霍米·巴巴

霍米·K·巴巴（Homi Kharshedji Bhabha；11月1日）是印度裔英國學者和批判理論家。他是哈佛大學Anne F. Rothenberg人文學科教授，是當代後殖民研究代表人物之一，在該領域提出了許多關鍵術語和概念，例如混雜性（hybridity）、模擬（mimicry）、差異（difference）和矛盾狀態（ambivalence）。在巴巴的理論中，這些術語描述了被殖民者反抗殖民者權力的方式。2012年，他獲得印度政府頒發的文學和教育領域的蓮花裝勳章獎。他與律師兼哈佛大學講師傑奎琳·巴巴結婚，育有三個孩子。

**理論**

**混雜性**
“混雜性”（hybridity）是巴巴的核心思想之一，其借鑑了愛德華·薩義德的著作，用於描述多元文化主義中新文化形式的出現。巴巴並不將殖民主義視為過去的事，而是展示了殖民歷史和文化如何不斷侵入現在，從而要求我們轉變對跨文化關係的理解。他對殖民文本應用了後結構主義方法論，改變了對殖民主義的研究。

**矛盾狀態**
矛盾狀態（ambivalence）這一概念認為文化由對立的觀念和維度組成。巴巴稱，這種矛盾狀態——被殖民的他者的身份分裂的二元性——使得固有文化身份和殖民者文化身份的混雜體成為可能。矛盾狀態是殖民權力出現遲滯特徵的原因之一。權威的殖民能指只有在“殖民地差異、文化或種族的創傷性場景，使權力之眼迴歸到一些先前的古老形象或身份”之後，才獲得它們的意義。“然而，矛盾的是，這樣的圖像既不能是‘原始的’——因為構建它的重複行為——也不能是相同的——因為定義其自身的差異。”因此，殖民的在場仍然是處於矛盾狀態的，在其原始和權威的外觀與重複和差異的表達之間產生分裂。這打開了殖民話語的兩個維度：以發明和掌握為特徵的維度，以及以取代和幻想為特徵的維度。

**文化差異、闡釋和刻板印象**
巴巴將文化差異（cultural difference）視為文化多樣性（cultural diversity）的替代方案。在文化多樣性中，文化是“經驗知識的對象”，先於認識者而存在，而文化差異則將文化視為兩種或多種文化相遇的地方，也是大多數問題發生的地方，是推論建構的，而不是預先存在的，給定一個“將文化闡釋為‘知識淵博’的過程”。闡釋（enunciation）是發生在第三空間（見下文）中的一種文化的表述、表達行為。由於文化從來不是預先給定的，所以它必須被說出來。文化差異是通過表達來發現和認識的。闡釋過程通過在政治當下的新文化、意義、戰略的表達，作為統治或抵抗的實踐，在穩定參考系中的傳統與對文化信念的否定之間產生了鴻溝。
因此，文化差異是一個認同的過程，而文化多樣性是一個比較和分類的過程。此外，正是這種差異和表達的可能性，可以將皮膚/文化的能指從種族類型學的禁錮中解放出來；然而，刻板印象（stereotype）阻礙了“種族”能指的流通和表達。殖民和後殖民話語的一個重要方面，是它們在建構他者時對“固定性”概念的依賴。固定意味著重複、僵硬和不變的秩序以及無序。刻板印象依賴於這種固定性概念。刻板印象創造了一種“身份”，這種身份既源於支配者的焦慮和捍衛，也源於支配者的掌控和愉悅，“因為它是一種多重、矛盾的信念，它承認差異又否認差異。”

