中國共產黨的意識形態

多年來，特別是在鄧小平領導期間，中國共產黨的意識形態發生了翻天覆地的變化。儘管外國評論者認為中國共產黨缺乏統一的意識形態，但中國共產黨仍認定自己是馬克思主義者。

**意識形態**
中國共產黨訂定數個指導自身全部活動的中國特色社會主義思想，並且將其視為中國共產黨思想建設、組織建設和作風建設的理論基礎。其中在《中國共產黨章程》提到中國共產黨會堅持社會主義、人民民主專政、中國共產黨領導、遵循馬克思列寧主義和毛澤東思想等四項基本原則，並且明確規定：「中國共產黨以馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、『三個代表』重要思想、科學發展觀、習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想作為自己的行動指南。」馬克思列寧主義是中國共產黨的第一個官方意識形態，內容結合了卡爾·馬克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯在著作中提到的馬克思主義、以及由列寧所提出的列寧主義思想。對此中國共產黨認為馬克思列寧主義揭示了人類社會歷史發展的普遍規律，同時馬克思列寧主義提供解決資本主義矛盾社會的一個未來願景，也就是社會主義社會和共產主義社會必然會取代資本主義社會。而第二個加入的毛澤東思想則被視為是馬克思列寧主義在中國的發展和應用，其中毛澤東思想的內容除了由毛澤東主導外，還包括其他中國共產黨的領導人物共同發想而成。
鄧小平理論則是在中國共產黨第十四次全國代表大會加入到《中國共產黨章程》，其概念包括有中國特色社會主義和社會主義初級階段等論點。鄧小平理論大體上可以視為一種理論總結，認為共產主義的定義中並不包括國有社會主義和計劃經濟等制度安排，同時市場機制實際上是中立的運作方式。此外他還提到中國共產黨需要應對不斷變化的形勢動態，並且要透過「實事求是」的方式來確認某一政策過時與否，進而提出《實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準》這篇文章與相應的口號。在中國共產黨第十四次全國代表大會上，江澤民重申鄧小平的口號而認為沒有必要質問事情是屬於社會主義還是資本主義，因為重要的判別標準是它的工作模式。之後他更提出適應中國條件的馬克思主義思想「三個代表」，並且在中國共產黨第十六次全國代表大會通過而加入《中國共產黨章程》。中國共產黨黨內的部分人士批評「三個代表」並非屬於馬克思主義、甚至是馬克思主義基本價值觀的背叛，然而支持者認為這是中國特色社會主義的進一步發展。江澤民則主張早期共產黨成員認為共產主義應當實現的生產模式，發展到了今日已經更為複雜而難以體現，同時試圖強制生產方式的改變作為並沒有效果，因為其背後遵循歷史唯物主義的經濟規律而有自然的發展。該理論最為顯著的影響是允許資本家以「新社會階層」身分加入中國共產黨，除了鼓勵其從事「誠實勞動和工作」外，並透過自己的勞動貢獻為中國共產黨打造中國特色社會主義。之後在胡錦濤所主導下，在中國共產黨第十六屆中央委員會第三次全體會議上制定了同樣作為官方意識形態的科學發展觀思想，同時為了因應中國國情而提出科學發展觀的發展與應用，中國共產黨必須堅持建設社會主義和諧社會。
2017年10月24日，中國共產黨第十九次全國代表大會宣佈將習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想寫入黨章。習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想所要解決的核心問題是“新時代堅持和發展什麼樣的中國特色社會主義、怎樣堅持和發展中國特色社會主義”，該思想“內涵十分豐富”，囊括“五位一體”、“四個全面”、“黨領導一切”等政治方略，是“全黨全國人民為實現中華民族偉大復興而奮鬥的行動指南。”

