弗裡吉亞語

弗裡吉亞語是印歐語系語言，與希臘語關係密切，主要由古代安納托利亞（今土耳其）的弗裡吉亞人使用，時間為前8世紀至公元5世紀。古希臘哲學家柏拉圖曾注意到弗裡吉亞語的一些詞彙和希臘語相似。

**系屬分類**
弗裡吉亞語屬於印歐語系，但因為語料太過稀少，它在語系內的具體位置仍不能確定。弗裡吉亞語與希臘語和亞美尼亞語共享許多重要的特徵。19到20世紀上半葉，弗裡吉亞語都被認為是噝音語言，因此更接近亞美尼亞語和色雷斯語；今日則發現它實際上是顎音語言，因此更靠近希臘語。ps=:Scholars have long debated the exact position of Phrygian in the Indo-European language family. Although this position is not a closed question because of the fragmentary nature of our current knowledge, Phrygian has many important features which show that it is somehow related to Greek and Armenian.…Indeed, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th c. BC Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language (a feature once considered important to establishing the position of a language) and, especially after Alf Torp's study, closer to Armenian (and Thracian), whereas it is now commonly considered to be closer to Greek.…Brixhe (1968), Neumann (1988) and, through an accurate analysis, Matzinger (2005) showed the inconsistency of the Phrygo-Armenian assumption and argued that Phrygian was a language closely related to Greek.過去弗裡吉亞語被誤認為是噝音語言的原因是兩個後起的音變。首先弗裡吉亞語混淆了古圓唇軟顎音和普通軟顎音，接著當它們接/e/和/i/時，部分會被顎化（尤其是在聲母位置）。此外，孔甫烈 (1988)給出了色雷斯語和亞美尼亞語共享的音變，並給出了它們同弗裡吉亞語和其他古巴爾幹語族語言分開的大致情況。ps=:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.234
主流觀點一般認為希臘語是弗裡吉亞語關係最近的親屬，支持者有Brixhe、Neumann、Matzinger、Woodhouse、Ligorio、Lubotsky和Obrador-Cursach。此外，Obrador Cursach收集的36條共同創新證據中，弗裡吉亞語和希臘語共享34個，其中22個是它們獨有的。最近50年來，弗裡吉亞語學界發展出了希臘-弗裡吉亞語假說，認為希臘語和弗裡吉亞語有共同祖先。如果弗裡吉亞語的語料能再多些，這種語言應該能被構擬出來。ps=:Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.ps=:With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian.ps=:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.ps=:To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44).
另一個理論由埃裡克·漢普提出，認為弗裡吉亞語最接近意大利-凱爾特語族。9

**字母**
約公元前800至300年，弗裡吉亞語用有19個字母的古弗裡吉亞字母書寫，它分化自腓尼基字母。這種文字一般從左至右書寫(“右向”)。34
銘文中約有15%是從右至左寫的(“左向”)，和腓尼基字母一樣；這時上面所示的字母鏡面翻轉：...10px10px10px等等，而不是10pxBΓ....有幾十份銘文的書寫方向是交錯的(牛耕式轉行書寫法)。
約公元前300年開始，這種文字逐漸被希臘字母代替。除約公元前300年(有時也稱“中古弗裡吉亞語”)的一份銘文外，所有其他用例都晚得多，介於公元后1至3世紀間(“新弗裡吉亞語”)。希臘字母Θ、Ξ、Φ、Χ和Ψ罕用—主要用於希臘專有名詞和藉詞。

**音系**
一直以來人們都認為弗裡吉亞語展現塞音音變的規律和日耳曼語族的格林定律很像，更重要的是，還有些能在原始亞美尼亞語中找到：82- 100 (p. 88)即PIE送氣音的濁化、PIE濁塞音的清化和清塞音的送氣化。這個假說被Lejeune (1979)和Brixhe (1984)74反駁，後來又被Lubotsky (2004)和Woodhouse (2006)重新採用，他們認為這裡展現的是阻礙音系列鏈變的一部分：即PIE送氣音濁化(*bʱ→b)和PIE濁塞音清化(*d→t)。229-237
前元音前的塞擦音ts和dz可能來自軟顎音。

**語法**
弗裡吉亞語的語法結構是典型的印歐語系。詞形變化尤其像古希臘語。

**句法**
一般是主賓謂語序。如果要強調直接賓語 (DO)，可以將其前移至句首，在主語之前。間接賓語 (IO)的一部分可以放在動詞後。語例：
: 
幾種名詞格(主格、賓格等)的功能很尋常。與格可能也起方位格的作用。當句子主語包含多個事物(“A和B和C...”)且性與數不同時，動詞或謂語的性和數與第一個成分(A)一致(Lubotsky的格支配關係規則)。形容詞和名詞一致，在強調時則不發生。95-98

**同言線**
與希臘語、亞美尼亞語、阿爾巴尼亞語和印度-伊朗語族比較：2020

**另見**
 古巴爾幹語族- 古馬其頓語- 色雷斯語- 達契亞語- 希臘語- 希臘-弗裡吉亞語- 小亞細亞字母

**參考**
archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407094603/https://books.google.com/books?id=tF5wAAAAIAAJ
*archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408162034/https://www.tesisenred.net/bitstream/handle/10803/650834/BOC_PhD_THESIS.pdf
*archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018021646/https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/jlr/17/3-4/article-p233.xml
*archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606160411/https://www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Linguistica/2009/2009/art/5400/

**註釋**

**閱讀更多**
Brixhe, Claude. "Du paléo- au néo-phrygien". In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 137ᵉ année, N. 2, 1993. pp. 323-344. 10.3406/crai.1993.15216
*Lamberterie, Charles de. "Grec, phrygien, arménien: des anciens aux modernes". In: Journal des savants, 2013, n°. 1. pp. 3-69. 10.3406/jds.2013.6300
*Lejeune, Michel. "Notes paléo-phrygiennes". In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 71, 1969, n°3-4. pp. 287-300. 10.3406/rea.1969.3842
*ref=none
*Orsat Ligorio & Alexander Lubotsky. “Phrygian”, in Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. Eds. Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, & Matthias Fritz. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018, pp. 1816–31.

**外部鏈接**
 Corpus of Phrygian Inscriptions date=20190328055621 - Lubotsky's Phrygian Etymological Database (Incomplete)- Encyclopædia Britannica - Phrygian Language- Linguistic Bibliography Onlinefix-attempted=yes - Palaeolexicon - Dictionary, History and Translations of the Phrygian Language date=20110203111627 - Midas and the Mushki, by Miltiades E. Bolaris (2010) date=20160206125135