眼動追蹤

眼動追蹤（Eye Tracking），是指通過測量眼睛的注視點的位置或者眼球相對頭部的運動而實現對眼球運動的追蹤。眼動儀是一種能夠跟蹤測量眼球位置及眼球運動信息的一種設備，在視覺系統、心理學、認知語言學的研究中有廣泛的應用。目前眼動追蹤有多種方法，其中最常用的無創手段是通過視頻拍攝設備來獲取眼睛的位置。有創的手段包括在眼睛中埋置眼動測定線圈或者使用微電極描記眼動電圖。

**研究歷史**
在19世紀，眼動的研究主要是靠直接對眼睛進行觀察完成的。
1879年，法國巴黎的眼科醫生賈馮（Louis Émile Javal）發現人們在閱讀文字的時候，眼睛的注視點並不是平滑的劃過所注視的文字，而是在某一點停留一段時間（注視），然後進行一詞快速眼動切換 。人們根據這項發現提出了關於文字閱讀的許多被認為重要的問題：人們的眼睛遇到哪些單詞會停下來？會在這些單詞上停留多長時間？眼睛什麼時候會回顧前面已經看到過的單詞？這些問題在 20 世紀得到了廣泛的研究。
人眼在進行文字閱讀時停留位置和掃過的經典軌跡圖。可以看出，人們在閱讀的時候，眼睛的注視點並非平滑的掃過文字。
埃德蒙·休伊（Edmund Huey）使用帶有人工瞳孔的接觸鏡製造出了最早的眼動儀。休伊定量研究了眼睛的回顧現象（回顧現象在快速眼動中所佔的比例很小），他發現人們在閱讀的時候，有些單詞根本就沒有被注視過。
第一臺非侵入式的眼動儀是巴斯韋爾（Guy Thomas Buswell）在芝加哥發明的。這臺眼動儀的原理是，將一束光打到眼睛表面，然後使用膠捲記錄從眼睛反射回來的光，據此分析眼睛注視點的位置。巴斯韋爾對人們進行文字閱讀和瀏覽照片時的眼動狀況做了系統的研究。
1950 年，阿爾弗雷德·雅布斯在眼動研究方面作出了許多被認為重要的工作，他在1967年出版的一本書也被廣泛引用。他發現給被試者的分配的任務目標很大程度上決定了被試者的眼動軌跡。在他的著作中，他這樣描述眼睛的注視點與人們的注視興趣：
「所有的記錄..都表明眼動的特徴幾乎是完全獨立的。只要打印在平面或是接近平面的材質上，頂多隻會輕微的受到該材質的影響」。觀察圖形時，眼動的週期「不只是在圖形上看到了什麼，更包括觀察者遭遇問題時，期望在圖形上找出更多資訊的情境」。
「眼動的記錄顯示，觀察者通常將注意力集中在圖形上的特定元素...眼睛的移動反映了人們的思考過程；因此，側錄觀察者的眼睛移動，可以一個程度的瞭解觀察者在想什麼。記錄是什麼東西吸引了觀察者的注意是很容易的事（因此，也能知道觀察者在想什麼），記錄其順序、頻率也非常容易」。
「觀察者的注意力經常望向一些不重要的事物，但對觀察者本身而言可能很重要。觀察者在某些情境下經常將注意力放在一些不尋常的元素上，比如不熟悉時、不完全理解時...」。
「...當觀察者改變注視的點時，觀察者仍會不斷的來回注視。觀察者的知覺並不會用在第二個注視的元素上，而會反覆思索對觀察者而言最動要的元素」。
date=20200123040136  )。圖中使用8米釐膠捲的攝像機透過一個玻璃板記錄下一個被試者在玻璃板上進行”問題解決“時的眼動信息。