**模擬**
和巴巴的混雜性的概念類似，模擬是對在場的轉喻。殖民社會的成員模仿並接受殖民者的文化時，就會出現模擬。雅各·拉岡稱：“模擬的效果是偽裝……這不是與背景協調的問題，而是在斑駁的背景下。”殖民模擬來自殖民者對經過改革的、可辨識的、作為差異的主體的他者的渴望，正如巴巴所寫：“幾乎相同卻不完全等同”（almost the same, but not quite）。因此，模擬是雙重發聲（double articulation）的標誌，一種將權力可見化的同時挪用他者的策略。此外，模擬是不適合（inappropriate）的標誌，是“一種差異或頑固，它凝聚了殖民權力的主導戰略功能，加強了監視，並對‘標準化’知識和紀律權力都構成了迫在眉睫的威脅。”
這樣一來，模擬賦予了殖民主體一種部分的在場，彷彿“殖民地”依賴於權威話語本身中自己的表徵。諷刺的是，殖民者希望在模擬中——通過書寫和重複的過程——在這種部分表徵（partial representation）中將自己作為“原真”。另一方面，巴巴沒有將模擬解釋為對殖民者的自戀認同，即認為被殖民者不再是像殖民者一樣有行動能力的人。他認為模擬是一種“雙重視野，它在揭示殖民話語的矛盾狀態的同時，也打破了其權威。而這種雙重視角是由於他所說的殖民客體的部分表徵/辨識而產生的……它們也是加倍的形象，殖民慾望轉喻的部分客體，疏遠了那些主導話語的模式和常態，它們在這些話語中作為‘不適合’的殖民主體出現。”
被殖民者的願望被顛倒了，因為殖民挪用如今產生了殖民者在場的部分視野；來自他者的凝視與來自殖民者的凝視相呼應，它分享了繼承的凝視的洞察力，這種凝視解放了邊緣化的個體，打破了人的存在的統一，而人本來是藉此擴展其主權的。因此，“觀察者變成了被觀察者，而‘部分’表徵重新表達了身份的整個概念，並將其與本質疏遠了。”

**第三空間**
第三空間（Third Space）是一種模糊的區域，當兩個或更多的個人、兩種或更多的文化相互作用時，就會發展出這種空間（對比城市學家愛德華·索亞的第三空間概念）。它“挑戰了我們對文化的歷史認同感，即認為它是一種同質化、統一的力量，由原始的過去認證，在人民的民族傳統中保持活力。”這個矛盾的話語領域，作為闡釋的話語條件的場所，“取代了在同質、連續的時間內書寫的西方敘事”。它通過“破壞性的時間性闡釋”來實現這一點。巴巴聲稱“文化陳述和體系是在這種對立和矛盾的闡釋空間中建構的”。因此，對文化的內在原始性或純潔性的等級主張是無效的。闡釋意味著文化沒有固定性，甚至相同的符號也可以被挪用、翻譯、再歷史化和重新閱讀。

**影響**
巴巴在後殖民理論方面的工作在很大程度上歸功於後結構主義。巴巴所影響的重要人物和理論包括雅克·德里達和解構主義、雅各·拉岡和拉康精神分析學、米歇爾·福柯的話語性概念。此外，在1995年接受W. J. T. Mitchell採訪時，巴巴表示愛德華·薩義德是對他影響最大的作家。在社會科學領域，愛德華·W·索亞在巴巴的方法基礎上，改變了理解空間、行動和表徵的概念。

**作品**

**書**
 包括編輯的書- Nation and Narration, Routledge (1990; 0415014824)- "A Good Judge of Character: Men, Metaphors, and the Common Culture" in Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. Toni Morrison, Pantheon Books (1992; 9780679741459).- "In a Spirit of Calm Violence," in After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements, ed. Gyan Prakash, Princeton University Press (1994; 9781400821440).- The Location of Culture, Routledge (1994; 0415336392)- Negotiating Rapture: The Power of Art to Transform Lives, Museum of Contemporary Art (1996; 9780933856400)- Forward to Modernity, Culture, and The Jew, eds. Laura Marcus and Bryan Cheyette, Wiley (1998; 9780745620411).- "Conversational Art" in Conversations at the Castle: Changing Audiences and Contemporary Art, eds. Mary Jane Jacob and Michael Brenson, The MIT Press (1998; 9780262100724).- "Cosmopolitanisms" in Cosmopolitanism, co-ed. with Sheldon I. Pollock, Carol Breckenridge, Arjun Appadurai, and Dipesh Chakrabarty, (originally an issue of Public Culture), Duke University Press (2002; 9780822328995).- "On Cultural Choice," 2000.- "V.S. Naipaul," 2001- "Democracy De-Realized," 2002.- "On Writing Rights," 2003.- "Making Difference: The Legacy of the Culture Wars," Artforum 2003 (4).- "Adagio," 2004.- "Still Life," 2004.- Foreword to The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon, transl. Richard Philcox, 2004.- Edward Said Continuing the Conversation, co-ed. with W. J. T. Mitchell (originally an issue of Critical Inquiry), University of Chicago Press (2004; 0226532038).- "Framing Fanon," 2005.- Without Boundary: Seventeen Ways of Looking, with Fereshteh Daftari and Orhan Pamuk, The Museum of Modern Art (2006; 9780870700859).- "The Black Savant and the Dark Princess," 2006.- Our Neighbours, Ourselves: Contemporary Reflections on Survival, Walter de Gruyter (2011; 9783110262445)- Anish Kapoor, Flammarion (2011; 9782080200839)- Midnight to the Boom: Painting in India After Independence, Peabody Essex Museum (2013; 9780500238936)- Matthew Barney: River of Fundament, Okwui Enwezor, Hilton Als, Diedrich Diederichsen, David Walsh, Skira (2014; 9780847842582)

