蒂奧得螺屬

蒂奧得螺屬（學名：Theodoxus）是腹足綱蜑螺科軟體動物的一個屬，體型細小，有螺厴，棲息於淡水或半鹹水環境中。

**分佈**
本屬物種分佈於歐洲及北非，並往東延伸至伊朗南部。除本屬以外，蜑螺科並沒有其他屬與本屬具同域分佈。這在蜑螺科相當例外，因為其他蜑螺科物種只分佈於南半球的熱帶。本屬物種均為蜑螺科僅有棲息於溫帶的物種。
Bunje 和 Lindberg (2007) 提出了Theodoxus分支的第一個系統發育假說。  Theodoxus屬的進化受到中新世地中海與副特提斯海分離的影響。 

**形態描述**
thumb
本屬物種的螺殼呈半卵形，具有平坦的殼口。沒有螺臍。螺柱及內螺層溶解。
蒂奧得螺屬物種間的差異，無論是大小、外殼膜上的顏色與花紋變化、螺厴及齒舌的細節都有很大差異，這使得本屬物種的辨認比較困難。

**生態**
These animals live on stones, and often also under stones, in up to 5–6 m depth or deeper, feeding on algal covers. Theodoxus  needs rough surfaces in order to be able to digest its food, so a stony 基質 (生物生活環境) is necessary. Green algae date=2021年2月 are not consumed; Theodoxus  has no 纖維素酶s. These snails lay egg capsules containing 30-70 eggs each, usually on the shells of other Theodoxus  animals; only one juvenile grows, the other eggs serve as food.

