皇冠

英國的帝國皇冠，皇冠的正面鑲有（黑王子紅寶石和庫裡南二世鑽石）
皇冠（imperial crown）是包括皇帝在內等擁有帝號的君主於加冕禮等場合下穿戴的一種冠冕。

**設計**
中世紀時代的歐洲冠冕在設計和風格上各有不同：
During the Middle Ages the crowns worn by English kings had been described as both closed (or arched) and open designs. This was in contrast with kings of France who always wore an open crown. However, there is academic debate on how often closed crowns were used in England during this period, as the first unequivocal use of the closed crown was by Henry IV of England at his coronation on 13 October 1399.p=129 However his effigy on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral wears an open crown, so the link in England between the style of the crown and its representation as that worn by a king and an emperor was not established.p=129  The use of a closed crown may have been adopted by the English as a way of distinguishing the English crown from the French crown,pp=129, 133 but it also had other meanings to some. For example, Henry V of England wore a helmet-crown of the arched type at the Battle of Agincourt which the French knight St. Remy commented was "like the imperial crown".p=130
The association of the closed crown with imperial crowns was already established in Continental Europe by  the late 14th century, for example the florins minted for Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor) sometimes show him with a closed crown (though on the commoner variety, the crown is open). A miniature picture in the Chronica Aulae Regiae written in the great abbey outside Prague depicts his mother Elizabeth, a queen of Bohemia, wearing an open crown, while his two wives, who had imperial titles, have closed ones.p=130 footnote 3
During the machinations that surrounded the introduction of the imperial crown under Henry VIII (see the section below Legal usage), the closed crown, became associated as a symbolic representation of the English Crown as an imperial crown,pp=118, 130–131 and has remained so until this day.p=132

**各式皇冠**

**羅馬帝國皇冠**

**拜占庭帝國皇冠**

**附有主教冠的皇冠**
馬克西米連一世皇帝頭戴附有主教冠的皇冠

**帶有單拱以及可展開式主教冠的皇冠**
File:Weltliche Schatzkammer Wien (190)2.JPG|神聖羅馬帝國皇冠 - 神聖羅馬選帝君和德意志國王的加冕冠
File:Aachen Domschatz Bueste1.jpg|查理曼大帝聖髑盒頭上的皇冠
File:Kaiserliche Hauskronen Karls VII. - Augsburger Krone von rechts.jpg|查理七世皇冠中的較大者，於奧格斯堡製造
File:Kaiserliche Hauskronen Karls VII. - Frankfurter Krone von rechts.jpg|查理七世皇冠中的較小者，於法蘭克福製造

**帶有單拱以及固定式主教冠形狀的皇冠**
File:Ströhl - Kaiserkrone Friedrichs III.png|刻在神聖羅馬帝國皇帝腓特烈三世墳墓上的其個人皇冠形象
File:Weltliche Schatzkammer Wien white.jpg|為神聖羅馬帝國皇帝魯道夫二世製作的個人皇冠，即後來的奧地利皇冠
File:Ströhl-Regentenkronen-Fig. 03.png|俄羅斯皇冠 — 歷代俄國沙皇的加冕冠
File:Anna of Russia's crown (1730, Kremlin museum) by shakko 04blackened.jpg|俄國女皇安娜的皇冠
File:Entwurf einer Mitrenkrone für Christian IV. von Dänemark (1594).png|從未實際製造過的丹麥克里斯蒂安四世的冠冕設計，1594年

**具有高拱形狀的皇冠**

**奧斯曼帝國皇冠**

**普魯士-德國皇冠**
File:Krone des Preußisch-Deutschen Kaisers (Modell-von-1872).png|德意志國冠，木製模型，1872年
File:Krone der Preußisch-Deutschen Kaiserin (Modell-von-1872).png|皇后冠冕

**拿破崙皇冠**
File:Crown of Napoleon I.png|名為“查理曼之冠”的拿破崙皇冠
File:Napoléon-téte-couronnée-Jacques-Louis-David.jpg|頭戴桂冠的拿破崙一世（該冠於1819年被毀）
File:Josephine de Beauharnais, Keizerin der Fransen.jpg|約瑟芬皇后頭戴后冠（於1819年被毀）
File:Imperial Crown of Napoleon III. (Reproduction by Abeler, Wuppertal).png|拿破崙三世皇冠（於1871年被毀）；圖為位於伍珀塔爾的阿伯勒冠冕與君權象徵物收藏館中展出的複製品
File:Crown of Empress Eugenie.png|歐仁妮后冠
File:Imperial Crown of Mexico.svg|墨西哥皇冠，第二帝國時期，因來自法國的贊助而部分仿照了拿破崙三世皇冠和歐仁妮后冠的設計

**其他基於歐洲式冠冕設計的皇冠**

**其他非歐洲式冠冕設計的皇冠**
File:Výstava valtice7.jpg|Kiani Crown, Imperial Crown in Persia
File:PahlaviCrown.jpg|Pahlavi Crown, Imperial Crown in Iran/Persia
File:Imperial Empress Crown 2.png|Consort Crown of Persia
File:Chinese Imperial Mian, Dingling.jpg|Ming Dynasty Emperor Imperial Crown for full ceremonial dress
File:Golden Crown Replica of King Wanli.jpg|明定陵中出土的金絲翼善冠
File:Ming Dynasty phoenix crown .jpg|Ming Dynasty Empress Phoenix Crown
File:Young Kangxi.jpg|Kangxi Emperor of Qing Dynasty wearing Imperial Crown
File:Imperial Crown of the Empire of China.jpg|祭祀冠服Imperial Crown of the Empire of China — worn by Yuan Shikai when he proclaimed himself emperor in 1915.
File:Benkan.jpg|Imperial Crown of the Japanese Emperor, Edo-Period
File:Korea-Portrait of Emperor Gojong-01.jpg|大韓帝國高宗皇帝通天冠御真
File:Muxungthien1.JPG|Vietnamese Nguyen dynasty Imperial Crown
File:Ethiopian Crown - Treasury Of The Chapel Of The Tablet (2852269410).jpg|Imperial Ethiopian crown

**參見**
 后冠- 加冕冠- 王冠- 冕冠

**參考文獻**

**外部鏈接**
citation |last=Grierson |first=Philip |date=28 January 1964 |title=The origins of the English sovereign and the sybolism of the closed crown |url=http://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1963_BNJ_33_19.pdf |publisher=British Numismatic Society |accessdate=2023-10-19 |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013194328/http://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1963_BNJ_33_19.pdf |dead-url=no