菜粉蝶

菜粉蝶（學名：Pieris rapae，英文俗名：Small White, Small Cabbage White，別名：紋白蝶、日本紋白蝶、白紋蝶、菜白蝶，俗稱菜蟲)-{zh-hans:在臺灣又名緣點白粉蝶;zh-hant:在臺灣又名白粉蝶;zh-tw:在臺灣以外漢語使用地區又名菜粉蝶;}-，是屬於粉蝶科的一種蝴蝶，是粉蝶屬的一種。廣泛分佈於歐亞大陸大部分地區，並已入侵並立足於北美、北非、澳洲、紐西蘭等地低至高海拔地區。模式產地為瑞典。
一年多代。成蝶飛行緩慢，好訪花。冬季溫度低的地區以蛹態過冬。幼蟲的寄主主要為十字花科植物，大多都是農作產物，所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的農業害蟲。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上，因此飯盒裡常能找到煮熟的幼蟲，為了避免各類昆蟲啃食，農夫大多會施以農藥防治以達立竿見影之效。

**語源**
拉丁學名的種名「rapae」源自古希臘語「ραπάνι」（rapáni），指蘿蔔（radish），也是菜粉蝶幼蟲的一種常用寄主植物。
在臺灣以外漢語使用地區，中文種名「菜」源於此種的幼蟲常以十字花科的蔬菜為食。在臺灣使用的中文名字直接以屬名「-{白}-粉蝶」命名，皆因此種的族群數量多，分佈廣，足以作為本屬代表。而別名「紋白蝶」乃源自日文名稱「モン（紋）シロチョウ（白蝶）」。

**形態**
卵型稍胖，剛產的卵顏色較淡，開始發育後顏色轉深。小幼蟲的背中線呈淡黃色，且模糊。終齡幼蟲體側黃色虛線細，體表的藍黑色突起小。蛹的胸背隆起低，腹背兩側突起短而不明顯。
成蟲軀體背面黑褐色，腹面白色。翅背面底色白色，前翅翅頂及翅基有黑褐色紋；M3及CuA2室各有一黑褐色斑點排成縱列。後翅翅基亦有黑褐色紋，前緣中央有一黑褐色斑點。翅腹面為帶黃色的白色，前翅亦有兩枚黑褐色斑點。低溫期個體體型較小，黑褐色紋色澤較淺。雌蝶的前翅翅基黑褐色紋較雄蝶明顯，由灰色鱗粉形成。
形態近似的物種有：- 黑紋粉蝶 Pieris melete- 奈斯粉蝶 Pieris nesis- 杜鵑粉蝶 Pieris dulcinea- 歐洲粉蝶 Pieris brassicae- 東方菜粉蝶 Pieris canidia- 飛龍粉蝶 Talbotia naganum

**習性**
幼蟲爬出卵殼後，會回頭噴食卵殼，作為孵化後的第一餐。幼蟲會取食寄主植物的葉片、花序和果實。幼蟲化蛹前通常會爬離寄主，在其他植物或附近雜物上化蛹。寄主植物包括：
成蟲一年多代。全年四季可見，冬季溫度低的地區或以蛹態過冬。出沒於海拔0-2500米地區的常綠闊葉林、農田、鄉村及都市荒地、熱帶季風林、熱帶雨林、海岸林、常綠落葉闊葉混生林、常綠硬葉林。主要出沒於平原到丘陵農田和周圍的荒地。牠喜歡陽性環境，在菜田等農田周圍飛行，又愛在菊科等各種花卉間飛舞。開闊的農耕地正為其所好，因此成為十字花科蔬菜的主要蟲害。冬季稻作休耕時，農民習慣種植油菜作為綠肥，正好提供本種幼蟲大量的食物，每當油菜田裡黃花盛開，總是有成群的白色蝴蝶於田間飛舞。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上。

**亞種**
 P. r. rapae
- 指名亞種- P. r. deleta Strand, 1901- P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908
- 分佈於北非- P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)
- 分佈於高加索及亞美尼亞高原- P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934
- 分佈於塔雷什山脈及克佩特山脈- P. r. kenteana Rühl, 1893
- 分佈於俄羅斯阿爾泰、薩彥嶺、外貝加爾山脈、遠東及堪察加半島- P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836
- 分佈於俄羅斯阿穆爾、烏蘇裡灣及庫頁島- P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha
- 新疆亞種，分佈於中亞圖蘭低地、天山山脈、吉薩爾山脈、達爾瓦茲、阿賴山脈及帕米爾高原- P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905
- 分佈於敘利亞、巴勒斯坦地區及約旦- P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分佈於達爾馬提亞- P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分佈於日本九州- P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分佈於日本- P. r. tochica Peile, 1937- P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940
- 東方亞種，分佈於中國浙江等地- P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942
- 臺灣亞種，分佈於香港、臺灣及俄羅斯千島群島- P. r. yunnana Mell, 1943
- 雲南亞種，分佈於華南如雲南- P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945

**參考**

**文獻**
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**外部連結**
 菜粉蝶- 菜粉蝶-  binomial= Pieris rapae-  Pieris rapae date=20210320074735  - Bold Systems -  Pieris rapae date=20210117184410  - Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa -  Pieris rapae date=20210131092907  - Moth Photographers Group - 密西西比州立大學 -  Pieris rapae rapae date=20200502130929  - Butterflies of America -  Pieris rapae date=20200502035756  - euroButterflies -  Pieris rapae date=20210203220031  - Butterflies and Moths of North America -  Pieris rapae date=20200728140745  - Featured Creatures - 佛羅裡達大學 -  Pieris rapae date=20200502144831  - Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility -  Pieris rapae date=20200502130958  - Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia -  Pieris rapae date=20210416031130  - Lepiforum -  Pieris rapae date=20200502031111  - euroleps.ch -  Pieris rapae date=20200502131014  - pieris.ch -  Pieris rapae date=20200216082806  - Natural History Information System -  Pieris rapae date=20190822235249  - funet.fi