**物種**
截至2007年，還未有對蒂奧得螺屬作系統評價的研究。Bunje (2004) 的研究指出本屬至少有34個現害種；而在2015年度的國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄列出了本屬包括有至少23個物種。
本屬包括下列各物種：
 Subgenus Brusinaella Andrusov, 1912- † Theodoxus petasatus (Seninski, 1905) 
 Subgenus Calvertia Bourguignat, 1880- † Theodoxus acuticarinatus (Fuchs, 1870) - † Theodoxus amblygonioides Wenz, 1930 - † Theodoxus amethystinus (Brusina, 1874)- † Theodoxus anconae (Capellini, 1880)- † Theodoxus angularis Gozhik, 2002 - † Theodoxus anonymus Anistratenko & Gozhik, 1995 - † Theodoxus atticus Kühn, 1963- † Theodoxus barakovici (Brusina, 1902)- † Theodoxus bessarabicus (Sinzov, 1896)- † Theodoxus brusinai (Pavlović, 1931)- † Theodoxus capellinii (Pantanelli, 1876)- † Theodoxus capillaceus (Brusina, 1874)- † Theodoxus crescens (Fuchs, 1870)- † Theodoxus doderleini (d'Ancona, 1869)- † Theodoxus dumortieri (Fontannes, 1878)- † Theodoxus fasciatus Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 - † Theodoxus gnezdai (Brusina, 1884)- † Theodoxus grateloupianus (Férussac, 1823)- † Theodoxus hoernesanus (Semper, 1867)- † Theodoxus ingulenzis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 - † Theodoxus kalodictya (Andrusov, 1909)- † Theodoxus koslinskyi (Porumbaru, 1881)- † Theodoxus lamellatus (Brusina, 1892)- † Theodoxus lineatus (Sinzov, 1896)- † Theodoxus lorkovici (Brusina, 1878)- † Theodoxus macedonicus Wenz, 1943 - † Theodoxus maculosus Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 - † Theodoxus mayeri (Semper, 1867)- † Theodoxus militaris (Neumayr, 1869)- † Theodoxus miljkovici (Brusina, 1902)- † Theodoxus millepunctatus (Brusina, 1902)- † Theodoxus moeschi Locard, 1893 - † Theodoxus morulus Kühn, 1963 - † Theodoxus mutinensis (d'Ancona, 1869)- † Theodoxus neumayri (Burgerstein, 1877)- † Theodoxus nitens Gozhik, 2002 - † Theodoxus nivosus (Brusina, 1874)- † Theodoxus novorossicus (Sinzov, 1896)- † Theodoxus obtusangulaeformis Gozhik, 2002 - † Theodoxus oxytropida (Andrusov, 1909)- † Theodoxus pavlovici Milošević, 1983 - † Theodoxus philippianus Locard, 1883 - † Theodoxus pilari (Brusina, 1884)- † Theodoxus platystoma (Brusina, 1874)- † Theodoxus pseudodanubialis (Sinzov, 1896)- † Theodoxus pseudofluviatilis Locard, 1893 - † Theodoxus pseudograteloupanus (Sinzov, 1884)- † Theodoxus radmanesti (Fuchs, 1870)- † Theodoxus radovanovici (Brusina, 1893)- † Theodoxus reiseri (Brusina, 1902)- † Theodoxus rugosus (Pavlović, 1931)- † Theodoxus sagittiferus (Brusina, 1874)- † Theodoxus schachmaticus (Andrusov, 1909)- † Theodoxus scoliogramma (Brusina, 1884)- † Theodoxus semidentatus (Sandberger, 1875)- † Theodoxus serrulatus (Brusina, 1892)- † Theodoxus slavonicus (Brusina, 1878)- † Theodoxus sophievkaensis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 - † Theodoxus stanae (Brusina, 1893)- † Theodoxus stefanescui (Fontannes, 1887)- † Theodoxus stefanescuiformis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 - † Theodoxus subquadrofasciatus Gozhik, 2002 - † Theodoxus subslavonicus Gozhik, 2002 - † Theodoxus sundicus (Andrusov, 1909)- † Theodoxus suskalovici (Pavlović, 1903)- † Theodoxus sycophantus (Brusina, 1878)- † Theodoxus tropidophorus (Brusina, 1884)- † Theodoxus turbinatus (Fuchs, 1870)- † Theodoxus veljetinensis (Pavlović, 1903)- † Theodoxus venustus (Brusina, 1897)- † Theodoxus xanthozona (Brusina, 1884)- † Theodoxus zagradovkaensis Gozhik, 2002 - † Theodoxus zivkovici (Pavlović, 1903) 
Subgenus Neritonyx Andrusov, 1912	- † Theodoxus unguiculatus (Seninski, 1905)
Subgenus Ninniopsis Tomlin, 1930- † Theodoxus colchicus (Andrusov, 1912)
Subgenus Neritaea Roth, 1855- Theodoxus anatolicus (Récluz, 1841)- † Theodoxus groyanus (Férussac, 1823) - Theodoxus jordani (Sowerby)- † Theodoxus micans (Gaudry & Fischer in Gaudry, 1867) - Theodoxus niloticus (Reeve, 1856) - synonym: Theodoxus africanus (Reeve, 1856)- † Theodoxus subdoricus Schütt, 1976 - Theodoxus subterrelictus Schütt, 1963- Theodoxus peloponensis (Récluz, 1841)- Theodoxus varius (Menke, 1828)