**論文**
 Bhabha, Homi K. "Apologies for Poetry: A Study in the Method of Mill and Richards." Journal of the School of Languages New Delhi 3.1 (1975): 71–88.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Parthasarathy, R. "Indo-Anglican attitudes." TLS, Times literary supplement 3 (1978): 136.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The Other Question…." Screen (November—December 1983), 24(6), 18–36.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Representation and the colonial text: a critical exploration of some forms of mimeticism." The Theory of reading. Ed. Frank Gloversmith. Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1984.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon. Introduction to the English edition of Black skin white mask." Black skin white mask. London: Pluto Press, 1986.- Bhabha, Homi K. "'What does the Black man want?'." New Formations 1 (1987): 118–130.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche, and the colonial condition." Remaking history. Ed. Barbara Kruger and Phil Mariani. Seattle: Bay Press, 1989.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Hybridité, identité et culture contemporaine." Magiciens de la terre. Ed. Jean Hubert Martin. Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou, 1989.- Bhabha, Homi K. "At the limits." Artforum 27.9 (1989): 11–12.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Imaginings." New statesman & society 2.70 (1989): 45–47.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Articulating the archaic: notes on colonial nonsense." Literary theory today. Ed. Peter Collier and Helga Geyer-Ryan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The other question: difference, discrimination and the discourse of colonialism." Out there: marginalization and contemporary cultures. Ed. Russell. New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art, 1990.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Interrogating identity: the postcolonial prerogative." Anatomy of racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.- Bhabha, Homi K. "DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of the modern nation." Nation and narration. Ed. Homi K. Bhabha. London; New York: Routledge, 1990.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Novel metropolis." New statesman society 3.88 (1990): 16.- Bhabha, Homi K. "A question of survival: nations and psychic states." Psychoanalysis and cultural theory: thresholds. Ed. James Donald. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Art and National Identity: A Critics' Symposium." Art in America 79.9 (1991): 80-.- Bhabha, Homi K. "'Race', time and the revision of modernity." The Oxford Literary Review 13.1-2 (1991): 193–219.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial criticism." Redrawing the boundaries: the transformation of English and American literary studies. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles B. Gunn. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1992.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Of mimicry and man: the ambivalence of colonial discourse." Modern literary theory: a reader. Ed. Philip; Waugh Rice, Patricia. 2nd ed. ed. London; New York: E. Arnold, 1992.- Bhabha, Homi K. "A good judge of character: men, metaphors, and the common culture." Race-ing justice, en-gendering power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the construction of social reality. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial authority and postmodern guilt." Cultural Studies. Ed. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler. New York: Routledge, 1992.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Double visions." Artforum 30.5 (1992): 85–59.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Freedom's basis in the indeterminate." October 61 (1992): 46–57.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The world and the home." Social text 10.2-3 (1992): 141–153.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Beyond the pale: art in the age of multicultural translation." Cultural diversity in the arts: art, art policies and the facelift of Europe. Ed. Ria Lavrijsen. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1993.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Culture's in between." Artforum 32.1 (1993): 167–170.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The commitment to theory." Questions of third cinema. Ed. Jim Pines and Paul Willemen. London: BFI Pub., 1994.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Frontlines / borderposts." Displacements: cultural identities in question. Ed. Angelika Bammer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: Indiana University Press, 1994.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche and the colonial condition." Colonial discourse and post-colonial theory: a reader. Ed. R. J. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The enchantment of art." The artist in society: rights, roles, and responsibilities. Ed. Kathy Becker, Carol Acker, and Ann Wiens. Chicago: Chicago New Art Association, New Art Examiner Press, 1995.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Are you a man or a mouse?" Constructing masculinity. Ed. Maurice Berger, Brian Wallis, Simon Watson, and Carrie Weems. New York: Routledge, 1995.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Homi Bhabha on the New Black Intellectual." Artforum international 34.2 (1995): 16–17.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." Artforum 33.8 (1995): 19–20.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dialogues with Homi Bhabha, et al.." The fact of blackness: Frantz Fanon and visual representation. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postmodernism/postcolonialism." Critical terms for art history. Ed. Robert S. Nelson and Richard Shiff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Unpacking my library ... again." The post-colonial question: common skies, divided horizons. Ed. Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti. London; New York: Routledge, 1996.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Day by day . . . with Frantz Fanon." The fact of blackness. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Laughing stock." Artforum 35.2 (1996): 15–17.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Unsatisfied: notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism." Text and Nation: Cross-Disciplinary Essays on Cultural and National Identities. Ed. Laura Garcia-Moreno and Peter C. Pfeiffer. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1996. 191–207.- Bhabha, Homi K. "World and the home." Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives. Ed. Anne McClintock, Aamir Mufti, and Ella Shohat. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Postscript: bombs away in front-line suburbia." Visions of suburbia. Ed. Roger Silverstone. London; New York: Routledge, 1997.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Designer creations." Artforum 36.4 (1997): 11–14.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Reviews of: Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India; and Subaltern Studies, vol. 9, Writings on South Asian History and Society." TLS. Times Literary Supplement. 4923 (1997): 14–15.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Halfway house." Artforum 35.9 (1997): 11–13.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Queen's English." Artforum 35.7 (1997): 25–27.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Front lines / border posts." Critical inquiry 23.3 (1997).- Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." The crisis of criticism. Ed. Maurice Berger. New York: New Press, 1998.- Bhabha, Homi K. "The white stuff." Artforum 36.9 (1998): 21–23.- Bhabha, Homi K. "On the irremovable strangeness of being different one of "Four views of ethnicity"." PMLA 113.1 (1998): 34-39.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Liberalism's sacred cow." Is multiculturalism bad for women? Ed. Susan Moller Okin and Joshua Cohen. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1999.- Bhabha, Homi K. (interviewer). "Alter/Native Modernities - Miniaturizing Modernity: Shahzia Sikander in Conversation with Homi K Bhabha." Public culture: bulletin of the Project for Transnational Cultural Studies 11.1 (1999): 146–152.- Bhabha, Homi K. "Afterword: an ironic act of courage." Milton and the imperial vision. Ed. Rajan Balachandra and Elizabeth Sauer. Pittsburgh, Pa: Duquesne University Press, 1999.- Bhabha, Homi K.; Dudiker, Karsten (trans.). "'Angst' in kultureller Ubersetzung." Heterotopien der Identitat: Literatur in interamerikanischen Kontaktzonen. Ed. Hermann Herlinghaus; Utz Riese. Heidelberg, Germany: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1999. 83–97.

