薄皮蚤屬

薄皮蚤屬（學名：Leptodora）為薄皮蚤科動物唯一的一個屬。過往本屬只有透明薄皮蚤（學名：Leptodora kindtii）一個物種，直至2009年本屬的第二個物種被發現。這兩個物種在對比其他雙甲下綱物種來說比較大，近乎透明及透光，是一類捕食性物種。本屬物種最長可長至abbr=on，有兩枝可用作游泳的觸角，以及一隻複眼。腿可用作捕捉碰巧路過的橈足亞綱物種。
透明薄皮蚤見於北半球溫帶的湖泊中，很可能是枝角目物種當中唯一曾被報章報導過的已描述生物；而L. richardi現時只見於俄羅斯遠東地區的黑龍江流域，儘管日本認為在其國內分佈的物種亦是L. richardi。
在一年內絕大多數時候，薄皮蚤屬物種只會進行單性生殖，當中雄性物種只會在季度
細水蚤屬是水蚤屬。它是一種大型物種，體長超過1釐米，身體細長，具有掠食性。過去人們認為它是單一物種，但現在有一個理論認為它是多個物種。如果這一點得到證實，則日本物種就是 Leptodora richardi 。
For most of the year, Leptodora reproduces , with males only appearing late in the season, to produce winter eggs which hatch the following spring. Leptodora is the only genus in its family, the Leptodoridae, and suborder, Haplopoda.

**形態描述**
薄皮蚤屬物種的成體是北美洲原生浮游枝角目物種當中體型最大的；至於到底有多大，各種報告間不盡相同，但雌性成體普遍可長至abbr=on長，部分報告聲稱可長至abbr=on長。這些動物的身體約有98%是透明的，以避免被魚類獵食。
Lilljeborg notes:Das Weibchen ist in so hohem Grade durchsichtig, in wahrem Sinne »wasserhell», dass oft nur die Bewegungen ihr Dasein in dem Wasser verrathen. Bei auffallendem Sonnenlicht wird gewöhnlich der Schatten früher als das Thier selbst entdeckt.
The female is transparent to such a high degree, literally "as clear as water", that her presence is often only given away by her movements. In bright sunlight, the shadow is normally seen before the animal itself.
The male is similarly transparent.The abdomen is elongated, but the carapace is small and only covers the brood pouch.
胸節的六對附肢形成一個「餵哺籃」，用以捕捉獵物。
The second 觸角 are used for swimming, while the first antennae are 痕跡器官 in females but elongated in males, where they are used in 有性生殖.There is a single large 複眼 which takes up much of the animal's head.It comprises around 500 facets, which are spherically arranged, and the whole eye is movable by up to 10° in any direction.

**分佈**
透明薄皮蚤廣泛分佈於北半球溫帶的湖泊中，見於北美洲、亞洲、歐洲及非洲。在北美洲，其分佈範圍南至德克薩斯州及俄克拉荷馬州；在中國大陸分佈於浙江、江蘇、安徽、江西、湖北、吉林、黑龍江、雲南、內蒙古等地，主要棲息於大中型湖泊的敞水區、也出現在沿岸以及小型湖泊與積水較深的池塘中。在歐洲、北非部分地區、阿拉伯半島北部及亞洲喜馬拉雅山脈以北地區亦有分佈。

**生態及行為**
溞屬物種（Daphnia）是透明薄皮蚤（Leptodora kindtii）的其中一種重要獵物。
而另一方面，河鱸（Perca fluviatilis）又是薄皮蚤屬動物的主要捕食者。
透明薄皮蚤是一種貪婪的捕食者，能夠控制其偏愛獵物的數量，一般都是溞屬（Daphnia）、Bosmina, Ceriodaphnia, Diaphanosoma, Diaptomus, Polyphemus及劍水蚤屬（Cyclops）等各屬物種的幼體。 It seems to encounter its prey by chance, with contact initiating a 反射 (生理學), in which the 腹 is brought forward to close the feeding basket. In many cases, the prey escapes this haphazard response. Juvenile Daphnia are slower than adults to respond to the predator's attack, and are therefore more likely to be caught.
The most important predators of Leptodora are fishes, including 白鮭屬, perch, ziege and 歐白魚.
In 琵琶湖, 日本, L. kindtii is 寄生 by the 線蟲動物門 Raphidascaris biwakoensis, a parasite of 魚.