Subgenus Theodoxus Montfort, 1810- Theodoxus altenai Schütt, 1965- Theodoxus baeticus (Lamarck, 1822)- † Theodoxus becenensis (Cobălcescu, 1883) - † Theodoxus brenneri (Handmann, 1882) - † Theodoxus carasiensis Jekelius, 1944 - † Theodoxus constantiae Stefanescu, 1896 - † Theodoxus culceri (Porumbaru, 1881) - † Theodoxus cyrtocelis (Krauss, 1852) - Theodoxus danubialis 	(Pfeiffer, 1828)- † Theodoxus denisluensis (Oppenheim, 1919) - † Theodoxus deperditus (Almera, 1894) - † Theodoxus elongatulus (Philippi, 1844) - † Theodoxus eugenii Jekelius, 1944 - Theodoxus euxinus (Clessin, 1886)- Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) - 模式種. synonyms: Theodoxus brauneri (Lindholm, 1908) (but as separate species per); Theodoxus brauneri f. lacrymans Lindholm, 1908; Theodoxus brauneri f.  alboguttata Lindholm, 1908; Theodoxus brauneri f. pulherrima Lindholm, 1908; Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810. Bunje (2005) does not consider Theodoxus velox Anistratenko, 1999 to be a distinct species from Theodoxus fluviatilis.- † Theodoxus gregarius (Thomä, 1845) - Theodoxus heldreichi (Martens, 1879)- † Theodoxus hisingeri (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841) - Theodoxus hispalensis (Martens, 1879)- † Theodoxus jekeliusi Jurišić-Polšak, 1979 - † Theodoxus leobersdorfensis (Handmann, 1887) - Theodoxus meridionalis (Philippi, 1836)- † Theodoxus milessii Papp, 1979 - † Theodoxus moosbrunnensis Papp, 1953 - † Theodoxus morellii (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841) - Theodoxus pallasi Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Theodoxus lituratus (Eichwald, 1838)- † Theodoxus pilidei (Tournouër, 1879) - Theodoxus prevostianus (Pfeiffer, 1828)- † Theodoxus punctatolineatus (Sinzov, 1896) - Theodoxus saulcyi (Bourguignat, 1852)- † Theodoxus scamandrius (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880) - † Theodoxus semiplicatus (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875) - † Theodoxus simplex (Fuchs, 1877) - † Theodoxus subglobosus (Eichwald, 1853) - Theodoxus subthermalis (Bourguignat in Issel, 1865) or Theodoxus fluviatilis subthermalis Issel, 1865- Theodoxus transversalis (Pfeiffer, 1828)- † Theodoxus trifasciatus (Grateloup, 1839) - † Theodoxus turislavicus Jekelius, 1944 - Theodoxus valentinus (Graells, 1846)- † Theodoxus zografi (Brusina, 1902) 
Subgenus ?- † Theodoxus abnormis (Jenkins, 1864) - † Theodoxus almelae (Revilla, 1958) - Theodoxus astrachanicus Starobogatov, 1994- † Theodoxus banaticus Jekelius, 1944 - † Theodoxus bohotinensis (Simionescu & Barbu, 1940) - † Theodoxus bolivari (Royo Gómez, 1922) - † Theodoxus bukowskii (Oppenheim, 1919) - Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828)- Theodoxus coronatus (Leach, 1815)- † Theodoxus crenulatus (Klein, 1853) - † Theodoxus cunici (Brusina, 1892) - Theodoxus danasteri (Lindholm, 1908)-  † Theodoxus doricus (Neumayr, 1880)- Theodoxus euxinus (Clessin, 1886)- Theodoxus gloeri Odabaşi & Arslan, 2015- Theodoxus gurur Sands & Glöer, 2020- † Theodoxus hellenicus (Bukowski, 1896) - † Theodoxus imbricatus (Brusina, 1878) - † Theodoxus intracarpaticus Jekelius, 1944 - Theodoxus karasunadate=April 2011-  † Theodoxus licherdopoli (Stefanescu, 1896)- Theodoxus luteofasciatus (Miller, 1879)- Theodoxus macri (Sowerby, 1849)reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content- Theodoxus maresi (Bourguignat, 1864)- Theodoxus marteli (Pallary, 1920)- Theodoxus milachevitchi Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966- Theodoxus mutinensisdate=April 2011- Theodoxus numidicus (Récluz, 1841)- Theodoxus olivaceusdate=April 2011- Theodoxus pallasi Lindholm, 1924-  Theodoxus pallidus Dunker, 1861- † Theodoxus pappi Sauerzopf, 1952 - † Theodoxus paradisii (Magrograssi, 1928) - † Theodoxus patrae Esu & Girotti, 2015 - † Theodoxus percarinatus (Oppenheim, 1919) - Theodoxus pilidei (Tournouêr, 1879)- † Theodoxus politioanei Jekelius, 1944 - † Theodoxus politus Jekelius, 1944 - Theodoxus poppei Ahuir, 2020- † Theodoxus postcrenulatus Papp, 1953 - † Theodoxus prozlatarici Jekelius, 1944 - † Theodoxus pseudodacicus Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014 †- † Theodoxus quadrifasciatus (Bielz, 1864) †
Theodoxus reticularis Sowerby, 1838 IT IS A SYNONYM OF Clithon reticularis http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/166739/0 -->- † Theodoxus reticulatus Pană, 1990 