**經濟方針**
在《中國共產黨章程》中提到：「中國共產黨在領導社會主義事業中，必須堅持以經濟建設為中心，其他各項工作都服從和服務於這個中心。」在內容中也提到將會持續進行改革開放政策，以求根本上改革限制生產力發展的經濟體制，進而完善社會主義市場經濟體制。其中鄧小平不認為資本主義生產方式和社會主義生產方式的根本區別是自由市場與計劃經濟。對此他表示:「計劃經濟不等於社會主義，資本主義也有計劃；市場經濟不等於資本主義，社會主義也有市場。計劃和市場都是經濟手段。」江澤民支持鄧小平的思想並在中國共產黨會議上多次重申此觀點，認為並沒有一定的機制是資本主義還是社會主義，因為唯一重要的是其工作的方式。與此同時江澤民引入社會主義市場經濟的術語，藉此取代陳雲原先所提的「有計劃的社會主義市場經濟」用語。在中國共產黨第十四次全國代表大會上，江澤民於報告中向其他代表們表示認為社會主義國家「將發揮市場在資源配置中的基礎性」；而在在中國共產黨第十五次全國代表大會上，中國共產黨則將思想主軸改為「使市場在國家宏觀調控下對資源配置起基礎性作用」。之後這一路線則持續到中國共產黨第十八屆中央委員會第三次全體會議，而被重新修正為「使市場在資源配置中起決定性作用深化經濟體制改革」 ，但是在會議中也提到「堅持公有制主體地位，發揮國有經濟主導作用」。
而從中國共產黨的觀點來看，世界分成彼此對立的社會主義和資本主義兩個基礎陣營。中國共產黨認為堅持社會主義的基礎，基於歷史唯物主義的觀點最終會取代資本主義。不過近年來中國共產黨則重新回到卡爾·馬克思的著作，重新嘗試解釋資本主義的全球化發生現象。儘管承認全球化是透過資本主義制度發展而成，中國共產黨領導人和理論家認為全球化本質上並非資本主義。原因在於如果全球化純粹屬於資本主義，這將排除另一種具現代性的社會主義形式。因此無論是社會主義還是資本主義，中國共產黨不將全球化或者市場經濟視為特定階級的性質。而如同鄧小平認為中國可以憑藉資本主義的元素來追求社會主義的現代化建設，對於中國共產黨來說全球化本身性質亦不固定。因此在中國共產黨黨內對於全球化仍屬於樂觀態度，認為儘管當前的全球化是受到資本主義佔有統治地位，但也認為全球化可以推動社會主義的一系列進展。

**思想改良**
雖然非中國分析家普遍認為，中國共產黨已經拒絕正統的馬克思列寧主義和毛澤東思想，或者至少在正統思想的基本思路並沒有繼續沿用，然而中國共產黨本身並不同意。儘管一些評論認為江澤民引進「三個代表」思想理論後，結束中國共產黨長期所承諾的馬克思主義做法；然而中國共產黨黨理論家冷溶則不同意此類看法，認為江澤民透過各種不同的所有制擺脫原來中國共產黨的思想障礙，這作法本身並沒有放棄馬克思主義或社會主義，相對地反而藉由現代化理解馬克思主義和社會主義而強化中國共產黨自身，進而成為具有中國特色的「社會主義市場經濟」的一部分。其中中國共產黨和中華人民共和國仍然將實現真正的「共產主義」作為其「終極目標」，其中中國共產黨聲稱現時的中華人民共和國處於社會主義初級階段。而一部分中國共產黨理論家認為在目前的發展階段「看起來很像資本主義」，另外某一部分理論家則認為「資本主義是共產主義的早期或第一階段」。不過有些人則反對社會主義初級階段的概念，認為這實際上是受知識分子的犬儒主義影響。其中中國分析師羅伯特·勞倫斯·庫恩便表示：「當我第一次聽到這個說法時，我認為它滑稽多於精明，是來自於不滿現實知識份子的黑客宣傳諷刺漫畫。但是初級階段100年的說法來自嚴肅的政治理論家。」
近年來，以外國評論家為首的論點認為中國共產黨沒有主軸思想，中國共產黨的組織採取實用主義，並且僅有在工作層面上感興趣。不過這個從許多層面所得到的簡單觀點也遭到批評其錯誤處很多，因為中國共產黨官方聲明試圖讓其呈現出具有明顯連貫的世界觀。例如在2012年胡錦濤指出西方世界的威脅要分裂中國共產黨，並且指出「西方世界的國際文化強盛，而我們是弱者……思想文化領域是我們的主要目標」，中國共產黨提供大量的資源投入到黨校和發展各具特色的思想論點。在《實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準》獲得提出前，思想和決策之間是處於演繹的關係，這意味著決策本身是基於對於思想的認識而做出判斷。然而鄧小平認為這一關係必須被顛倒過來，應當透過決策來產生其意識形態，而不是透過周圍的其他方法成形。而中國的政策制定者認為蘇聯解體的原因之一在於其停滯不前的國家意識形態，認為蘇聯共產黨的思維過於僵化而缺乏想像力；對此中國共產黨則認為必須透過實踐行動破除僵化的思想，同時中國共產黨本身的思想必須是動態的，才能夠繼續維護中國共產黨的統治基礎。

