約翰斯·霍普金斯

肖像
約翰斯·霍普金斯（Johns Hopkins，CatIdx=H），美國富商和慈善家。其名字中的“約翰斯”（Johns）為其曾祖母的姓氏，而並非英文中常見的John。今有以其命名的約翰斯·霍普金斯大學和約翰斯·霍普金斯醫院。

**家族**
霍普金斯家族早年憑藉菸草種植和航運發跡，為馬里蘭州早期的大奴隸主。18世紀末，霍普金斯家族作為虔誠的教友派教徒加入廢奴主義的陣營，使大量黑奴獲得了自由，但也導致莊園嚴重的人手短缺，家世逐漸衰敗。

**財富積累**
約翰斯·霍普金斯12歲輟學，曾先後種過菸草和在雜貨店當過學徒。24歲時，他與人合夥開辦了一家貿易公司，並由此嶄露其卓越的商業才能。歷史上關於霍普金斯早年商業活動的記載甚少。有人認為他通過分裝走私威士忌至象牙海岸等地套利，但這一說法在歷史學家中存在爭議。在獲得了一系列商業成功後，他將資本逐漸轉移至銀行業和當時新興的鐵路運營。他敏銳地察覺到，當時作為美國第一大港的巴爾的摩港已經無法滿足日益激增的貿易需求。他遊說巴爾的摩市政府採納了他的港區重建計劃，並在當時大部分人都不看好的情況下，興建自巴爾的摩至俄亥俄的鐵路（B&O Railroad）。霍普金斯一生中的投資決定幾乎從未出現失誤。這些投資最終獲得了極其豐厚的回報，其個人財富在1860年前後達到了巔峰。

**慈善**
約翰斯·霍普金斯大學裡的紀念碑
約翰斯·霍普金斯幼年所受的的教育使他在成年後成為強烈的廢奴主義者。在南北戰爭中，他支持北軍，即林肯領導的聯邦政府。親眼目睹馬里蘭戰役的慘烈使他萌生了創建一所醫院的念頭，也是日後他將遺產創辦霍普金斯醫院的原因之一。他晚年訂立遺囑，將遺產中的700萬美元（依照物價指數，約摺合2010年的28億美元）等分成兩份，留以日後建立一所研究型大學和一所醫院。
1873年，約翰斯·霍普金斯在巴爾的摩病逝，終生未婚。遵照其遺囑，以其命名的約翰斯·霍普金斯大學和約翰斯·霍普金斯醫院於1876年和1878年先後建立。

**名稱與軼事**
Johns這一拼法極其少見，即使以英語為母語者也經常將之與John（約翰）混淆。Johns這一罕見的名字來自約翰斯·霍普金斯的曾祖母瑪格麗特·約翰斯（Margaret Johns）的姓氏。這個姓氏被霍普金斯家族作為名字傳承了下來。

**參考資料**

**外部鏈接**
  Genealogical Records on Marylanders-  Thom and Jacob discuss his love for his cousin and Quaker traditions-  In his 1887 memoir, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, George William Brown cites Johns Hopkins as a wealthy Union man in Baltimore, a city with strong Confederate and Southern leanings date=20080225170233 -  In The Chronicles of Baltimore date=20190608165507 : Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter-  The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum-  Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum", 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine BY Dr. P. Reynolds-  Grave site of Johns Hopkins date=20170722172813 -  Graveside ceremony for Johns Hopkins date=20130812223344 -  Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, the memoir of George William Brown then the mayor of Baltimore city, later a member of the university board of trustees of the Johns Hopkins University date=20080225170233 -  The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874 by John Thomas Scharffix-attempted=yes -  "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995", Mike Field, the author, contradicts this statement date=20130812231130 -  Chronology, Nursing school date=20200806194411 -  The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan-  Abstract Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum" By Dr. P. Reynolds-  "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995" by Mike Field a writer for the Johns Hopkins Gazette. Field, Thom, and Jacob called Johns Hopkins an abolitionist. See also The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43/ JSTOR date=20130812231130 -  Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives date=20121001074426 -  "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular the chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez.