普遍文法

普遍文法（universal grammar，縮寫為 UG），又譯為普遍語法，一種語言學理論，最有名的提倡者為喬姆斯基。這個理論認為在人類能夠學習到各種文法的普遍能力，是內建在大腦中的。它可以用來解釋語言習得的一般過程，說明兒童在發展語言時，使用同一個法則，來學習不同的語言。
這個想法最早可以追溯到英國的哲學家培根。最早提出這個理論的語言學家，是喬姆斯基、薩丕爾、與理查德·蒙塔古。

**培根及早期哲學家**

**喬姆斯基的理論**
20世紀80年代初，喬姆斯基和其他一些語言學家提出了普遍語法理論，也稱為原則與參數理論。
喬姆斯基認為，人類的大腦，只使用幾組固定的規則來組織語言。所以，他假設所有的語言，在底層都擁有相同的文法結構。這幾組有限的規則，稱為普遍文法（universal grammar）。
他們認為，普遍語法是人類所特有的語言知識體系，存在於正常人的大腦中。根據這一原則和參數體系，普遍語法包括一套普遍原則，利用這些原則，可以不斷合成短語；普遍語法還含有一系列參數，這些參數可以幫助和指導普遍原則更好地操作。

**參考文獻**
isbn=978-0-521-76804-7
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*Pesetsky, David.  "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" date=20170830073146 . In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.
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*Zuidema, Willem. How the poverty of stimulus solves the poverty of stimulus. "Evolution of Language: Fourth International Conference", Harvard University, March 2002.- http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000100 date=20200519112823 - год=2002- Chomsky, Noam: Rules and Representations. Columbia University Press, New York 1980.- Chomsky, Noam: Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris, Dordrecht, 1981.- Chomsky, Noam: The Minimalist Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995.- Christiansen, M. H.; Chater, N. (2008):  Language as shaped by the brain. date=20130320092503  In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(05): 489–509 (PDF-Datei; 928 kB)- Evans, N.; Levinson, S. C. (2009):  The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(05): 429–448 (PDF-Datei; 717 kB)- Tomasello, M. (1995):  Language is not an instinct. In: Cognitive Development, 10, 131–156 (PDF-Datei; 1,9 MB)- Tomasello, Michael: Constructing a Language. A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquistion. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003.- Evans, Vyvyan: The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-61975-3.

**外部連結**
 Pesetsky, David.   "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" date=20170830073146 .  In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.

**參見**
 Applicative universal grammar- 布若卡氏區- 生成文法- Linguistic universal- 母語- 優選理論- 語言的起源- Principles and parameters- 先天論- Universal Networking Language