吉爾伯特·西蒙東

吉爾伯特·西蒙東（Gilbert Simondon，lang；2月7日），是法國哲學家，知名於其個體化理論和技術哲學。西蒙東的作品以其對資訊理論、傳播學、技術和自然科學的哲學方法為特色。儘管西蒙東在世時遭到忽視了，但資訊時代促使人們重新評價西蒙東的作品。西蒙東的技術哲學思想為21世紀提供借鏡。
儘管西蒙東的思想在法國，乃至整個歐洲的後結構主義浪潮中，遭到忽視，但仍有少數哲學家率先注意到西蒙東作品。其中最著名的是德勒茲。德勒茲的《意義的邏輯》深受西蒙東個體化理論的影響；還有馬爾色，其《單向度的人》從西蒙東關於技術異化與影響汲取靈感。西蒙東也影響了布魯諾·拉圖、施蒂格勒和許煜。

**生涯**
西蒙東，出生於聖艾蒂安，是科學哲學家喬治·康吉萊姆、哲學家馬夏爾·蓋魯和現象學家梅洛龐蒂的學生。西蒙東曾就讀於巴黎高等師範學院和索邦大學。 1958年，西蒙東在巴黎大學通過博士論文答辯。西蒙東的主要論文《形式與資訊概念觀照下的個體化》（italic=yes），分兩部分發表。1964年，第一部以《個體化及其物理生物學的生成過程》（italic=yes）為題發表；1989年，第二部以《精神和集體個體化》（italic=yes）為題發表。雖然該作直到德勒茲、拉圖及斯蒂格勒重新評價後才獲得廣泛閱讀，但其1958年的《論技術物的存在模式》（italic=yes）甫出版即引起關注。2005年，才出版該作的完整版本。

**個體化與技術**
在《精神和集體個體化》中，西蒙東發展個體與集體個體化的理論。其中個別的主體是個體化的結果而非原因。因此，原子化的個體應視為無止境的個體化過程。西蒙東設想了“前個體場”為使個體化成為可能的資源。個體化是一個永遠不完整的過程，總是會留下“前個體”的殘餘，使未來的個體化成為可能。此外，精神的個體化總是會創造出個體的主體與集體的主體，使其共同個體化。西蒙東批評諾伯特·維納的模控學，認為“從一開始，模控學就接受了所有技術理論都必須拒絕的東西：按照既定標準、屬、種，對技術對象進行分類。” 西蒙東希望通過發展機器的“一般現象學”（general phenomenology）克服模控學的缺陷。

**作品**
 《論技術物的存在模式》（Du mode d'existence des objets techniques, 1958)
** 《論技術物的存在模式》, 許煜譯，南京大學出版社，2024- 《個體化及其物理生物學的生成過程》（italic=yes, 1964)- 《精神和集體個體化》（italic=yes, 1989）
身後發表- italic=yes, Cours et conferences (Éd. du Seuil, coll. "Traces écrites").- italic=yes (Jérôme Millon, coll. Krisis, 2005).- Cours sur la perception (1964–1965), Préface de Renaud Barbaras (Editions de La Transparence).- Imagination et invention (1965–1966) (Editions de La Transparence, 2008).- Communication et Information. Cours et Conférences (Éditions de La Transparence, 2010).- Sur la technique (P.U.F., 2014).- Sur la psychologie (P.U.F., 2015).- Sur la philosophie (P.U.F., 2016).- La résolution des problèmes (P.U.F., 2018).