Theodoxus retropictus UNREFERENCED - see probably Clithon retropictum -->- † Theodoxus rhodiensis (Tournouër in Fischer, 1877) - Theodoxus sarmaticus (Lindholm, 1901)- Theodoxus schultzii (Grimm, 1877)- † Theodoxus scriptus (Stefanescu, 1896) - † Theodoxus serratiliniformis Geyer, 1914- † Theodoxus sinjanus (Brusina, 1876) - † Theodoxus soceni Jekelius, 1944 - † Theodoxus sphaeroidalis (Revilla, 1958) - † Theodoxus spratti (Jenkins, 1864)- † Theodoxus stoicai Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014 - Theodoxus subthermalis Bourguignat in Issel, 1865- † Theodoxus susuzianus Harzhauser, Neubauer & Hoşgör, 2018 - † Theodoxus timisensis Jekelius, 1944 - † Theodoxus trilophosensis Rust, 1997 - Theodoxus velascoi (Graëlls, 1846)- Theodoxus velox V. Anistratenko in O. Anistratenko, Starobogatov & V. Anistratenko, 1999- Theodoxus vespertinus (Sowerby II, 1849)- Theodoxus wesselinghi Sands & Glöer, 2020- Theodoxus wilkei Sands & Glöer, 2020- † Theodoxus zlatarici Brusina, 1902) 
Synonyms:- † Theodoxus burdigalensis (d'Orbigny, 1852) : synonym of †  Theodoxus (Theodoxus) trifasciatus (Grateloup, 1839) - Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828) and Theodoxus cariosa are synonyms of Neritina cariosa (Wood, 1828)- † Theodoxus dacicus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) leobersdorfensis dacicus Jekelius, 1944 - Theodoxus doriae Issel, 1865: synonym of  Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)- Theodoxus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874) is a synonym of Neritina euphratica Mousson, 1874- † Theodoxus intracarpatica Jekelius, 1944 : synonym of  † Theodoxus intracarpaticus Jekelius, 1944 - Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810: synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)- † Theodoxus mariae (Handmann, 1887): synonym of † Neritina mariae Handmann, 1887 - † Theodoxus martensi (Brusina, 1884): synonym of † Ninnia martensi (Brusina, 1884)- Theodoxus neglectus is a synonym of Neritina neglecta (Pease, 1861)- † Theodoxus oslavanensis Rzehak, 1893: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) cyrtocelis austriacus (Rzehak, 1893) - Theodoxus oualaniense (Lesson, 1831): synonym of  Checked: verified by a taxonomic editorClithon oualaniense (Lesson, 1831)- † Theodoxus perlongus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi perlongus Jekelius, 1944 - † Theodoxus petralbensis Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi petralbensis Jekelius, 1944 - † Theodoxus pictus (Férussac, 1823): synonym of † Agapilia picta (Férussac, 1823) - Theodoxus reclivatus Say, 1822: synonym of  Neritina usnea (Röding, 1798)- † Theodoxus rumanus (Stefanescu, 1896): synonym of † Theodoxus (Calvertia) stefanescui (Fontannes, 1887) - † Theodoxus scamandri (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880):  synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) scamandrius (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880) - Theodoxus vespertinus : synonym of Neritina vespertinus (Sowerby, 1849)- † Theodoxus vetranici (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † Neritina vetranici (Brusina, 1902) - Theodoxus virginea (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758)- † Theodoxus (Vittoclithon) pictus bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839): synonym of † Agapilia picta bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839)

**參考文獻**
本條目包含源自公有領域的內容：- Eichhorst T.E. (2016). Neritidae of the world. Volume 2. Harxheim: Conchbooks. Pp. 696-1366

**外部連結**
 cite journal |last=Bandel |first=K. |year=2001 |title=The history of Theodoxus  and Neritina connected with description and systematic evaluation of related Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) |journal=Mittelungen aus dem Geologisch-Palaontologischen Institut Universitat Hamburg |volume=85 |pages=65-164 |url=http://www.uni-hamburg.de/geol_pal/mangrove_print.html |language=en |access-date=2022-10-21 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726131013/http://www.uni-hamburg.de/geol_pal/mangrove_print.html |dead-url=unfit