第一次世界大戰期間的德國

第一次世界大戰期間，德意志帝國是最終戰敗的同盟國之一。 在盟國奧匈帝國向塞爾維亞宣戰之後，它開始參與大戰。除了1914年東普魯士入侵的短暫時期之外，德國本土在大部分時間中仍相對免受廣泛入侵。皇家海軍實施的嚴密封鎖導致了德國城市的嚴重食物短缺，尤其是在1916-17年冬季。戰爭結束時，德國的失敗和廣泛的民眾不滿引發了1918-19年的德國革命，這場革命最終推翻了君主制並建立了魏瑪共和國。
1914年，與歐洲其他國家的人民類似，德國人民以復雜的情緒應對戰爭爆發。最近的研究挑戰了人們普遍懷有熱情（1914年精神）的理論。由容克地主統治的德國政府將戰爭視為結束被敵對國家法國，俄羅斯和英國包圍的一種方式。外交大臣伯恩哈德·馮·比洛指出，戰爭是為了使該國獲得“太陽下的一席之地”，公眾普遍的民族主義很容易支持這一點。德國當局希望戰爭能夠使公眾作為君主制國家團結起來，並減輕由德國社會民主黨的迅速發展所帶來的威脅，德國社會民主黨曾是戰前德國帝國議會中最有影響力的政黨。儘管德國社會民主黨加入了第二國際，但它結束了與帝國政府的分歧，放棄了國際主義原則，反而來支持戰爭。
事情很快證明，德國沒有為這場持續數月之久的戰爭做好準備。最初，在德國戰時基礎上沒有採取任何措施來調節經濟。而且在整個戰爭中，德國戰爭經濟的組織狀況仍然很糟糕。德國依賴食品和原材料的進口，但這由於英國對德國的封鎖而被迫終止。首先限制糧食價格，然後實行定量配給。1915年，德國為了生產糧食和保存穀物，豬玀屠殺中屠殺了500萬頭豬。 1916/17年的冬天被稱為“蘿蔔冬天”，因為馬鈴薯收成不好，人們開始吃動物的食物，包括品蘿蔔。在1914年8月至1919年中旬的戰爭中，由於營養不良，疲憊不堪，疾病和絕望率高而導致的平民死亡人數約有474,000人。

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**外部鏈接**
 de  "Der Erste Weltkrieg" date=20080125223103  (in English)  "The First World War" date=20191228100234  at Living Museum Online (LeMO)- Articles relating to  Germany date=20210426031557  at 1914-1918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War
** Hirschfeld, Gerhard:  Germany date=20210428145906 
** Fehlemann, Silke:  Bereavement and Mourning (Germany) date=20210429083848 
** Bruendel, Steffen:  Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Germany) date=20210428234741 
** Davis, Belinda:  Food and Nutrition (Germany) date=20210429145617 
** Oppelland, Torsten:  Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Germany) date=20210428184715 
** Stibbe, Matthew:  Women's Mobilisation for War (Germany) date=20210428145224 
** Ungern-Sternberg, Jürgen von:  Making Sense of the War (Germany) date=20210426031603 
** Ullmann, Hans-Peter:  Organization of War Economies (Germany) date=20210428203402 
** Gross, Stephen:  War Finance (Germany) date=20210429082607 
** Altenhöner, Florian:  Press/Journalism (Germany) date=20210426031554 
** Ther, Vanessa:  Propaganda at Home (Germany) date=20210428125124 
** Pöhlmann, Markus:  Warfare 1914-1918 (Germany) date=20210427152213 
** Löffelbein, Nils:  War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Germany) date=20210428231157 
** Whalen, Robert Weldon:  War Losses (Germany) date=20210418075408 -  Germany and the First World War date=20200609214529  article index at Spartacus Educational-  Posters of the German Military Government in the Generalgouvernement Warshau (German occupied Poland) from World War I, 1915-1916 date=20161231125249  From the Collections at the Library of Congress