**參考**

**註腳**

**延伸閱讀**
 Alloa, Emmanuel, " Prégnances du devenir. Simondon et les images date=20240421131831 ", in Critique 816 (2015): 356 – 371 fr.- Alloa, Emmanuel & Judith Michalet,  "Differences in Becoming. Gilbert Simondon and Gilles Deleuze on Individuation" date=20240421131843  in Philosophy Today vol. 61 no. 3 (2017): 475–502..- Bardin, Andrea, " Philosophy as Political Technē: The Tradition of Invention in Simondon’s Political Thought" Contemporary Political Theory, 2018.- Bardin, Andrea,  Epistemology and Political Philosophy in Gilbert Simondon.Individuation, Technics, Social Systems date=2015-02-27  (Springer, 2015).- Barthélémy, Jean-Hugues, Life and Technology: An Inquiry Into and Beyond Simondon (tr. B. Norman, Meson Press, 2015).- Barthélémy, Jean-Hugues, Simondon (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2014).- Barthélémy, Jean-Hugues (dir.), Cahiers Simondon N° 1 to 6 (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2009–2015).- Barthélémy, Jean-Hugues, "Individuation and Knowledge. The refutation of idealism in Simondon's Heritage in France", translated by M. Hayward and A. De Boever, SubStance, Special Issue "Gilbert Simondon", Issue 129, Vol. 41, N°3, 2012.- Barthélémy, Jean-Hugues, "What new Humanism today ?", translated by Chris Turner, Cultural Politics, Vol. 6, Issue 2, Bergs Publishers, 2010.- Barthélémy, Jean-Hugues, "Du mort qui saisit le vif. Simondonian ontology today", trans. Justin Clemens,  Parrhesia 7 (2009): 28–35 date=20 November 2009.- Barthélémy, Jean-Hugues, Simondon ou l'encyclopédisme génétique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2008)- Barthélémy, Jean-Hugues, Penser l'individuation. Simondon et la philosophie de la nature (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005). fr.- Barthélémy, Jean-Hugues, Penser la connaissance et la technique après Simondon (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005). fr.- Bidet, Alexandra, Macé, Marielle. "S'individuer, s'émanciper, risquer un style (autour de Simondon)", Revue du Mauss, n°38 – Emancipation, subjectivation, individuation. Psychanalyse, philosophie et science sociale, La Découverte, 2011, pp. 269–284.- Bontems, Vincent (dir.), Gilbert Simondon ou l'invention du futur (Paris: Klincksieck, 2016).- Caponi, Saverio, Gilbert Simondon. La tecnica e la vita, Lulu.com, 2010.- Carrozzini, Giovanni, Gilbert Simondon filosofo della mentalité technique, Mimesis, Milano 2011.- Carrozzini, Giovanni, Gilbert Simondon: per un'assiomatica dei saperi. Dall'"ontologia dell'individuo" alla filosofia della tecnologia, Manni, San Cesario di Lecce 2006- Chabot, Pascal, La philosophie de Simondon (Paris, Vrin, 2003). (English translation : " The philosophy of Simondon.Between technology and individuation date=20150924040400 ", Bloomsbury, 2013)- Combes, Muriel, Gilbert Simondon and the Philosophy of the Transindividual, translated by Thomas LaMarre, MIT Press 2013 (originally published in French: Simondon, Individu et collectivité, Presses Universitaires de France 1999)- Critique no. 816 (2015), Special Issue on Gilbert Simondon, with texts by Elie During, Emmanuel Alloa, Irlande Saurin, Anne Sauvegnargues and Gilbert Simondon - Deleuze, Gilles, "On Gilbert Simondon," in Desert Islands and Other Texts, 1953–1974 (Los Angeles & New York: Semiotext(e), 2004): 86–9. 1-58435-018-0ISBN 1-58435-018-0- De Boever, Murray, Roffe & Ashley (eds.),  Gilbert Simondon: Being and Technology ( Edinburgh University Press date=20170425174056 , hardback: 2012; paperback: March 2013).- Dumouchel, Paul, "Gilbert Simondon's Plea for a Philosophy of Technology," in The Politics of Knowledge (Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995): 255–71. 0-253-20940-4ISBN 0-253-20940-4.- During, Elie,  Simondon au pied du mur. fr.- Hottois, Gilbert, Simondon et la philosophie de la culture technique (Brussels: De Boeck, 1992). fr.- Mackenzie, Adrian, Transductions: Bodies and Machines at Speed (Continuum Press, 2002). 0-8264-5883-1ISBN 0-8264-5883-1- Massumi, Brian, Technical Mentality" Revisited: Brian Massumi on Gilbert Simondon,  Parrhesia 7 (2009): 36–45 date=20 November 2009.- Mills, Simon, Gilbert Simondon – Information, Technology and Media (Rowman and Littlefield, 2016).- Morizot, Baptiste, Pour une théorie de la rencontre. Hasard et individuation chez Gilbert Simondon (Paris: Vrin, 2016; foreword by Jean-Hugues Barthélémy).- Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger, Gilbert Simondon, n°3/2006.- Sabolius, Kristupas, " Traversing Life and Thought: Gilbert Simondon's Theory of Cyclic Imagination date=20230110222739 ", in Social Imaginaries 5.2 (2019): 37–57.- Scott, David, Gilbert Simondon's Psychic and Collective Individuation (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2014).- Stiegler, Bernard, Acting Out (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009).- Stiegler, Bernard,  The Theater of Individuation: Phase-shift and Resolution in Simondon and Heidegger date=20240602160153 , trans. Kristina Lebedeva, Parrhesia 7 (2009): 46–57.- Stiegler, Bernard, Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).- Stiegler, Bernard,  Temps et individuation technique, psychique, et collective dans l’oeuvre de Simondon date=20130530151816 . fr.- Tenti, Gregorio, Estetica e morfologia in Gilbert Simondon, Mimesis, 2020- Thibault, Ghislain, Filming Simondon: The National Film Board, Education, and Humanism , Canadian Journal of Film Studies, vol. 26 n°1/2017, pp. 1–23  date=20230827234719 - Thibault, Ghislain and Mark Hayward,  Understanding Machines: A History of Canadian Mechanology date=20230830063413 , Canadian Journal of Communication, vol. 42 n°3/2017- Toscano, Alberto, "Technical Culture and the Limits of Interaction: A Note on Simondon," in Joke Brouwer & Arjen Mulder (eds.), Interact or Die! (Rotterdam: NAi, 2007): 198–205.- Virno, Paolo, Angels and the General Intellect: Individuation in Duns Scotus and Gilbert Simondon,  Parrhesia 7 (2009): 58–67 date=20 November 2009.- Olivier Del Fabbro: Philosophieren mit Objekten – Gilbert Simondons prozessuale Individuationsontologie, Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag. 2021.