**意識形態的作用**
近年來，外國評論家主要爭論的是，中國共產黨沒有意識形態，該黨是實用主義的，只對有效的東西感興趣。
在“實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準”運動之前，意識形態與決策之間的關係是一種演繹關係，這意味著決策是源於意識形態知識。在鄧小平的領導下，這種關係被顛倒了，決策證明了意識形態是正當的，而不是相反。中國政策制定者認為， 蘇聯解體的原因之一是其停滯的國家意識形態。他們認為，與蘇聯共產黨不同，蘇聯的意識形態變得“死板、缺乏想象力、僵化、脫離現實”，因此，他們的意識形態必須具有活力以維護黨的統治。

**宗教立場**
中國共產黨禁止黨員加入宗教，但個人信仰不承擔任何責任p=373。在毛澤東統治期間，宗教活動受到壓制，宗教組織被禁止與外國人接觸。 所有宗教組織都是國有的，不是獨立的。 與外國宗教機構的關係在1947年和1949年惡化， 梵蒂岡禁止任何天主教徒支持共產黨p=362。 在宗教問題上，鄧小平比毛澤東更開放，但這個問題在他的領導下一直沒有解決p=365。據國家宗教事務總局前局長葉小文說：“在嬰兒時期，社會主義運動對宗教持批評態度。在馬克思看來，神學已經成為保護德國封建統治階級的堡壘。因此政治革命必須從批評宗教開始。正是從這個角度出發，馬克思說‘宗教是人民的鴉片’。”正是由於馬克思的著作，中國共產黨才在毛澤東和鄧小平的領導下發起了反宗教政策。 
法輪功的盛行及後來國家當局的禁止，導致了1999年召開的為期三天的全國宗教事務工作會議，這是該黨歷史上最高級別的宗教事務會議。江澤民贊同古典馬克思主義關於宗教將消亡的觀點，當得知中國的宗教事實上正在增長而不是減少時，他被迫改變了主意。江澤民在全國工作會議的總結講話中，要求與會者找到一種使“社會主義和宗教相互適應”的方法。他補充說：“要求宗教適應社會主義並不意味著我們希望宗教信徒放棄信仰”。江澤民令葉小文深入研究古典馬克思主義著作，尋找藉口放開中國共產黨的宗教政策。人們發現弗里德里希·恩格斯曾寫道，只要問題存在，宗教就能生存。由此，宗教組織獲得了更大的自治權。

