中國軍事史

中國有文獻記載的軍事史最早可以追溯至約公元前2200年左右，並一直延續至今。中國的軍事史大致可以分為兩個階段，即1911年辛亥革命推翻君主專制時代之前的中國古代軍事史，以及包括中華民國軍事和中華人民共和國軍事在內等中國現代軍事史。

**近現代之前**
儘管中國傳統的儒家思想大體上更傾向於主張和平的政治解決方案，並對野蠻的兵事和戰亂加以鄙夷，但軍事和軍隊本身在中國的歷朝歷代均有著不小的影響力。中國人率先使用弩、早期火藥武器和其他先進武器，並先於世界將兵器與鎧甲的冶金製造過程進行標準化，同時也多次引進和採用了遊牧民族的騎兵戰法和西方的軍事技術。 此外，歷代中國軍隊還受益於先進的後勤系統以及豐富的戰法和策略傳統，後者從《孫子兵法》的時代開始便深刻影響了中國的軍事思想。

**現代**

**解放軍**
隨著中國人民解放軍及其前身自1927年國共內戰爆發以來從最初的一支農民游擊隊武裝逐漸發展成為世界上規模最為龐大的軍事力量，中國的軍事史在20世紀期間經歷了巨大的轉變。

**國軍**
第二次世界大戰期間的國民革命軍
中華民國的陸軍武裝成立於1924年，前身為國民革命軍，是當時由孫中山領導的國民黨下屬的武裝力量。曾參加過北伐戰爭、第二次中日戰爭以及第二次國共內戰。該軍隊在中華民國行憲之後改組為了中華民國陸軍至今，並於1949年隨中華民國政府撤往臺灣。1949年以後，中華民國陸軍參加了金門群島、大陳島中發生的與解放軍之間的作戰行動，如古寧頭戰役、第一次和第二次臺海危機等。除了這些重大沖突之外，國軍的陸軍突擊隊還定期襲擊福建和廣東沿海。直到20世紀70年代末，中華民國陸軍的既定使命仍然是從中華人民共和國手中奪回中國大陸。隨著1988年解除戒嚴以及90年代的民主化，中華民國陸軍的使命已轉變為保衛臺灣本島、澎湖列島、金門以及馬祖免遭解放軍的入侵。
近年來，隨著中華民國武裝力量在規模上的縮減，陸軍遭受到了最大程度的裁軍，因為中華民國的軍事條令開始強調與海軍和空軍進行近海交戰的重要性。經過這次重點轉變，中華民國海軍和空軍在國防理論和武器採購方面優先於中華民國陸軍。 陸軍近期的短期目標包括採購和開發聯合指揮和控制系統、先進攻擊直升機和裝甲車、多管火箭炮和野戰防空系統。陸軍也正在向全志願役部隊過渡。

**參見**
 中國戰爭列表

**參考文獻**

**書目**
For earlier periods, see Military history of China before 1912 (Further reading)

**概述**
 Elleman, Bruce A. Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989. New York: Routledge, 2001.- Graff, David Andrew, and Robin Higham, eds. A military history of China (University Press of Kentucky, 2012).- doi =10.3868/s020-007-018-0006-0 - Li, Xiaobing, ed. China at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2012.  online- Liu, Frederick Fu. A Military History of Modern China, 1924-1949 (1972).- Lorge, Peter. “Discovering War in Chinese History.” Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident 1 38 (2014): 21–46.- Mitter, Rana. "Modernity, internationalization, and war in the history of modern China." Historical Journal  (2005) 48#2 pp. 523–543  online date=20231014024326 .- Swope, Kenneth, ed. Warfare in China since 1600 (Routledge, 2017).- Wilkinson, Endymion. “War.” In Endymion Wilkinson, Chinese History: A New Manual, pp. 339–62. 5th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018.- Worthing, Peter M. “China's Modern Wars, 1911–Present.” Oxford Online Bibliographies, 2011.- --. A Military History of Modern China: From the Manchu Conquest to Tian’anmen Square. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2007.- Wortzel, Larry M., and Robin Higham. Dictionary of contemporary Chinese military history (ABC-Clio, 1999).

**清中期至1912年**
 Elman, Benjamin A. “Naval Warfare and the Refraction of China's Self-Strengthening Reforms into Scientific and Technological Failure, 1865–1895.” Modern Asian Studies 2 (2004): 283–326.- Elliott, Jane E. Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002.- Fung, Allen. “Testing the Self-Strengthening: The Chinese Army in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895.” Modern Asian Studies 4 (1996): 1007–31.- Halsey, Stephen R. Quest for Power: European Imperialism and the Making of Chinese Statecraft. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.- Klein, Thoralf. “The Boxer War-the Boxer Uprising.” Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence (2008). Online  massacre-resistance/en/document/boxer-war-boxer-uprisingfix-attempted=yes .- Mao Haijian,The Qing Empire and the Opium War: The Collapse of the Heavenly Dynasty , translated by Joseph Lawson, Craig Smith and Peter Lavelle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. (Orig, Tianchao de bengkui. Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 1995).- Paine, S. C. M. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power and Primacy.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.- Platt, Stephen R. Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War. New York: A.A. Knopf, 2012.- Thompson, Roger R. “Military Dimensions of the ‘Boxer Uprising’ in Shanxi, 1898–1901.” In Warfare in Chinese History, edited by Hans van de Ven, 288–320. Leiden: Brill, 2000.- Waley-Cohen, Joanna. The Culture of War in China: Empire and the Military under the Qing Dynasty. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006.

