通用表意文字

通用表意文字（拉丁語術語為characteristica universalis；英語當中常解釋為 universal characteristic 或 universal character；中文之中又常常稱為普遍表意文字、普遍語言、通用語言、普適語言以及普適科學語言等），是德國哲學家戈特弗裡德·萊布尼茨所設想的一種通用的形式化語言；該語言能夠表達數學、科學以及形而上學（純粹哲學）方面的概念。萊布尼茨希望創建的是一種可以在通用邏輯運算或者說Calculus ratiocinator框架之下加以使用的語言。

**參考文獻**
On Leibniz's lifelong interest in the characteristica and the like, see the following texts in Loemker (1969): 165–66, 192–95, 221–28, 248–50, and 654–66. On the characteristica, see Rutherford (1995) and the still-classic discussion in Couturat (1901: chpts. 3,4). Also relevant to the characteristica is Mates's (1986: 183–88) discussion of what he called the lingua philosophica.- Brown, M. T., 2004, "A picture is worth a thousand words: energy systems language and simulation," Ecological Modelling 178: 83–100.- Bulcsu P. G., 1986, "Formalization of the Iconic Language for Structured Analysis and Symbolic Logic," A STRUKTURALT ANALIZIS (SA) IKONIKUS NYELVENEK FORMALIZALASA ES A SZIMBOLIKUS LOGIKA. Meres es Automatika 34: 315–22.- Rudolf Carnap, 1958. Introduction to Symbolic Logic with Applications. Dover.- —, 1967. The Logical Structure of the World: Pseudoproblems in Philosophy. University of California Press. Translation of his 1928 Der Logische Aufbau der Welt. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag.- Cevolatti, D., and Maud, S., 2004, "Realising the Enlightenment: H. T. Odum's Energy Systems Language qua G. W. v. Leibniz's Characteristica Universalis", Ecological Modelling 178: 279–92.- Cohen, C. Jonathan., 1954, "On the project of a universal character," Mind (New Series) 63: 249.
*Louis Couturat, 1901. La Logique de Leibniz. Paris: Felix Alcan.  Donald Rutherford's English translation in progress.- Louis Couturat, O. Jespersen, R. Lorenz, Wilhelm Ostwald and L.Pfaundler 1910, International Language and Science: Considerations on the Introduction of an International Language into Science", Constable and Company Limited, London.- Dascal, M., 1987. Leibniz: Language, Signs and Thought, A Collection of Essays. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.- Martin Davis, 2001. Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer. W W Norton.- Dawson, J. W. Jr., 1997. Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel. Wellesley MA: A. K. Peters.
*Fearnley-Sander, Desmond, 1982, "Hermann Grassmann and the Prehistory of Universal Algebra," The American Mathematical Monthly 89: 161–66.
*Gode, Alexander, 1951, Interlingua-English: A Dictionary of the International language. New York: Storm Publishers.
*Nelson Goodman, 1977 (1951). The Structure of Appearance. Reidel.- Jaakko Hintikka, 1997. Lingua Universalis vs. Calculus Ratiocinator. An ultimate presupposition of Twentieth-century philosophy. Kluwer.- Jaenecke, P., 1996, "Elementary principles for representing knowledge," Knowledge Organization 23: 88–102.- Kluge, E. H. W., 1980, "Frege, Leibniz and the notion of an ideal language," Studia Leibnitiana 12: 140–54.- Clarence Irving Lewis, 1960 (1918). A Survey of Symbolic Logic. Dover.- Loemker, Leroy, ed. and trans., 1969. Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters. Synthese Historical Library. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.- Mates, Benson, 1986. The Philosophy of Leibniz. Oxford Univ. Press.- Odum, E.C., Odum, H.T. and Peterson, N.S., 1995, "Using Simulation to Introduce the Systems Approach in Education" in Hall, C.S., ed., Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H. T. Odum. Colorado Univ. Press: 346–52.- Parkinson, G. H. R., ed. and trans., 1966. Leibniz: Logical Papers. Oxford Univ. Press.- —, and Mary Morris, trans., 1973. Leibniz: Philosophical Writings. London: J M Dent.- Piper, R. F. 1957, "Review of 'Unified Symbolism for World Understanding in Science' by Oliver L. Reiser," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 17: 432–33.- Reiser, Oliver Leslie 1946. A philosophy for world unification;: Scientific humanismas an ideology for cultural integration, Haldeman-Julius Publications.- —, 1940. The Promise of Scientific Humanism Toward a Unification of Scientific, Religious, Social and Economic Thought, Oskar Piest.- –, 1955. Unified symbolism for world understanding in science: Including Bliss symbols (semantography) and logic, cybernetics and semantics, Semantography Pub. Co.
*Nicholas Rescher, 1954, "Review of On the Project of a Universal Character by Jonathan Cohen," Journal of Symbolic Logic 19: 133.- Hartley Rogers, Jr., 1963, "An Example in Mathematical Logic," The American Mathematical Monthly 70: 929–45.- Rutherford, Donald, 1995, "Philosophy and language" in Jolley, N., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge Univ. Press.- Patrick Suppes, 1999 (1957). Introduction to Logic. Dover.- Jean van Heijenoort, 1967, "Logic as calculus and logic as language," Synthese 17: 324–330. Reprinted in Hintikka (1997).- Wiener, Philip P., 1940, "Leibniz's Project of a Public Exhibition of Scientific Inventions," Journal of the History of Ideas 1: 232–240.- Woodger, Joseph H., 1937, The axiomatic method in biology, Cambridge University Press.- Yen, D.C., Huang, S.-M., Ku, C.-Y. 2002, The impact and implementation of XML on business-to-business commerce, Computer Standards and Interfaces 24: 347–62.

**外部連結**
Corazzon, Raul, 2010, " Language as Calculus vs. Language as Universal Medium date=20210427111220 ". Includes bibliography, links to online papers, and passages from the writings of Jaakko Hintikka and Jean van Heijenoort.- Rotha, Paul, 1946, " From Hieroglyphs to Isotypes date=20200806014750 ".
*Smith, Barry, 1978, "PDFlink| An Essay in Formal Ontology,|936 KiB" Grazer Philosophische Studien 6: 39–62.
*—, 1990, "PDFlink| Characteristica Universalis|207 KiB" in K. Mulligan, ed., Language, Truth and Ontology, (Philosophical Studies Series). Kluwer: 50–81.
category:戈特弗裡德·萊布尼茨