**參考文獻**

**引用**

**來源**

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url = https://archive.org/details/buryingmao00rich - cite book | author = Baylis, Thomas | title = Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies | url = https://archive.org/details/governingbycommi0000bayl | location = | publisher = State University of New York Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 9780887069444 | ref = CITEREFBaylis1989 - cite book | author = Bush, Richard |  ref = CITEREFBush2005 | title = Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait | url = https://archive.org/details/untyingknot00rich | url-access = registration | publisher = Brookings Institution Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0815797814 | edition = - cite book |author1=Broodsgaard, Kjeld Erik |author2=Yongnian, Zheng |  ref = CITEREFBroodsgaardYongnian2006 | title = The Chinese Communist Party in Reform | publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0203099285 | edition = - cite book | editor = Brugger, Bill | last = McCarthy|first= Greg |  ref = harv | title = Chinese Marxism in Flux, 1978–84: Essays on Epistemology, Ideology, and Political Economy | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0873323239 | edition = - cite book |last=Carter |first=Peter |title=Mao |url=https://archive.org/details/mao0000cart |year=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref=CITEREFCarter1976 |isbn= 978-0192731401- cite book | author = Chan, Adrian |  ref = CITEREFChan2003 | title = Chinese Marxism | publisher = Continuum Publishing | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0826473073 | edition = - cite book | author = Chang, Maris Hsia |  ref = CITEREFChang1999 | title = The Labors of Sisyphus: The Economic Development of Communist China | publisher = Transaction Publishers | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0765806611 | edition = - cite book |author1= Coase, Ronald |author2=Wang, Ling  
publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1137019363 | edition = - cite book | author = Ding, X.L. |  ref = CITEREFDing2006 | title = The Decline of Communism in China: Legitimacy Crisis, 1977–1989 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0521026239 | edition = - cite book |last=Feigon |first=Lee |authorlink=Lee Feigon |title=Mao: A Reinterpretation |url=https://archive.org/details/maoreinterpretat0000feig |year=2002 |isbn= 978-1566635226 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |ref=CITEREFFeigon2002- cite book | author = Finer, Catherine Jones |  ref = CITEREFFiner2003 | title = Social Policy Reform in China: Views from Home and Abroad | url = https://archive.org/details/socialpolicyrefo0000unse_y4l8 | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0754631750 | edition = - cite book | author = Fu, Zhengyuan |  ref = CITEREFFu1993 | title = Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics | url = https://archive.org/details/autocratictradit0000fuzh | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0521442282 | edition = - cite book | author = Gao, James |  ref = CITEREFGao2009 | title = Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949) | publisher = Scarecrow Press | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0810863088 | edition = - cite book | author = Gregor, A. James |  ref = CITEREFGregor1999 | title = Marxism, China & Development: Reflections on Theory and Reality | publisher = Transaction Publishers | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-1412828154 | edition = - cite book | author = Gucheng, Li |  ref = CITEREFGucheng1995 | title = A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China | url = https://archive.org/details/glossaryofpoliti0000liku | publisher = Chinese University Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-9622016156 | edition = - cite book | author = Guo, Sujian |  ref = CITEREFGuo2012 | title = Chinese Politics and Government: Power, Ideology and Organization | publisher = Routledge | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0415551380 | edition = - cite book |author1=Guo, Sujian |author2=Guo, Baogang |  ref = CITEREFGuoGuo2008 | title = China in Search of a Harmonious Society | publisher = Lexington Books | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0739126240  
edition = - cite book |author1=Heazle, Michael |author2=Knight, Nick |  ref = CITEREFHeazleKnight2007 | title = China–Japan Relations in the Twenty-first Century: Creating a Future Past? | publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1781956236  
edition = - cite book | author = Izuhara, Misa |  ref = CITEREFIzuhara2013 | title = Handbook on East Asian Social Policy | publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0857930293 | edition = - cite book | author = Keping, Yu |  ref = CITEREFYu2010 | title = Democracy and the Rule of Law in China | publisher = Brill Publishers | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-9004182127 | edition = - cite book |author1=Kornberg, Judith |author2=Faust, John |  ref = CITEREFKornbergFaust2005 | title = China in World Politics: Policies, Processes, Prospects | publisher = University of British Columbia Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-1588262486 | edition = - cite book | author = Kuhn, Robert Lawrence |  ref = CITEREFKuhn2011 | title = How China's Leaders Think: The Inside Story of China's Past, Current and Future Leaders | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1118104255 | edition = - cite book | author = Latham, Kevin |  ref = CITEREFLatham2007 | title = Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle | url = https://archive.org/details/popculturechinam0000lath | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1851095827 | edition = - cite book | author = Li, Cheng |  ref = CITEREFLi2009 | title = China's Changing Political Landscape: Prospects for Democracy | publisher = Brookings Institution Press | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0815752080 | edition = - cite book | author = Liu, Guoli |  ref = CITEREFLiu2011 | title = Politics and Government in China | url = https://archive.org/details/politicsgovernme0000liug | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0313357312 | edition = - cite book | author = Joseph, William |  ref = CITEREFJoseph2010 | title = Politics in China: an Introduction | volume = | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0195335309 | edition = - cite book |author1=Mackerras, Colin |author2=McMillen, Donald |author3=Watson, Andrew |  ref = CITEREFMackerrasMcMillenWatson2001 | title = Dictionary of the Politics of the People's Republic of China | publisher = Routledge | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0415250672 | edition = - cite book | author = McGregor, Richard |  ref = CITEREFMcGregor2012 | title = The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers | url = https://archive.org/details/partysecretworld0000mcgr_i3r3 | publisher = Harper Perennial | edition = 2nd | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0061708763 - cite book | author = Musto, Marcello |  ref = CITEREFMusto2008 | title = Karl Marx S Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later | publisher = Routledge | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1134073825 | edition = - cite book |author1=Smith, Ivian |author2=West, Nigel |  ref = CITEREFSmithWest2012 | title = Historical Dictionary of Chinese Intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000smit_q1x3 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0810871748 | edition = - cite book | author = Ogden, Chris |  ref = CITEREFOgden2013 | title = Handbook of China s Governance and Domestic Politics | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1136579530 | edition = - cite book | author = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |  ref = CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development2005 | title = Governance in China | publisher = OECD Publishing | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-9264008441 | edition = 
*cite book|author1=Saich, Tony |author2=Yang, Benjamin |title= The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis |year= 1995 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location= |isbn= 978-1563241550 |ref=CITEREFSaichYang1995 
*cite book |last= Schram |first= Stuart |authorlink= Stuart R. Schram |title= Mao Tse-Tung |year= 1966 |publisher= Simon & Schuster |location=  
url= https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr - cite book | author = Shambaugh, David |  ref = CITEREFShambaugh2008 | title = China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation | url = https://archive.org/details/chinascommunistp0000sham | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0520254923 | edition = - cite book | author = Shambaugh, David |  ref = CITEREFShambaugh2013 | title = China Goes Global: The Partial Power | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0199323692 | edition = - cite book | author = Sullivan, Lawrence |  ref = CITEREFSullivan2007 | title = Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China | url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000sull_q3p9 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0810864436 | edition = - cite book | author = Sullivan, Lawrence |  ref = CITEREFSullivan2012 | title = Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party | url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000sull_g0u2 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0810872257 | edition = - cite book | author = Sun, Yat |  ref = CITEREFSun1995 | title = The Chinese Reassessment of Socialism, 1976–1992 | url = https://archive.org/details/chinesereassessm0000suny | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0691029986 | edition = - cite book | author = Unger, Jonathan |  ref = CITEREFUnger2002 | title = The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0765641151 | edition = - cite book |author1=Van de Ven |author2=Hans J. |  ref = CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991 | title = From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927 |url=https://archive.org/details/fromfriendtocomr00vand |url-access=registration | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0520910874 | edition = - cite book | author = Vogel, Ezra |  ref = CITEREFVogel2011 | title = Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China | url = https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingtran0000voge | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0674055445 | edition = - cite book |author1=Wang, Gunwu |author2=Zheng, Yongian |  ref = CITEREFWangZheng2012 | title = China: Development and Governance | publisher = World Scientific | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-9814425834 | edition = - cite book | author = White, Stephen |  ref = CITEREFWhite2000 | title = Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society | url = https://archive.org/details/russiasnewpoliti0000whit | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0521587372 | edition = - cite book | author = Wong, Yiu-chung |  ref = CITEREFWong2005 | title = From Deng Xiaoping to Jiang Zemin: Two Decades of Political Reform in the People's Republic of China | url = https://archive.org/details/fromdengxiaoping0000wong | publisher = University Press of America | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0761830740 | edition = - cite book | last = Zhao | first = Suisheng  
publisher = Stanford University Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0804750011 | edition = | ref = harv