海菊蛤屬

海菊蛤，又稱海菊貝、紅螺、車蠔，是海扇蛤目的其中一科（海菊蛤科；Spondylidae），以及此科下唯一的屬（海菊蛤屬；Spondylus）。海菊蛤的外觀與牡蠣科相似，但其外殼帶有紅色。其殼內之肉可供食用，中國的西沙海域盛產的紅螺，特別鮮味。
海菊蛤物種的型態及分佈範圍差異頗大，但牠們其實與扇貝屬於同一個總科。與牡蠣科物種黏合在岩石上不同，海菊蛤都以足絲來固定。

**物種**
Pacific thorny oyster, S. crassisquama Lamark, 1819, from the Sea of Cortez, Mexico
The interior of two fossil valves of Spondylus from the Pliocene of Cyprus
於夏威夷採集的貓舌海菊蛤 Spondylus linguaefelis Sowerby, 1847- 棘刺海菊蛤 Spondylus aculeatus Schröter, 1788
*S. americanus Hermann, 1781 — Atlantic thorny oyster- 無棘海菊蛤 Spondylus anacanthus Mawe, 1823 — nude thorny oyster- 橘色海菊蛤 Spondylus aurantius Lamarck, 1819- 鬚毛海菊蛤 Spondylus barbatus Reeve, 1856- 巴氏海菊蛤 Spondylus butleri Reeve, 1856
*S. calcifer Carpenter, 1857- 潔海菊蛤 Spondylus candidus Lamarck,1819- 白海菊蛤 Spondylus castus Reeve, 1856
*S. clarksoni Limpus, 1992
*S. crassisquama Lamarck, 1819  (S. princeps Broderip, 1833) — Pacific thorny oyster- 血色海菊蛤 Spondylus cruentus Lischke, 1868
*S. cumingii Sowerby, 1847
*S. dutempleanus Linnaeus, 1758
*S. echinatus Schreibers, 1793- 怒發海菊蛤 Spondylus erectospinus Habe,1973- 直棘海菊蛤 Spondylus erectospinosus Habe, 1973
*S. erinaceus Reeve, 1856- 異棘海菊蛤 Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758 — European thorny oyster
*S. gilvus Reeve, 1856
*S. groschi Lamprell & Kilburn, 1995- 古氏海菊蛤 Spondylus gussoni (O. G Costa, 1829)
*S. hawaiiensis Dall, Bartsch and Rehder, 1938- 亥氏海菊蛤 Spondylus heidkeae Lamprell & Healy, 2001
*S. hystrix Röding, 1798
*S. ictericus Reeve, 1856
*S. imbutus Reeve, 1856- 堂皇海菊蛤 Spondylus imperialis Chenu, 1843
*S. japonicus Kur — Japanese spiny oyster
*S. lamarcki Chenu, 1845
*S. layardi Reeve, 1856
*貓舌海菊蛤 S. linguaefelis 
*S. longitudinalis Lamarck, 1819
*S. marisrubri Röding, 1798
*S. microlepos Lamarck, 1819- 多棘海菊蛤 Spondylus multimuricatus Reeve, 1856
*S. multisetosus Reeve, 1856- 尼科巴海菊蛤 Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793
*S. occidens Sowerby, 1903
*S. plurispinosus Reeve, 1856
*S. powelli Smith, 1892
*S. pratii Parth, 1990
*猩猩海菊蛤 Spondylus regius Linnaeus, 1758，鶯王海菊蛤
*S. sanguineus Dunker, 1852
*S. senegalensis Schreibers, 1793
*S. setiger Reeve, 1846- 中華海菊蛤 Spondylus sinensis Schreibers, 1793
*S. smythaea Lamprell, 1998
*S. somalicus M. Parth & R. Philippe, 1992- 奇海菊蛤 Spondylus spectrum Reeve, 1856- 厚殼海菊蛤 Spondylus squamosus Schreibers, 1793
*S. tenellus Reeve, 1856- 藍巨海菊蛤 S. varius Sowerby,1829
*S. variegatus Schreibers, 1793- 金黃海菊蛤 Spondylus versicolor Schreibers, 1793
*S. vexillum Reeve, 1856- 瑞氏海菊蛤 Spondylus wrightianus Crosse, 1872 — Wright's thorny oyster
*S. zonalis Lamarck, 1819
mantle edges of a live thorny oyster from East Timor: The eyes can be seen on the fringe between the mantle and the shell.

**參考資料**

**外部連結**
在塞浦路斯發現的上新世異棘海菊蛤化石。-  Spondylus Session Abstracts on Spondylus research at the 13th Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists at Zadar, Croatia, September 2007-  Information about Spondylus from the website of the Gladys Archerd Shell Collection at Washington State University Tri-Cities Natural History Museum-  Article on "notched" Spondylus  Neolithic artifacts in Europe

**參考書目**
  A full and constantly updated bibliography date=20210205235009  on Spondylus spp. in Aegean, Balkan, European and American contexts

**史前歐洲**
 F. IFANTIDIS/M. NIKOLAIDOU (eds.), 2011.Spondylus in Prehistory: New Data and Approaches. Contributions to the Archaeology of Shell Technologies (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, Int. Ser. 2216)- P. HALSTEAD, 1993. Spondylus shell ornaments from late Neolithic Dimini, Greece: Specialized manufacture or unequal accumulation? Antiquity 67: 603–609.- Vl. PODBORSKÝ (Hrsg.), 2002. Dvĕpohřebištĕ Neolitického lidu s Lineární Keramikou ve Vedrovicích na Moravĕ (Brno, Masarykovy University Philosophy Faculty Dept. of Archaeology and Museology).- J. RODDEN, 1970. The Spondylus-shell trade and the beginnings of the Vinča culture. In:Actes du VIIe Congres International des Sciences Prehistoriques et Protohistoriques: 411-413 (Praha: Akademia Nauk).- M. L. SÉFÉRIADÈS, 2000. Spondylus gaederopus: Some observations on the earliest European long distance exchange system. In: Hiller, S. and Nikolov, V. (Hrsg.), Karanovo III: Beiträge zum Neolithikum in Südosteuropa (Wien: Phoibos Verlag) 423-437.- M. L. SÉFÉRIADÈS, Spondylus and Long-Distance Trade in Prehistoric Europe In:  Anthony, D. W. (ed.), The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC.  (Princeton) 179-189.- J. SHACKLETON/H. ELDERFIELD, 1993. Strontium isotope dating of the source of Neolithic European Spondylus shell artefacts. Antiquity 64: 312-315.- N. SHACKLETON/C. RENFREW, 1970. Neolithic trade routes realigned by oxygen isotope analyses. Nature 228: 1062-5.- H. TODOROVA, 2000. Die Spondylus-Problematik heute. In: Hiller, S. and Nikolov, V. (Hrsg.), Karanovo III: Beiträge zum Neolithikum in Südosteuropa (Wien, Phoibos Verlag) 415-422.- Sl. VENCL, 1959. Spondylove šperky v podunajskem Neolitů, Archeologicke Rozhledy 9: 699-742.