**1912年-1937年**
 Chan, Anthony B. Arming the Chinese: The Western Armaments Trade in Warlord China, 1920–1928 . 2nd ed. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2010.- Jordan, Donald A. The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1976.- ——. China's Trial by Fire: The Shanghai War of 1932. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2001.- Diana Lary, “Warlord Studies.” Modern China 4 (1980):439–70. State of the field article.- McCord, Edward Allen. The Power of the Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.- Waldron, Arthur. From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924–1925. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.- ——. “The Warlord: Twentieth Chinese Understandings of Violence, Militarism, and Imperialism.” The American Historical Review 4 (1991): 1073–1100.

**中日戰爭時期**
 Chang, Jui-te. “Nationalist Army Officers during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945.” Modern Asian Studies 4 (1996): 1033–56.- ———. “The National Army from Whampoa to 1949.” In A Military History of China, edited by David A. Graff and Robin D. S. Higham, 193– 209. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2012.- Ford, Daniel. Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group. 2nd edition. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2007. - Gordon, David M. “The China-Japan War, 1931–1945.” The Journal of Military History 1 (2006): 137–82. Bibliographical essay.- Hagiwara Mitsuru. “The Japanese Air Campaigns in China, 1937– 1945.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013, 237– 55. - Harmsen, Peter. Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangzi. Oxford: Casemate, 2013.- Haruo, Tohmatsu. “The Strategic Correlation Between the Sino-Japanese and Pacific Wars.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, 423–45. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.- Hattori Satoshi with Edward J. Drea, “Japanese Operations from July to December 1937.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, 159–80. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.- Lary, Diana. “Defending China: The Battles of the Xuzhou Campaign.” In Warfare in Chinese History, edited by Hans van de Ven, Leiden: Brill, 2000, pp. 398–427.- Lew, Christopher R. The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership (Routledge, 2009).- Mitter, Rana. "Old ghosts, new memories: China's changing war history in the era of post-Mao politics." Journal of Contemporary History 38.1 (2003): 117–131.- Lary, Diana. “Defending China: The Battles of the Xuzhou Campaign.” In Warfare in Chinese History, edited by Hans van de Ven,  Leiden: Brill, 2000, pp 398–427.- Li, Chen. “The Chinese Army in the First Burma Campaign.” Journal of Chinese Military History 2 (2013): 43–73.- MacKinnon, Stephen R. “The Defense of the Central Yangtze.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, 181–206. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.- ——, with Diana Lary, and Ezra F. Vogel, eds. China at War: Regions of China, 1937–45. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.- ——. Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.- Macri, Franco David. Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations’ Proxy War with Japan, 1935–1941 . Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015.- Martin, Bernd. “The Role of German Military Advisers on the Chinese Defense Efforts Against the Japanese, 1937–1938.” In Resisting Japan: Mobilizing for War in Modern China, 1935–1945, edited by David Pong, 55–78. Norwalk: EastBridge, 2008.- Mitter, Rana. Forgotten Ally: China ’s World War II, 1937 –1945 . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013.- Peattie, Mark R., Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, eds. The Battle for China:Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.- Phillips, Steve. “A Selected Bibliography of English Language Sources.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 , edited by Mark R.Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp 371-76.- Spector, Ronald. “The Sino-Japanese War in the Context of World History.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp. 467-81.- Takeshi, Hara. “The Ichigō Offensive.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp, 392– 402- Tow, Edna. “The Great Bombing of Chongqing and the Anti-Japanese War, 1937– 1945.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, 237–55. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp. 237-55.- Van de Ven, Hans. “The Sino-Japanese War in History.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 , edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, 446–66. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.- ——. China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937 - 1952 . London: Profile Books, 2017; Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 2018.- van Slyke, Lyman P. “The Battle of the Hundred Regiments: Problems of Coordination and Control during the Sino-Japanese War.” Modern Asian Studies 4 (1996): 979–1005.- Wang, Qisheng. “Battle of Hunan and The Chinese Military's Response to Operation Ichigō.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 , edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp. 403-18.- Yang, Kuisong. “Nationalist and Communist Guerilla Warfare in North China.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937 –1945 , edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp 308–27.- Yang, Tianshi. “Chiang Kai-shek and the Battles of Shanghai and Nanjing.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp. 143-158.- Yu, Maochun. The Dragon's War: Allied Operations and the Fate of China, 1937 –1947. New York: Naval Institute Press, 2013.- Zang, Yunhu. “Chinese Operations in Yunnan and Central Burma.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937 –1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011, pp. 386-91.- Zhang, Baijia. “China's Quest for Foreign Military Aid.” In The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945, edited by Mark R. Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, 283– 307. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.

**內戰時期：1945年-1949年**
 Tanner, Harold Miles. "Guerrilla, mobile, and base warfare in Communist military operations in Manchuria, 1945-1947." Journal of Military History 67.4 (2003): 1177-1222  onlinebot=medic.- Tanner, Harold M. Where Chiang Kai-Shek Lost China: The Liao-Shen Campaign, 1948 (Indiana University Press, 2015).

**1949年之後**
 O'Dowd, Edward C. Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War (Routledge, 2007).- Ryan, Mark A., David Michael Finkelstein, and Michael A. McDevitt. Chinese Warfighting: the PLA experience since 1949 (ME Sharpe, 2003).- Wortzel, Larry M. The dragon extends its reach: Chinese military power goes global (Potomac Books,  2013).