南島語系人稱代詞

南島語系人稱代詞 (austronesian personal pronouns) 為說明不同的南島語系人稱代詞表達法之代詞系統。一般而言，南島語系人稱代詞比其它語言複雜些；不過，其人稱代詞亦可作為格位標記使用。

**原始南島語**
下列原始南島語 (PAN) 及原始馬來-玻里尼西亞語族人稱代詞為白樂思2009年所重建。
2006年，馬爾康·羅斯(Malcolm Ross (linguist))也提出七種不同的人稱代詞類別。類別以原始南島語(PAN)第1人稱單數(我)為範例，如下列出。
#中性格 (e.g., PAN *i-aku)
#主格 1 (比如，PAN *aku)
#主格 2 (比如，PAN *=ku, *Saku)
#賓格 (比如，PAN *i-ak-ən)
#屬格 1 (比如，PAN *=aku)
#屬格 2 (比如，PAN *(=)m-aku)
#屬格 3 (比如，PAN *n-aku)
下列為羅斯2002年所提出之南島語代詞系統，包含五種類別，也涵蓋一般式(free，比如：獨立式或則非分離式)、一般敬語式( free polite)，及三種屬格分類。

**臺灣各南島語言**

**魯凱語**
下列魯凱語主要參考自齊莎莉論文(Zeitoun 1997)。李壬癸院士(2001)將魯凱語分為幾個分支如下：
*魯凱語
**萬山 (Mantauran) 250–300人
**(主要分支)
***馬加–多納
****馬加 (Maga)
****多納 (Tona)
***霧臺–大南(主要魯凱語)
****霧臺 (Budai)
****大南 (Tanan；亦稱 Taromak)

**鄒語族**

**鄒語**
本鄒語人稱代詞表參考自"齊莉莎"(Zeitoun 2005:265).鄒語人稱代詞分「附著格式」(bound)、「一般格式」(free/自由格式)兩類。而代詞附著格式前用連字號(-)註記。且人稱代詞也兼具有格位標記之功能。臺灣南島語除鄒語(主格及屬格附著)及巴宰語、噶哈巫語等之外，絕大多數無第3人稱(單複數)主格附著格式。第3人稱分視界內(看得見/visible)，及視界外(看不見/non-visible)兩類。

**卡那卡那富語**

**沙阿魯阿語**

**西北臺灣南島語族**

**巴宰語**
巴宰語人稱代名詞參考自李壬癸院士(Li 2000)。(注意：第3人稱為"視界"(view)之表示法)

**=附著格式及一般格式=**
巴宰語人稱代詞不分性別。"字母(A)"代表"愛蘭巴宰語"、在"巴宰語"項目上"字母(A)"會省略不用，"字母(K)"代表"四莊噶哈巫語"。而代詞附著格式前用連字號(-)註記。

**=疑問式及奪格=**

**噶哈巫語**
噶哈巫語人稱代詞不分性別。"字母(A)"表示"愛蘭巴宰語"，"字母(K)"表示"四莊噶哈巫語"。而代詞附著格式前用連字號(-)註記。表內詞語加上"角括號"(angle bracket)表示推測應存在的語詞。第3人稱的：近(視界內的近/on view/visible/here)、遠(視界內的遠/on view/visible/there)、無(視界外的很遠/out of view/invisible/very far away)，如:複數中性格代詞(yasia)表視界外的"他們"或"那些"。

**=附著格式及一般格式=**
噶哈巫語人稱代詞不分性別。"字母(A)"代表"愛蘭巴宰語"、在"巴宰語"項目上"字母(A)"會省略不用，"字母(K)"代表"四莊噶哈巫語"。而代詞附著格式前用連字號(-)註記。

**=疑問式及奪格=**

**賽夏語**
賽夏語人稱代詞系統參考自(Hsieh & Huang 2006:93).

**邵語**
邵語人稱代名詞參考自白樂思(Blust 2003:207).要注意的是複數第1人稱排除式(除了屬格為naam/nam)、第2人稱，及第3人稱的變化大抵相同。

**費佛朗語**
下列費佛朗語參考自李壬癸院士論文(Li 2003:8)。所有的格式採用原型(free form)。屬格代詞加上後綴/-a/。

**泰雅語族**
The Mayrinax and Wulai Atayal personal pronouns below are sourced from Huang (1995).In both varieties, the nominative and genitive forms are bound while the neutral and locative ones are free (unbound).

