通布卡語

通布卡語（Tumbuka language，通布卡語：Chitumbuka或Citumbuka，意為Tumbuka people的語言）是班圖語一支，主要在馬拉維北部地區和贊比亞的隆達濟地區使用。  通布卡語與齊切瓦語和Sena language屬於同一語群（ Guthrie classification of Bantu languages ）。  
根據1998年的《世界年鑑》估計大約有2,000,000名通布卡語使用者，儘管其他來源估計使用人數要少得多。據說大多數講通布卡語的人都住在馬拉維。 通布卡語是馬拉維北部地區使用最廣泛的語言，尤其是在倫比、姆祖祖和姆津巴地區。 
馬拉維城市中使用的通布卡語（許多詞借用斯瓦希里語和齊切瓦語 ）與鄉村中使用的通布卡語存在很大差異。  姆津巴方言則受到祖魯語影響，  在有些詞彙上甚至出現搭嘴音，這在通布卡語其它方言並沒有發生。 
自1968年以來，由於馬拉維總統黑斯廷斯·卡穆祖·班達的「一個民族，一種語言」的政策，通布卡語的使用受到了影響，它失去了在馬拉維官方語言的地位， 導致通布卡語在學校課程，國家廣播電臺和印刷媒體中禁止使用。  隨著1994年馬拉維民主化和多黨制的到來，在馬拉維的廣播上再次開播通布卡語的節目，但是通布卡語的書籍和其他出版物的數量仍然很少。 

**參考文獻**

**參考書目**
 Botne, Robert (1999).  "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?" date=20210413225148 . In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp. 473-515.- Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.- Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016).  "Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka" date=20210413225412 . Leiden University doctoral thesis.- Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43, 55-79.- Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 49, 47-65.- Downing, Laura J. (2012).  "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka" date=20171011141156 . Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.- Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) Intonation in African Tone Languages. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp. 365–392.- Downing, Laura J. (2019).  "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress". In: Emily Clem et al (eds). Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 75-94. Also available online at:  date=20210414014011 - Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language. Livingstonia Mission Press.- Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004).  Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi" date=20200929073334 , Nordic Journal of African Studies 13(3): 275–288.- Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie, L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. 2-296-00470-9- Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. 978-99960-9-610-5- Kiso, Andrea (2012).  "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena" date=20210413225410 . Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.- McNicholl, Duncan (2010).  "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1" date=20190819091447 .- Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics no.1, 100-120. (pp. 112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones).- Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin.- Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.- Turner, W.M. (1952). Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi).- University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006).  "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi" date=20210413225347 .- Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". African studies, v. 30, 1, p. 35-59.- Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin.

**外部鏈接**
  關於通布卡語的簡短報道。 -  馬拉維北部語言地圖調查 date=20210413225347  。 馬拉維大學語言研究中心，2006年。 -  馬拉維北部語言地圖 date=20210413225407  -  一些更多的chiTumbuka詞彙。 -  在圖姆巴卡上的泛非L10n頁面 date=20210414014834  -  Citumbuka單語詞典 date=20210308020136