**眼動測量儀的種類**

**應用**

**商業應用**

**另外參見**
注意力追蹤
*眼動
*閱讀文字時的眼動
*閱讀樂譜時的眼動
*中央凹
*Gaze-contingency paradigm
*周邊視野
*Foveated imaging
*眼動追蹤儀

**參考文獻**

**擴展閱讀**
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*Buswell, G.T. (1922). Fundamental reading habits: A study of their development. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
*Buswell G.T. (1935). How People Look at Pictures. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press 137–55. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
*Buswell, G.T. (1937). How adults read. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
*Carpenter, Roger H.S.; Movements of the Eyes (2nd ed.). Pion Ltd, London, 1988. ISBN 0-85086-109-8.
*Cornsweet TN, Crane HD. (1973) Accurate two-dimensional eye tracker using first and fourth Purkinje images. J Opt Soc Am. 63, 921–8.
*Cornsweet TN. (1958). New technique for the measurement of small eye movements. JOSA 48, 808–811.
*Deubel, H. & Schneider, W.X. (1996) Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vision Research, 36, 1827–1837.
*Duchowski, A. T., "A Breadth-First Survey of Eye Tracking Applications", Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers (BRMIC), 34(4), November 2002, pp. 455–470.
*Eizenman M, Hallett PE, Frecker RC. (1985). Power spectra for ocular drift and tremor. Vision Res. 25, 1635–40
*Ferguson RD (1998). Servo tracking system utilizing phase-sensitive detection of reflectance variations. US Patent # 5,767,941
*Hammer DX, Ferguson RD, Magill JC, White MA, Elsner AE, Webb RH. (2003) Compact scanning laser ophthalmoscope with high-speed retinal tracker. Appl Opt. 42, 4621–32.
*Hoffman, J. E. (1998). Visual attention and eye movements. In H. Pashler (ed.), Attention (pp. 119–154). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
*Holsanova, J. (forthcoming) Picture viewing and picture descriptions, Benjamins.
*Huey, E.B. (1968). The psychology and pedagogy of reading. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Originally published 1908)
*Jacob, R. J. K. & Karn, K. S. (2003). Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research: Ready to Deliver the Promises. In R. Radach, J. Hyona, & H. Deubel (eds.), The mind's eye: cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 573–605). Boston: North-Holland/Elsevier.
*Just MA, Carpenter PA (1980) A theory of reading: from eye fixation to comprehension. Psychol Rev 87:329–354- Liechty,J, Pieters, R, & Wedel, M. (2003). The Representation of Local and Global Exploration Modes in Eye Movements through Bayesian Hidden Markov Models. Psychometrika, 68 (4), 519–542.
*Mulligan, JB, (1997). Recovery of Motion Parameters from Distortions in Scanned Images. Proceedings of the NASA Image Registration Workshop (IRW97), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MD
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*Posner, M. I. (1980) Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32: 3–25.
*Rayner, K. (1978). Eye movements in reading and information processing. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 618–660
*Rayner, K. (1998) Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 372–422.
*Riggs LA, Armington JC & Ratliff F. (1954) Motions of the retinal image during fixation. JOSA 44, 315–321.
*Riggs, L. A. & Niehl, E. W. (1960). Eye movements recorded during convergence and divergence. J Opt Soc Am 50:913–920.- Riju Srimal, Jorn Diedrichsen, Edward B. Ryklin, and Clayton E. Curtis. Obligatory adaptation of saccade gains. J Neurophysiol. 2008 Mar;99(3):1554-8
*Robinson, D. A. A method of measuring eye movement using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-l0, pp. 137–145, 1963
*Wright, R.D., & Ward, L.M. (2008). Orienting of Attention. New York. Oxford University Press.
*Yarbus, A. L. Eye Movements and Vision. Plenum. New York. 1967 (Originally published in Russian 1962)

**商業化眼動追蹤儀**
Bojko, A. (2006). Using Eye Tracking to Compare Web Page Designs: A Case Study. Journal of Usability Studies, Vol.1, No. 3. 
*Bojko, A. & Stephenson, A. (2005). It's All in the Eye of the User: How eye tracking can help answer usability questions. User Experience, Vol. 4, No. 1.
*Chandon, Pierre, J. Wesley Hutchinson, and Scott H. Young (2001), Measuring Value of Point-of-Purchase Marketing with Commercial Eye-Tracking Data. 
*Duchowski, A. T., (2002) A Breadth-First Survey of Eye Tracking Applications, 'Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers (BRMIC),' 34(4), November 2002, pp. 455–470.
*National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (n.d.) Retrieved July 9, 2006, from - Pieters, R., Wedel, M. & Zhang, J. (2007). Optimal Feature Advertising Under Competitive Clutter, Management Science, 2007, 51 (11) 1815–1828.- Pieters, R., & Wedel, M. (2007). Goal Control of Visual Attention to Advertising: The Yarbus Implication, Journal of Consumer Research, 2007, 34 (August), 224–233.- Pieters, R. & Wedel, M. (2004). Attention Capture and Transfer by elements of Advertisements. Journal of Marketing, 68 (2), 2004, 36–50.
*Thomas RECORDING GmbH, high-speed Eye Tracking Systems for neuro-scientific purposes 
*Weatherhead, James. (2005) Eye on the Future, 'British Computer Society, ITNOW Future of Computing,' 47 (6), pp. 32–33  date=20071017042952 - Wedel, M. & Pieters, R. (2000). Eye fixations on advertisements and memory for brands: a model and findings. Marketing Science, 19 (4), 2000, 297–312.
*Wittenstein, Jerran. (2006). EyeTracking sees gold in its technology. Electronic Version. San Diego Source, The Daily Transcript, April, 3rd, 2006.  date=20190509102237 

**外部連結**
 I'm Watching you date=20130621044020