**訪談**
 Koundoura, Maria; Rai, Amit. "Interview: Homi Bhabha." Stanford humanities review 3.1 (1993): 1–6.- Bennett, David, and Collits, Terry. "Postcolonial critic: Homi Bhabha interviewed by David Bennett and Terry Collits." Literary India: comparative studies in aesthetics, colonialism, and culture. Ed. Patrick Colm Hogan; Lalita Pandit. SUNY series in Hindu studies. Albany: State Univ. of New York, 1995.- Mitchell, W.J.T. "Translator translated (interview with cultural theorist Homi Bhabha)." Artforum 33.7 (1995): 80–84.- Hall, Gary; Wortham, Simon. "Rethinking Authority: Interview with Homi K. Bhabha." Angelaki 2.2 (1996): 59–63.

**一般批評**
 Thompson, Paul. “Between identities: Homi Bhabha interviewed by Paul Thompson.” Migration and identity. Ed. Rina Benmayor, Andor Skotnes. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.- Xie, Shaobo. “Writing on boundaries: Homi Bhabha's recent essays.” ARIEL: A review of International English literature 27.4 (1996): 155–166.- Leonard, Philip. "Degenerescent Lections: Legal Fictions in Rushdie, Derrida, and Bhabha." New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory & Politics 32 (1997): 109–119.- Easthope, Anthony. "Bhabha, hybridity, and identity." Textual practice 12.2 (1998): 341–348.- Fludernik, Monika. "The constitution of hybridity: postcolonial interventions." Hybridity and postcolonialism: twentieth-century Indian literature. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg, 1998. 19–53.- Phillips, Lawrence. "Lost in Space: Siting/Citing the In-Between of Homi Bhabha's The Location of Culture." Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies 2.2 (1998).- Perloff, Marjorie. "Cultural liminality / Aesthetic closure?: The interstitial perspective of Homi Bhabha."- Ray, Sangeeta. “The nation in performance: Bhabha, Mukherjee and Kureishi.” Hybridity and postcolonialism: twentieth-century Indian literature. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg, 1998. 219–238.

**參見**
 後殖民主義- 後結構主義- 後現代主義

**參考文獻 ==