**外部鏈接**
  保存技術對象- MEOT / METO-  The Gilbert Simondon issue of Parrhesia date=20240702175230 -  Filmed interview of Gilbert Simondon date=20100405085357  on the subject of mechanology, 1968 fr.-  On Gilbert Simondon's Unified Theory of Technics and Technology, by François Laruelle date=20230924230948 -  Autour de Simondon: List of articles about Simondon, by the revue online Appareil fr.-  Aud-Sissel-Hoel and Van-der-Tuin on Simondon's link to Ernst Cassirer date=20230915162944 -  Gilbert Simondon Biography by Nathalie Simondon date=20240227013615 -  "Simondon au pied du mur" by Elie During fr.-  Mode of Existence, English translation date=20240515040821 .-  On the Essence of Technicity date=20240628015740 .-  Simondon biography-  List of articles about Simondon fr.-  Online Issue on Simondon date=20171111003710 , by Jean-Hugues Barthélémy (dir.)).-  "Simondon Week" on TheFunambulist.net date=20160809115237 .-  "Penser l'école avec Gilbert Simondon" date=10 April 2021 fr.-  CIDES (Centre International des Études Simondoniennes) a.k.a. ICSS (International Center for Simondon Studies)-  Conference-video on Gilbert Simondon and the New Enlightenment fr.-  Simondon at Monoskop.org date=20240605093814 , with extensive bibliography.-  A short list of Gilbert Simondon's vocabulary date=20230915162935 -  A research project (and book in preparation) on the relationship between Gilbert Simondon, mechanology and Canadian intellectuals date=20240117042231