分體論 (邏輯學)

在哲學方面，分體論（英文：Mereology；該單詞源自希臘語“μερος”；其中，詞頭“meros”意思是“部分”或者說“組成部分”，而詞尾“-logy”則指的是研究、學問、討論和科學），是指一套與組成部分及其相應整體有關的公理化一階理論。分體論既指的是謂詞邏輯的一種應用，又指的是形式本體論的一個分支。

**參見**
本體論- Gunk- 分體本質論- 分體虛無主義- Mereotopology- Plural quantification- Simples- Whitehead's point-free geometry

**參考文獻**
  Bunt, Harry, 1985. Mass terms and model-theoretic semantics. Cambridge Univ. Press.-  Burgess, John, and Rosen, Gideon, 1997. A Subject with No Object. Oxford Univ. Press.-  Burkhardt, H., and Dufour, C.A., 1991, "Part/Whole I: History" in Burkhardt, H., and Smith, B., eds., Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology. Muenchen: Philosophia Verlag.-  Casati, R., and Varzi, A., 1999. Parts and Places: the structures of spatial representation. MIT Press.-  Eberle, Rolf, 1970. Nominalistic Systems. Kluwer.-  Forrest, Peter, 2002, " Nonclassical mereology and its application to sets, date=20190515224410 " Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 43: 79-94.-  Hovda, Paul, 2008, "What is classical mereology?", Journal of Philosophical Logic, http://www.springerlink.com/content/76l18850p2325p16/fix-attempted=yes -  Goodman, Nelson, 1977 (1951). The Structure of Appearance. Kluwer.-  -------, and Willard Quine, 1947, "Steps toward a constructive nominalism," Journal of Symbolic Logic 12: 97-122.- Gruszczynski R., and Pietruszczak A., 2008, " Full development of Tarski's geometry of solids, date=20160603183753 " Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 14:481-540. The paper presents a system of geometry based on Lesniewski's mereology. Basic properties of mereological structures are also given.-  Husserl, Edmund, 1970. Logical Investigations, Vol. 2. Findlay, J.N., trans. Routledge. -  Lewis, David K., 1991. Parts of Classes. Blackwell.-  Leonard, H.S., and Goodman, Nelson, 1940, "The calculus of individuals and its uses," Journal of Symbolic Logic 5: 45–55.-  Nicolas, David "Mass nouns and plural logic", "Linguistics and Philosophy" 31.2, pp.211-244, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20120219021719/http://d.a.nicolas.free.fr/Nicolas-Mass-nouns-and-plural-logic-Revised-2.pdf-  Leśniewski, Stanisław, 1992. Collected Works. Surma, S.J., Srzednicki, J.T., Barnett, D.I., and Rickey, V.F., editors and translators. Kluwer.- Lucas, J. R., 2000. Conceptual Roots of Mathematics. Routledge. Chpts. 9.12 and 10 discuss mereology, mereotopology, and the related theories of A.N. Whitehead, all strongly influenced by the unpublished writings of David Bostock.- Pietruszczak A., 1996, " Mereological sets of distributive classes," Logic and Logical Philosophy 4:105-122. The paper shows how one can, by means of mereology, construct mathematical entities which are built from set theoretical classes.- Pietruszczak A., 2005, " Pieces of mereology," Logic and Logical Philosophy 14:211-234. The paper presents basic mathematical properties of Lesniewski's mereology.- Potter, Michael, 2004.  Set Theory and Its Philosophy. Oxford Univ. Press.-  Simons, Peter, 1987. Parts: A Study in Ontology. Oxford Univ. Press.-  Srzednicki, J. T. J., and Rickey, V. F., eds., 1984. Lesniewski's Systems: Ontology and Mereology. Kluwer.-  Tarski, Alfred, 1984 (1956), "Foundations of the Geometry of Solids" in his Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics: Papers 1923–38. Woodger, J., and Corcoran, J., eds. and trans. Hackett.-  Varzi, Achille C., 2007, " Spatial Reasoning and Ontology: Parts, Wholes, and Locations date=20180218225331 " in Aiello, M. et al, eds., Handbook of Spatial Logics. Springer-Verlag: 945-1038.-  Whitehead, A.N., 1916, "La Theorie Relationiste de l'Espace," Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale 23: 423-454. Translated as Hurley, P.J., 1979, "The relational theory of space," Philosophy Research Archives 5: 712-741.- ------, 1919. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2nd ed., 1925.- ------, 1920. The Concept of Nature. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2004 paperback, Prometheus Books. Being the 1919 Tarner Lectures delivered at Trinity College, Cambridge.- ------, 1978 (1929). Process and Reality. Free Press.-  Woodger, J. H., 1937. The Axiomatic Method in Biology. Cambridge Univ. Press.

**外部鏈接**
 斯坦福哲學百科全書（Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy）：
**" Mereology date=20201127014002 " – Achille Varzi.
**" Boundary date=20200906075931 " – Achille Varzi.
**Synergy and Dysergy in Mereologic Geometries"" - Albert Carpenter