戈都語支

戈都語支屬於南亞語系，使用者人數約有130萬。保羅·西德維爾在主持分類工作。他注意到南亞/孟高棉語言在地理上越接近，在詞彙上就越接近戈都語和巴拿語。他說這個地理相似性是獨立於語言所屬的語支而存在的。他還說戈都語支和巴拿語支沒有任何共同創新，所以它們是南亞語系下不同的兩支。

**系屬分類**
1966年，一項針對東南亞大陸不同南亞語的詞彙統計分析研究由世界少數民族語文研究院的語言學家David Thomas和Richard Phillips主持進行。這項研究發現了兩支新的南亞語分支，分別是戈都語支和巴拿語支 (Sidwell 2009)。Sidwell (2005)對Diffloth的越-戈都語族假設提出異議，認為證據不明確。戈都語支語言的具體分類支持數據直到1990年代老撾對外國研究者開放邊境後才能獲得。

**Sidwell (2005)**
戈都語支以下的分類據Sidwell (2005)。另外，Sidwell (2009)分析發現，戈都語群是戈都語支最保守的分支。
*西戈都語群：
**歸語：
***歸語、綏語
**布魯語：
***布魯語、So等
*達渥語群：
**達渥語、卡唐、翁/依爾語/塔蘭
**堅語
*戈都語群：
**戈都語、方語、Kantu、Triw、Dak Kang
*帕戈語群：
**帕戈語

**Gehrmann (2019)**
Gehrmann (2019)給出下列戈都語分類。
原始戈都語
*原始西戈都語
**歸語
**布魯語
*原始帕戈-達渥語
**達渥語
**帕戈語
*方語
*戈都語
《民族語》還列了堅語，但它屬於巴拿語支 (Sidwell 2003)。Lê, et. al (2014:294)給出一個戈都語次分類，稱作“Ba-hi”，分佈在越南承天順化省豐田縣山區，但Watson (1996:197)197-205認為“Pacoh Pahi”是帕戈語一種方言。
歸語和布魯語每一種都有約50萬使用者。達渥語方言連續體使用人數約有20萬。

**祖語**
原始戈都語及其次級祖語的構擬有：
*Thomas (1967)：《原始東戈都語的音系重構》
*Diffloth (1982)：《音域、消失、音系：戈都語支的歷史》
*Efinov (1983)：《原始戈都語的音系重建問題》
*Peiros (1996)：《戈都語比較詞典》
*Therapahan L-Thongkum (2001)：《老撾南部塞公省的語言和族群》
*Paul Sidwell (2005)：《戈都語支：分類、重構和詞彙比較》
Sidwell (2005)構擬了原始戈都語的輔音系統：
這基本與原始南亞語相同，除了IPA|*ʄ，它在原始戈都語中保留得比在別的南亞語中更好。

**詞彙同言線**
保羅·西德維爾 (2015:185-186)給出下列取代了原始南亞語形式的戈都語支詞彙創新。
Sidwell (2015:173)列出下列戈都語支和巴拿語支共享的詞彙創新。
另外，Diffloth (1992)列出“毛毛蟲”“骨”“咳嗽”“放屁”“呼吸”和“血”等戈都語支和越語支共享的詞彙創新。越-戈都語的聯繫可參考Alves (2005)。

**另見**
原始戈都語構擬 (維基詞典)

**閱讀更多**
Gehrmann, Ryan. 2018.  Katuic presyllables and derivational morphology in diachronic perspective date=20210410204632 . In Ring, Hiram & Felix Rau (eds.), Papers from the Seventh International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics, 132-156. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Special Publication No. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
*Gehrmann, Ryan. 2017.  The Historical Phonology of Kriang, A Katuic Language date=20210612061720 . Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 10.1, 114-139.
*Gehrmann, Ryan. 2016.  The West Katuic languages: comparative phonology and diagnostic tools date=20210612061719 . Chiang Mai: Payap University MA Thesis.
*Gehrmann, Ryan. 2015.  Vowel Height and Register Assignment in Katuic date=20210612061724 . Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8. 56-70.
*Gehrmann, Ryan and Johanna Conver. 2015.  Katuic Phonological Features date=20210612061722 . Mon-Khmer Studies 44. 55-67.
*Choo, Marcus. 2012.  The Status of Katuic date=20190626195454 . Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2010.   Katuic Bibliography with Selected Annotations date=20190706181553 . Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Choo, Marcus. 2009.  Katuic Bibliography date=20191109051622 . Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
*Sidwell, Paul. 2005.  The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon date=20201204214526 . LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics 58. Munich: LINCOM Europa. 3-89586-802-7
*Sidwell, Paul. 2005.  Proto-Katuic phonology and the sub-grouping of Mon-Khmer languages date=20191111011146 . In Paul Sidwell (ed.), SEALSXV: Papers from the 15th Meeting of the South East Asian Linguistics Society, 193-204. Pacific Linguistics PL E1. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
*Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2002. The Role of endangered Mon-Khmer languages of Xekong Province, Southern Laos, in the reconstruction of Proto-Katuic. In Marlys Macken (ed.), Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 407-429. Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University.
*Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2001. ภาษาของนานาชนเผ่าในแขวงเซกองลาวใต้. Phasa khong nanachon phaw nai khweng Sekong Lao Tai. Languages of the tribes in Xekong province, Southern Laos. Bangkok: The Thailand Research Fund.
*Peiros, Ilia. 1996. Katuic comparative dictionary. Pacific Linguistics C-132. Canberra: Australian National University. 0-85883-435-9
*Miller, John & Carolyn Miller. 1996.  Lexical comparison of Katuic Mon-Khmer languages with special focus on So-Bru groups in Northeast Thailand date=20210612061719 . Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 255-290.
*Migliazza, Brian. 1992.  Lexicostatistic analysis of some Katuic languages date=20210612061727 . In Amara Prasithrathsint & Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin (eds.), 3rd International Symposium on Language and Linguistics, 1320-1325. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
*Gainey, Jerry. 1985. A comparative study of Kui, Bruu and So phonology from a genetic point of view. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University MA thesis.
*Effimov, Aleksandr. 1983. Проблемы фонологической реконструкции прото-катуического языка. Probljemy phonologichjeskoj rjekonstruktsii Proto-Katuichjeskovo jazyka. Issues in the phonological reconstruction of the Proto-Katuic language. Moscow: Institute of Far Eastern studies Moscow dissertation.
*Diffloth, Gérard. 1982.  Registres, dévoisement, timbres vocaliques: leur histoire en Katouique date=20210612120735 . Registers, devoicing, vowel phonation: their history in Katuic. Mon-Khmer Studies 11. 47-82.
*Thomas, Dorothy. M. (1967). A phonological reconstruction of Proto–East Katuic. Grand Forks: University of North Dakota MA thesis.

**參考**
 Sidwell, Paul. (2005).  The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon date=20201204214526 . LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. 3-89586-802-7- Sidwell, Paul. (2009).  Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art date=20190324073527 . LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.

**外部鏈接**
 Frank Huffman戈都語音檔 date=20210612061719 - Paul Sidwell (2003)
*http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai date=20201121015614  RWAAI (南亞語系非物質文化遺產存儲室與工作空間)- 戈都語支於RWAAI數字檔案