司法能動主義

司法能動主義（Judicial activism）又稱司法積極主義，是一種司法哲學，是指法官為適應當下的社會趨勢，可以不遵循舊有的成文法和判決先例進行判決，以免造成不良的社會後果。新的判決又會形成新的判例。與其相反的是judicial restraint，司法剋制主義主張法官應該嚴格遵守成文法和判決先例進行審判。司法能動主義萌芽於19世紀美國。1947年1月，小亞瑟·史列辛格在《財富》雜誌一篇名為〈1947年最高法院〉（The Supreme Court: 1947）的文章中首次提到了“司法能動主義”一詞。

**參考文獻**

**延伸閱讀**
 Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law (1996), Merriam-Webster. 0-87779-604-1- isbn=0-314-15199-0- Cite book|last=Greenhouse|first=Linda|authorlink=Linda Greenhouse|title=Becoming Justice Blackmun: Harry Blackmun's Supreme Court Journey|isbn=978-0-8050-7791-9|year=2005|publisher=Times Books|location=New York|ref=harv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfqUtsNqx0MC|access-date=2020-06-13|archive-date=2020-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625235342/https://books.google.com/books?id=NfqUtsNqx0MC|dead-url=no- Paul O. Carrese, 2003. The Cloaking of Power: Montesquieu, Blackstone, and the Rise of Judicial Activism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).- Duncan Kennedy, 1998. A Critique of Adjudication (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).- Carrol D. Kilgore, 1977. Judicial Tyranny: An Inquiry into the Integrity of the Federal Judiciary (Thomas Nelson). 978-0-8407-4060-1- 105th Cong., I @ Sess. I, 1997.  Judicial Activism: Defining the Problem and its Impact: Testimony before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Federalism & Property Rights (U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office  Publishers date=20210318222155 ), 205pp. 0-16-055917-0- Sterling Harwood, 1996.  Judicial Activism: A Restrained Defense (London: Austin & Winfield Publishers), 167pp. 1-880921-68-5.- Christopher Wolfe, 1997. Judicial Activism, 2nd ed. (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littfield Publishers, Inc.).- Kenneth M. Holland, editor, 1991. Judicial Activism in Comparative Perspective (Palgrave Macmillan).- Ronald Dworkin, 1988. Law's Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).- Alexander M. Bickel, 1986. The Least Dangerous Branch 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).- Arthur Selwyn Miller, 1982. Toward Increased Judicial Activism (Greenwood Press).- Ronald Dworkin, 1977. Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).- Lino A. Graglia, 1976. Disaster by Decree (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).- Michael Rebell and Arthur R. Block, 1982. Educational Policy Making and the Courts: An Empirical Study of Judicial Activism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).- H. L. A. Hart, 1961. The Concept of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press).- Kermit Roosevelt, October 15, 2006. The Myth of Judicial Activism: Making Sense of Supreme Court Decisions (Yale University Press Publishers), 272pp. 0-300-11468-0- James B. Kelly, July 30, 2006. Governing With the Charter: Legislative And Judicial Activism And Framer's Intent (Law and Society Series) (UBC Press Publishers), 336pp. 0-7748-1212-5- Rory Leishman, May 2006. Against Judicial Activism: The Decline of Freedom And Democracy in Canada (McGill-Queen's University Press Publishers), 310pp. 0-7735-3054-1- Mark Sutherland, 2005. Judicial Tyranny: The New Kings of America? 0-9753455-6-7- Mark R. Levin, 2005. Men In Black: How the Supreme Court Is Destroying America 0-89526-050-6- S.Hrg. 108–717, 2004.   Judicial Activism vs. Democracy: What are the National Implications of the Massachusetts Goodridge Decision and the Judicial Invalidation of Traditional Marriage Laws?date=20101210074840  (U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office Publishers), 263pp. Serial No. J-108-59.  GPO Stock No. 552-070-32572-7, 0-16-074535-7- Phyllis Schlafly, 2004.  The Supremacists: The Tyranny Of Judges And How To Stop It 1-890626-55-4- S. P. Sathe, December 2003. Judicial Activism in India (Oxford University Press Publishers), 406pp. 0-19-566823-5- David Barton, 2003.  Restraining Judicial Activism (Wallbuilder Press). 1-932225-14-5- Robert Bork, 2003. Coercing Virtue: The Worldwide Rule of Judges (AEI Press) 0-8447-4162-0- Stephen P. Powers and Stanley Rothman, 2002.  The Least Dangerous Branch? Consequences of Judicial Activism (Praeger Paperbacks). 0-275-97536-3- Herman Schwartz, editor, 2002. The Rehnquist Court: Judicial Activism on the Right 0-8090-8073-7.- David Gwynn Morgan, 2001. A Judgment Too Far? Judicial Activism and the Constitution (Cork University Press). 1-85918-229-1- Bradley C. Canon and Charles A. Johnson, 1998. Judicial Policies: Implementation and Impact 2nd ed. (Congressional Quarterly Books).- William P. Murchison, 1982. Judicial Politics Gone Wild: A Case Study of Judicial Activism in Texas (Washington Legal Foundation), 11pp