Collaboratory

Collaboratory是由William Wulf於1989年提出的概念，它被定義為一個沒有界限的中心，國家的研究人員可以在其中進行研究，無需受限於物理位置，能夠與同事互動，訪問儀器、共享數據和計算資源，並從數字圖書館中獲取信息。
1991年，Laurence C. Rosenberg認為Collaboratory是一個實驗和實證研究環境，在這個環境中，科學家們相互工作和交流，設計系統，參與協作科學，並進行實驗以評估和改進系統。這些定義的簡化形式將Collaboratory描述為參與者利用計算和通信技術訪問共享儀器和數據，並與他人進行溝通的環境。
1998年，Sara Ann Bly對這一定義進行了進一步細化，將Collaboratory描述為一個系統，將整個科學界的利益與計算機科學和工程界的利益結合起來，以創建集成的、面向工具的計算和通信系統，以支持科學合作。  
2003年，Derrick L. Cogburn提供了一個更廣泛的定義，指出Collaboratory不僅僅是信息和通信技術的整合，它還是一種新的網絡化組織形式，涵蓋了社會過程、合作技巧、正式和非正式的溝通，以及達成一致的規範、原則、價值觀和規則）。 

**外部連結**
  Collaboratory date=20210203141626  -  upyter date=20170629054445 

**參見**
 Jupyter- Python

**參考文獻**

**有關文獻**
 Berry, B., Byrd, A., & Wieder, A. (2013).  Teacherpreneurs: Innovative teachers who lead but don't leave date=20230208065945 . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.- Bly, S. (1998). Special section on collaboratories, Interactions, 5(3), 31, New York: ACM Press.- Bos, N., Zimmerman, A., Olson, J., Yew, J., Yerkie, J., Dahl, E. and Olson, G. (2007), From Shared Databases to Communities of Practice: A Taxonomy of Collaboratories. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12: 652–672.- Chin, G., Jr., & Lansing, C. S. (2004). Capturing and supporting contexts for scientific data sharing via the biological sciences collaboratory, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work, 409-418, New York: ACM Press.- Cogburn, D. L. (2003). HCI in the so-called developing world: what's in it for everyone, Interactions, 10(2), 80-87, New York: ACM Press.- Cosley, D., Frankowsky, D., Kiesler, S., Terveen, L., & Riedl, J. (2005). How oversight improves member-maintained communities, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, 11-20.- Finholt, T. A. (1995). Evaluation of electronic work: research on collaboratories at the University of Michigan, ACM SIGOIS Bulletin, 16(2), 49–51.- Finholt, T.A. Collaboratories. (2002). In B. Cronin (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (pp. 74–107), 36. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Information Science.- Finholt, T.A., & Olson, G.M. (1997). From laboratories to collaboratories: A new organizational form for scientific collaboration. Psychological Science, 8, 28-36.- Henline, P. (1998). Eight collaboratory summaries, Interactions, 5(3), 66–72, New York: ACM Press.- Olson, G.M. (2004). Collaboratories. In W.S. Bainbridge (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing.- Olson, G.M., Teasley, S., Bietz, M. J., & Cogburn, D. L. (2002). Collaboratories to support distributed science: the example of international HIV/AIDS research, Proceedings of the 2002 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on enablement through technology, 44–51.- Olson, G.M., Zimmerman, A., & Bos, N. (Eds.) (2008). Scientific collaboration on the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.- Pancerella, C.M., Rahn, L. A., Yang, C. L. (1999). The diesel combustion collaboratory: combustion researchers collaborating over the internet, Proceedings of the 1999 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing, New York: ACM Press.- Rosenberg, L. C. (1991). Update on National Science Foundation funding of the “collaboratory”, Communications of the ACM, 34(12), 83, New York: ACM Press.- Sonnenwald, D.H. (2003). Expectations for a scientific collaboratory: A case study, Proceedings of the 2003 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on supporting group work, 68–74, New York: ACM Press.- Sonnenwald, D.H., Whitton, M.C., & Maglaughlin, K.L. (2003). Scientific collaboratories: evaluating their potential, Interactions, 10(4), 9–10, New York: ACM Press.- Wulf, W. (1989, March). The national collaboratory. In Towards a national collaboratory. Unpublished report of a National Science Foundation invitational workshop, Rockefeller University, New York.- Wulf, W. (1993) The collaboratory opportunity. Science, 261, 854-855.