**烏來泰雅語**

**汶水泰雅語**

**賽德克語**
賽德克語人稱代詞也兼具有格位標記之功能。臺灣南島語除鄒語(主格附著)及巴宰語等之外，絕大多數無第3人稱(單複數)主格附著格式。表中的"中性格"可當主格、屬格、斜格(受格/賓語)，即中性格沒有格位區分；類同於噶哈巫語人稱代詞中性格的用法。

**寒溪語**

**東臺灣南島語族**

**撒奇萊雅語**

**阿美語(邦查語)**

**西拉雅語**
The Siraya personal pronouns below are from Adelaar (1997).

**大武壠語**
重構的大武壠語人稱代詞系統：

**噶瑪蘭語**
噶瑪蘭語人稱代詞系統參考自李壬癸院士(Li 2006:30)。

**巴賽語**
巴賽語人稱代詞系統參考自李壬癸院士(Li 1999:639)。

**布農語**
Takivatan Bunun personal pronoun roots are (De Busser 2009:453):
*1s: -ak- 
*2s: -su-
*3s: -is-
*1p (incl.): -at-
*1p (excl.): -ðam-
*2p: -(a)mu-
*3p: -in-
The tables of Takivatan Bunun personal pronouns below are sourced from De Busser (2009:441).
郡社群布農語人稱代詞有些許的不同(De Busser 2009:454)。

**排灣語**
The Kuɬaɬau Paiwan personal pronouns below are from Ferrell (1982:14).

**卑南語**
南王卑南語人稱代詞參考自(Teng 2008:61-64)。

**巴丹語群達悟語**
巴丹語群達悟語人稱代詞本身會隨著數、格（附著）及時態改變時而進行變格運作。表列人稱代詞分「附著格式」(bound)、「未來式」(future)，及「一般格式」(free/非未來式)。而代詞附著格式前用連字號(-)註記。臺灣南島語除鄒語及噶哈巫語等之外，絕大多數無第3人稱（單複數）主格附著格式。不過屬於馬來-玻里尼西亞語族的達悟語卻有第三人稱單複數主格附著格式的使用。

**菲律賓諸語言**

**伊洛卡諾語**
Ilokano personal pronouns distinguish three cases: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. They also distinguish three numbers: singular, dual and plural.
Accent marks in the following table are not written, but given here for pronunciation purposes.

**他加祿語**
Like nouns, Tagalog personal pronouns are categorized by case. As above, the indirect forms also function as the genitive.

**宿霧語**
同名詞一樣，宿霧語人稱代詞是由格位來分類。
The two sets of tag-iya case function similarly except that the primary tag-iya would need the unifying linker nga and the modifier tag-iya cannot be used as complementary adjective.
The final syllable of a primary tag-iya pronoun is mostly dropped.
When the pronoun is not the first word of the sentence, the short form is more commonly used than the full form.
When the object is a second person pronoun, use ta instead of ko.

**馬來-松巴哇語群**

**馬來語**
非正式代詞aku, kamu, engkau, ia, kami,及kita為馬來語原有的.
物主代詞
Aku, kamu, engkau, and ia have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic dia: meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia "my table, our table, your table, his/her table".

**爪哇語**
爪哇語非正式的人稱代名詞aku及kowe均來自南島語。

Javanese lacks of personal pronouns. For first person plural, Javanese use awake dhewe that means "the body itself" (cf. Malay : badannya sendiri) or just dhewe, that originally means "itself" or "alone". For third person singular, Javanese use dheweke that means "itself" (cf. Malay : dirinya), from dhewe (self, alone) + -k-(as euphony) + -(n)e (3rd person possessive enclitic), or wonge (cf. Malay : orangnya) that means "the person", from wong (person)+ -(n)e (3rd person possessive enclitic, that is also used for demonstrative). 
The rest of  plural pronouns uses words kabeh/ sedaya/ sedanten that all means "all" after the singular form.

**所有格代詞**
Aku, kowe, and dheweke have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns : griyane kula, omahe awake dhewe, dalemipun panjenengan  "my house (formal), our house (informal), your house (more formal)".

**波利尼西亞諸語言**

**湯加語**
The Tongan cardinal pronouns are the main personal pronouns which in Tongan can either be preposed (before the verb, light colour) or postposed (after the verb, dark colour). The first are the normal subjective pronouns, the latter the stressed subjective pronouns, which sometimes implies reflexive pronouns, or with kia te in front the objective pronouns. (There are no possessions involved in the cardinal pronouns and therefore no subjective and objective forms to be considered).

**薩摩亞語**
Like many Austronesian languages, Samoan has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural. The root for the inclusive pronoun may occur in the singular, in which case it indicates emotional involvement on the part of the speaker.
在正式的口語裡面，語根的全形： 為 。

**夏威夷語**
The a-class possessive pronouns refer to alienable possession, as with boats, children, clothing, and spouses.  The o-class possessive pronouns refer to inalienable (incapable of being begun or ended) possession, as with parents and body parts.

**註釋**

**延伸閱讀**
 Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1997. "A Syntactic Typology of Formosan Languages — Case Markers on Nouns and Pronouns." In Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2004. Selected Papers on Formosan Languages. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.

**參見**
原始南島語
*美國國家科學院院刊(PNAS)
*南島語系石化詞綴(Fossilized affixes in Austronesian languages)
*包含式(Clusivity/排除式)
*語言石化(Fossilization (linguistics))

**外部連結**
 Automated reconstruction of ancient languages using probabilistic models of sound change date=20210212145051 - 計算機構建原始語，歷史語言學家遭遇“危機” date=20170929071511