**生命週期**
雌性薄皮蚤屬動物能夠僅僅透過單性生殖就可以產卵，而且每隔12小時就又可以再下一窩卵子。這些卵子孵化後進入幼體階段，身長約mm。之後牠們在長為成蟲之前，還要再經歷六個instar，到了完全成長，體長增至mm。而事實上，從孵化到成蟲階段，需時只要3到6天，視乎孵化時的環境溫度。在一年的絕大多數時候，薄皮蚤屬動物的繁殖都只靠單性生殖，所生產的卵皆為雌性，並沒有雄性的卵子 。到了秋季，透過單性生殖的雄性卵子開始出現；雄性與雌性進行有性生殖才變得可行。這些透過交配行為誕下的受精卵會在牠們越冬的所在地沉到最底，直到下一年才會孵化，成為 nauplius-like larvae.。

**Related taxa**
Leptodora is so distinct from other cladocerans that some authors have suggested grouping all other cladocerans into a 演化支 called "Eucladocera", with Leptodora as its 姐妹群. It is now believed, however, that Leptodora is sister to Onychopoda, being the only genus in the family Leptodoridae and the subclass Haplopoda.Features which separate it from other families include its large size, the lack of branchial appendages (鰓s) on its legs, the reduction of the carapace, and the fact that the winter eggs hatch as nauplii.

**Taxonomic history**
Leptodora was first found in the Bremer Stadtgraben, and described by the local scientist G. W. Focke.
Leptodora kindtii is "probably the only cladoceran ever described in a newspaper".The German microscopist Gustav Woldemar Focke organised a 學術研討會 in 不來梅 in 1844 together with the pharmacist Georg Christian Kindt. He studied the fauna of the ditches surrounding the city (the Bremer Stadtgraben) and displayed live specimens at the meeting. During the meeting, he also published a description of the species in the Lang|de|Weser-Zeitung on Sunday September 22, 1844, placing the species in the genus Polyphemus.However, this description was ignored by the scientific community, and Wilhelm Lilljeborg described the species in 1861 with the name Leptodora hyalina. The 異名 was not noticed until Simon Albrecht Poppe informed Lilljeborg of it in 1889,and Lilljeborg corrected the error in his 1900 專著.
2009年，Korovchinsky首度為本屬的第二個物種Leptodora richardii作出描述：這個物種採樣自黑龍江盆地的湖泊，包括博隆湖。

**異名**
現時下列組合均被視為透明薄皮蚤（Leptodora kindtii）的異名：
*Polyphemus kindti Focke, 1844
*Hyalosoma dux Wagner, 1868
*Leptodora angusta Sars, 1890
*Leptodora hyalina Lilljeborg, 1861
*Leptodora pellucida Joseph, 1882

**語源**
The name Leptodora is from the 希臘語 words leptos and dora, collectively meaning thin-skinned. The 種加詞 kindtii is presumed to refer to G. C. Kindt, who worked closely with Focke. The alternative spelling kindti is sometimes encountered, but is no longer considered correct under the 國際動物命名法規. The epithet hyalina, used by Lilljeborg, is from the Greek ὕαλος, and means glassy.

**下屬物種**
本屬包括以下物種：- Leptodora kindti (Focke, 1844)- Leptodora richardi Korovchinsky, 2009

**參考文獻**

**外部連結**
cite web |url=http://www.cnas.missouristate.edu/zooplankton/leptodora_kindtii.htm |title=Leptodora kindtii |publisher=Missouri State University |date=2006-08 |language=en |access-date=2022-01-20 |archive-date=2012-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304100827/http://www.cnas.missouristate.edu/zooplankton/leptodora_kindtii.htm |dead-url=no 
*language=en
*cite web |url=http://cfb.unh.edu/CFBkey/media/leptodora2/leptodora1.html |title=Leptodora kindtii swimming |format=QuickTime |publisher=University of New Hampshire |dead-url=yes |date=2020-02 |language=en
*cite web |url=http://cfb.unh.edu/CFBkey/media/leptodora2/leptodora2.html |title=Leptodora kindtii swimming and bending |format=QuickTime |publisher=University of New Hampshire |access-date=2010-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905022505/http://cfb.unh.edu/cfbkey/media/leptodora2/leptodora2.html |archive-date=2006-09-05 |dead-url=yes |language=en