烏鴉 (詩)

〈烏鴉〉一詩敘述了烏鴉對悲傷的敘述者的神秘午夜拜訪，插圖由約翰·坦尼爾 (1858) 繪製。
《烏鴉》（The Raven），又譯作《渡鴉》，是美國作家埃德加·愛倫·坡所著的一首敘事詩，於1845年1月首次出版。它的音調優美，措辭獨具風格，詩句並有著超自然的氛圍。它講述了一隻會說話的渡鴉對一名發狂的戀人的神秘拜訪，描繪了這個男人緩慢陷入瘋狂的過程。這名戀人，普遍被認為是一名學生，因失去他的所愛勒諾（Lenore）而深感悲痛。渡鴉坐在帕拉斯胸像上，似乎在進一步煽動著他的憂傷，不斷重複著話語：「永不復焉。」此詩使用了眾多民間與古典的文獻。
愛倫·坡自認此詩寫得十分有邏輯與條理。他的目的是創作一首能皆在評論與大眾兩方引起共鳴的詩，同他在他1846年的後續評論《創作哲學》中所解釋的。此詩說話渡鴉的部分的靈感來自於查爾斯·狄更斯的《巴納比·拉奇：八零年代暴動的故事》。愛倫·坡亦模仿了白朗寧的詩作《傑拉丁女士的求婚》的複雜節奏與韻律。全詩並使用句中韻以及頭韻法。
《烏鴉》於1845年1月29日進行首次印刷，由《紐約鏡像晚報》發行。它的出版使得愛倫·坡終身受到歡迎，儘管這並沒有為他帶來巨大的財富。此詩不久後便再版、受諧仿及加上插圖。儘管評論對其地位的見解並不一致，它仍是史上最著名的詩作之一。

**大綱**
《烏鴉》一詩隨著一位不具名的旁白進行，在一個無趣的12月的夜晚裡，坐著朗讀一段「被遺忘的傳說」，來忘卻他的戀人麗諾爾逝去。

**註釋**

**參考文獻**
 Adams, John F. "Classical Raven Lore and Poe's Raven" in Poe Studies. Vol. V, no. 2, December 1972.  Available online date=20161212125450 - Forsythe, Robert. "Poe's 'Nevermore': A Note", as collected in American Literature 7. January, 1936.- Granger, Byrd Howell. "Marginalia - Devil Lore in 'The Raven'" from Poe Studies vol. V, no. 2, December 1972   Available online date=20161212125450 - Hirsch, David H. "The Raven and the Nightingale" as collected in Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0-9616449-2-3- Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8071-2321-8- Kopley, Richard and Kevin J. Hayes. "Two verse masterworks: 'The Raven' and 'Ulalume'", collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-79727-6- Krutch, Joseph Wood. Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926. - Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York City: Cooper Square Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7 - Moss, Sidney P. Poe's Literary Battles: The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu. Southern Illinois University Press, 1969.- Ostrom, John Ward. "Edgar A. Poe: His Income as Literary Entrepreneur", collected in Poe Studies Vol. 5, no. 1. June 1982.- Peeples, Scott. Edgar Allan Poe Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998. ISBN 0-8057-4572-6- Poe, Edgar Allan. Edgar Allan Poe: Complete Tales & Poems. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7858-1453-1- Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. ISBN 0-06-092331-8- Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York City: Checkmark Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X- Thomas, Dwight and David K. Jackson. The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987. ISBN 0-7838-1401-1- Weiss, Susan Archer. The Home Life of Poe. New York: Broadway Publishing Company, 1907.

**外部連結**
原文-  "The Raven" date=20061205215745  - Full text of the first printing, from the American Review, 1845-  "The Raven" date=20061113082728  - Full text of the final authorized printing, from the Richmond Semi-Weekly Examiner, 1849
評論-  《渡鴉》夾註 “The Raven” annotated for Chinese readers date=20210123013952 -  The Poe Decoder date=20070324193023  - Essay on the symbols, words and composition of "The Raven"-  The Raven. With Literary and Historical Commentary by John H. Ingram. London G. Redway. 1885.-   "The Raven" Study Guide date=20210411112808 -  "The Raven" study guide and teacher resources-  "The Raven – Amore in A Minor by Vladimir Voronsky"fix-attempted=yes 
圖本- name=The Raven illustrated by Édouard Manet'- name=The Raven illustrated by Gustave Doré'
音訊-  Reading of 'The Raven' and text date=20080915061215  by Classic Poetry Aloud (MP3)-  "The Raven" date=20100109034442 , complete text and audio- Garrison Keillor's rendition of   "The Raven" date=20210123014052  (RealAudio)-  Reading of "The Raven" date=20210410184542  by LibriVox- Audiobook recording with accompanying text of  "The Raven" date=20210123013929 .-  Reading of "The Raven" date=20210123013937  by Martin Reyto
影片-  Video of Vincent Price giving a dramatic, however not always literal, reading of "The Raven"-  Official site date=20210126024525  of the 2003 short film version by Trilobite Pictures-  "The Raven" date=20161215034706  from The Simpsons Tree House of Horror-  Knowing Poe date=20201129133859  John Astin gives a dramatic rendition of "The Raven".
多媒體- Interactive multimedia  e-book date=20200128163109  of "The Raven" bringing together Poe's verse, the reading by Robert Donald and the engravings by Gustave Doré.