**學術文章**
  Full text of all articles in Western Historical Quarterly, 1972 to present-  Great Plains Quarterly Table of contents, 1981 to present date=20230505042144 ;  2014 to present online articles date=20160319042911 

**參見**
 美國西部