鋸針蟻屬

鋸針蟻屬 (Odontomachus ) 又稱大齒猛蟻屬，隸屬蟻科針蟻亞科，棲息於熱帶和亞熱帶，為肉食性。
鋸針蟻屬具有觸發式大顎 (trap-jaw)，大顎能以極快的速度關上，以捕捉獵物或是透過反作用力彈飛自己躲避敵人。

**總覽**
鋸針蟻屬英文俗名trap-jaw ants ，鋸針蟻屬有一對發達的大顎，打開的角度可達180度。大顎可以透過內部的結構固定在打開的姿勢，大顎的內部生有一對用來感知的板機毛 (trigger-hair)，當獵物觸碰到板機毛 (trigger-hair) 時大顎便會快速關上，大顎強而有力，且運動速度極快，鋸針蟻屬的英文俗名便是由此而來，大顎命中獵物時會殺死或使獵物殘廢。如果大顎沒有命中目標，鋸針蟻屬可以重複地固定大顎、擊發大顎，除此之外，鋸針蟻屬也可以像其他螞蟻一樣正常開闔大顎。鋸針蟻屬也會利用大顎來擊飛敵人，或是彈飛自己以躲避敵人。替代=
鋸針蟻屬的幼蟲外形特殊，其身體上生有長長的肉脊，且其背部生有黏著墊，可以用來黏在蟻巢的牆壁上。幼蟲為肉食性，幼蟲會蛻皮三次，幼蟲會利用其他介質結繭。

**大顎運動的速度**
鋸針蟻屬大顎運動的速度是動物界中第二快的，第一快的是德古拉蟻 (Mystrium camillae )。有研究指出 Odontomachus bauri  大顎運動的速度介於時速 126 ~ 230 公里。大顎關上的時間平均為 130 微秒。加速度可達 1 000 000 m/s²。

**擬態**
Enoplomischus 屬的跳蛛會擬態成鋸針蟻屬。

**分佈**
鋸針蟻屬分佈於中南美洲、亞洲、澳洲與非洲。有研究指出在美國「Odontomachus haematodus 1956年在阿拉巴馬州被記錄到，但近期研究者指出該物種已沿著墨西哥灣散播，最遠至佛羅裡達州的彭薩科拉。」Magdalena Sorger則指出，「在過去，Odontomachus ruginodis 的分佈範圍被認為侷限在奧蘭多地區，而近期有一筆 O. ruginodis 的紀錄出現在奧蘭多北邊超過100英里處，位於佛羅裡達州的蓋恩斯維爾。」而 Odontomachus relictus 則只在佛羅裡達中部發現，棲息於長有灌木叢的沙脊地形中。

**物種**
替代=
Odontomachus paleomyagra
Odontomachus pseudobauri
共73個現生物種，3個化石物種- Odontomachus aciculatus F. Smith, 1863- 近緣大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus affinis Guerin-Meneville, 1844
*Odontomachus alius Sorger & Zettel, 2011
*Odontomachus allolabis Kempf, 1974
*Odontomachus angulatus Mayr, 1866
*Odontomachus animosus Smith, 1860
*Odontomachus assiniensis Emery, 1892
*Odontomachus banksi Forel, 1910
*Odontomachus bauri Emery, 1892
*Odontomachus biolleyi Forel, 1908
*Odontomachus biumbonatus Brown, 1976
*Odontomachus bradleyi Brown, 1976
*Odontomachus brunneus (Patton, 1894)
*Odontomachus caelatus Brown, 1976
*Odontomachus cephalotes Smith, 1863 (Indonesia, Australia, etc.)
*Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802)
*環紋大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus circulus Wang, 1993
*Odontomachus clarus Roger, 1861
*Odontomachus coquereli Roger, 1861
*Odontomachus cornutus Stitz, 1933
*Odontomachus desertorum Wheeler, 1915
*Odontomachus erythrocephalus Emery, 1890
*Odontomachus floresensis Brown, 1976 (Indonesia: Flores)
*光亮大齒猛蟻Odontomachus fulgidus Wang, 1993
*粒紋大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus granatus Wang, 1993
*血色大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758) (South America, introduced to Australia prior to 1876); type species
*Odontomachus hastatus (Fabricius, 1804)
*Odontomachus imperator Emery, 1887
*Odontomachus infandus Smith, 1858
*Odontomachus insularis Guérin-Méneville, 1844
*Odontomachus kuroiwae (Matsumura, 1912)
*Odontomachus laticeps Roger, 1861
*Odontomachus latidens Mayr, 1867
*Odontomachus latissimus Viehmeyer, 1914
*Odontomachus malignus Smith, 1859
*Odontomachus mayi Mann, 1912
*Odontomachus meinerti Forel, 1905
*Odontomachus minangkabau Satria, Kurushima, Herwina, Yamane & Eguchi, 2015 
*Odontomachus montanus Stitz, 1925- 山大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus monticola Emery, 1892 高山鋸針蟻
*妖大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus mormo Brown, 1976
*Odontomachus nigriceps Smith, 1860
*Odontomachus opaciventris Forel, 1899
*Odontomachus opaculus Viehmeyer, 1912
*†Odontomachus paleomyagra Wappler, Dlussky, Engel, Prokop & Knor, 2014
*Odontomachus panamensis Forel, 1899
*Odontomachus papuanus Emery, 1887
*Odontomachus pararixosus Terayama & Ito, 2014
*Odontomachus peruanus Stitz, 1933
*Odontomachus philippinus Emery, 1893
*Odontomachus procerus Emery, 1893 
*†Odontomachus pseudobauri (De Andrade, 1994)
*Odontomachus relictus Deyrup & Cover, 2004
*爭吵大齒猛蟻Odontomachus rixosus Smith, 1857
*Odontomachus ruficeps Smith, 1858 (Australia)
*Odontomachus rufithorax Emery, 1911
*Odontomachus ruginodis Smith, 1937
*Odontomachus saevissimus Smith, 1858
*Odontomachus scalptus Brown, 1978
*Odontomachus schoedli Sorger & Zettel, 2011
*Odontomachus scifictus Sorger & Zettel, 2011
*西氏大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus silvestrii W.M. Wheeler, 1927
*Odontomachus simillimus F. Smith, 1858 (Australia, Fiji, etc.)
*†Odontomachus spinifer De Andrade, 1994
*Odontomachus spissus Kempf, 1962
*Odontomachus sumbensis Brown, 1976
*直齒大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus tensus Wang, 1993
*Odontomachus testaceus Emery, 1897
*Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi, 1914 (Africa, Madagascar, Inner Seychelles)- Odontomachus turneri Forel, 1900 (Australia)
*Odontomachus tyrannicus Smith, 1859
*西藏大齒猛蟻 Odontomachus xizangensis Wang, 1993
*Odontomachus yucatecus Brown, 1976

**參考資料**

**外部連結**
 Mississippi Entomology Museum:  Pictures of worker and male O. haematodus date=20201112021016 -  Slow motion video of the ants in action date=20210201135616 - Mississippi Entomology Museum:  Pictures of worker and male O. haematodusfix-attempted=yes -  Ant's super-fast bite is a built-in 'ejector seat'-  Ferocious ants bite like a bullet date=20170830183839  - BBC News, 21 August 2006. Elli Leadbeater. Retrieved 22 August 2006-  Man-trap jaws make ant fastest predator date=20070326011449  - Scotsman, 22 August 2006. John Von Radowitz. Retrieved 22 August 2006