1873年恐慌

銀行
1873年恐慌（Panic of 1873）是出發了1873年至1877年或1879年歐洲和北美經濟蕭條的金融危機，即長蕭條。恐慌最初來自奧匈帝國維也納，後擴散至歐美地區。

**各地狀況**

**英屬印度**
在美國和幾個歐洲殖民地發現大量白銀引起了1873年恐慌，從而導致白銀對黃金的價值下降，使印度的標準貨幣貶值。該事件被稱為“盧比貶值”。

**開普殖民地**
在開普殖民地，恐慌導致破產、失業率上升、公共工程暫停，以及一直持續到 1886 年發現黃金的重大貿易衰退。

**奧斯曼帝國**
奧斯曼帝國的經濟也受到了影響。對外貿易增長率下降，對外貿易條件惡化，小麥價格下跌影響了農民生產者，歐洲對奧斯曼財政的控制導致了海外巨額債務支付。長期蕭條時期農業和總產的增長率也低於後期。

**拉丁貨幣同盟**
白銀的普遍非貨幣化和貶值導致拉丁貨幣同盟在1873年暫停將白銀轉換為硬幣。time=2020

**參考**

**來源**
s2cid=154493223 - Davies, Hannah Catherine. "'Mingled in an almost inextricable confusion': the panics of 1873 and the experience of globalization." Journal of Global History 15.2 (2020): 291–309.- Davies, Hannah Catherine. Transatlantic Speculations: Globalization and the Panics of 1873 (Columbia UP, 2018)   online review date=20220718143846 
*url=https://archive.org/details/bismarckgermanem0000eyck 
*publisher= Chicago, S.C. Griggs and company
*cite journal |last=Fels |first=Rendigs |year=1949 |title=The Long-Wave Depression, 1873–97 |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=69–73 |jstor=1927196 |doi=10.2307/1927196 
*cite journal |last=Fels |first=Rendigs |year=1951 |title=American Business Cycles, 1865–79 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-economic-review_1951-06_41_3/page/325 |journal=American Economic Review |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=325–349 |jstor=1802106 
*url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofre00eric - chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/businesscyclesde00glas/page/132 
*isbn=0471467146 
*publisher=Quadrangle Books 
*title=Wells Fargo 
*url=https://archive.org/details/jaycookesgamblen0000lube  Focused on construction in the West.- dead-url=no pp 227–76
*isbn=978-0-316-52940-2 
*cite book |author-link=George Richard Marek |last=Marek |first=George R. |year=1974 |title=The Eagles Die: Franz Joseph, Elisabeth, and Their Austria |url=https://archive.org/details/eaglesdie0000geor |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-246-10880-7 
*url=https://archive.org/details/imperialberlin0000masu 
*cite journal |last=Mixon |first=Peter |title=The Crisis of 1873: Perspectives from Multiple Asset Classes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_2008-09_68_3/page/722 |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=68 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pages=722–757 |doi=10.1017/S0022050708000624 |s2cid=154329263 
*chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/businesscyclesde00glas/page/148 
*s2cid=154705117 
*pages=378–430  title=Available 
*publisher=New York, Macmillan 
*cite journal |last1=Persons |first1=Warren M. |last2=Tuttle |first2=Pierson M. |last3=Frickey |first3=Edwin |year=1920 |title=Business and Financial Conditions Following the Civil War in the United States |journal=Review of Economic Statistics |volume=2 |issue=Supplement 2 |pages=5–21 |jstor=1928610 |doi=10.2307/1928610 
*cite journal |last=Rezneck |first=Samuel |title=Distress, Relief, and Discontent in the United States during the Depression of 1873–78 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_1950-12_58_6/page/494 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=58 |issue=6 |year=1950 |pages=494–512 |jstor=1827088 |doi=10.1086/257012 |s2cid=153898986 
*isbn=978-0-300-11052-4 
*title=Bismarck 
*jstor=1810159 
*pages= 1–107  Available
*pages= 213–228 
*publisher=Time-Life Books 
*url=https://archive.org/details/railroadedtransc00whit_0 - Wicker, Elmus. Banking panics of the gilded age (Cambridge University Press, 2006)  contents

**年鑑**
 Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1873 (1879)- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1875 (1877)- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1876 (1885)- Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1877 (1878)

**外部鏈接 ==