阿布·貝克爾·拉齊

阿布·貝克爾·穆罕默德·扎卡里亞·拉齊（ابوبكر محمّد زکرياى رازى，Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī；），波斯醫師、鍊金術師、化學家、哲學家。他博學多才，為早期醫學、化學、音樂和哲學領域做出很大貢獻。醫學方面，他發現天花與麻疹是兩種不同的疾病，並最早闡明瞭過敏和免疫的原理。化學上，他發現乙醇，並認為元素嬗變為金銀是可能的。他創立了完善的蒸餾和提取方法，並通過蒸餾綠礬（油）和石油，分別發現硫酸和煤油。一生著有200部書籍和文章，記載了他在各領域的探索。

**參考文獻**

**擴展閱讀**

**第一手文獻**

**拉齊所作**
 dead-url=no- See C. Brockelmann for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.- Paul Kraus, Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published. date=October 2010-  year = 1978

**他人所作**
 Ibn Al-Nadim, Fihrist, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.- Sa'id al-Andalusi, Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33- Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78- J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.- Al-Biruni, Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936- Al-Baihaqi, Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932- Al-Qifti,Tarikh al-Hukama, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177- Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, Vol. I, pp. 309–21- Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291- Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat al-A'yan, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47- Al-Safadi, Nakt al-Himyan, pp. 249–50- Ibn Al-'Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, Vol. II, p. 263- Al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).

**第二手文獻**
 G. S. A. Ranking, The Life and Works of Rhazes, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.- Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1923, pp. 118–24.- Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.- Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47- H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by Abdurrahman Badawi in al-Insan al-Kamil,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).- E. O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Vol. II, p. 181.- S. Pines, Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.- Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)- Gamil Bek, Uqud al-Jauliar, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.- Izmirli Haqqi, Ilahiyat, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.- Abdurrahman Badawi, Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.- Hirschberg,Geschichte der Augenheilkunde, p. 101.- E. G.Browne, Arabian Medicine, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.- M. Meyerhof, Legacy of Islam, pp. 323 et seq.- F. Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher, ftn. 98.- L. Leelerc, Histoire de la medicine arabe, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.- H. P. J. Renaud, A propos du millenaire de Razes, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.- A. Eisen, Kimiya al-Razi, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.- Aldo Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.- Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam, see. Razes: The Secret of Secrets, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: L'Alchemie arabe in Rased.- isbn=  81-87570-19-9- M. M. Sharif, A History of Muslim Philosophy- Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大學出版社, 61-94.(1992)- Motazed, K. Mohammad Zakaria Razi

**百科全書**
  dead-url = no - Encyclopaedie des Islams, s. v. (by Ruska).

**外部連結**
  al-Razi on Islamic Philosophy Online date=20150226212646 , encyclopedic article about al-Razi by the foremost academic expert Paul E. Walker.-  Levity.com date=20210226201332 -  Payvand.com date=20200224131439 -  Google Books Search date=20140712063552 , "Doubt: A History" p. 229-  "Lives of the Physicians" date=20210115040209 , dating from 1882, features a biography, in Arabic, about Rhazes.